Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Oil hypocrisy Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, Oil hypocrisy of countries imposing sanctions on Russia came to the surface. About the Oil hypocrisy:- IMAGE SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH Recent reports show that the countries that banned Russian oil imports(UPSCPrelims: Understanding EU ban on Russia’s Oil) instead imported oil commodities worth €42 billion from India, China, United Arab Emirates, Singapore and Turkey after the war started 2022. These five countries were thus identified as ‘laundromats’. The five countries are responsible for 70 per cent of Russia’s crude oil exports. India emerged as the leading exporter of refined oil products at 3.7 million tonnes to Price Cap Coalition countries in 2022. This is an increase of 0.3 million tonnes from the previous year. This was followed by China at three million tonnes and the United Arab Emirates at 2.9 million tonnes. The Price Cap Coalition comprising Australia, Canada, the European Union, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States imposed a maximum price of $60 a barrel of oil transported by vessels owned or insured by some countries in the alliance to third-party countries, with the intention to dent Russia’s financing of the war(UPSCPrelims: Russia-Ukraine War impact, beyond oil).  Since the beginning of the invasion, demand for Russian crude oil has increased significantly by China, India, Turkey, UAE and Singapore. The EU was the largest importer of oil products from these laundromat countries worth €17.7 billion, despite partially banning crude oil imports from Russia last year. This was followed by Australia (€17.7 billion), the USA (€6.6 billion), the UK (€5 billion) and Japan (€4.8 billion). MUST READ: The new energy disorder SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) The term ‘West Taxes Intermediate’, sometimes found in news to a grade of (2020) Crude oil Bullion Rare earth elements Uranium Q.2) In the Indian context, what is the implication of ratifying the ‘Additional Protocol’ with the ‘International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)’? (2018) Civilian nuclear reactors come under IAEA safeguards. The military nuclear installations come under the inspection of the IAEA The country will have the privilege to buy uranium from the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). The country automatically becomes a member of the NSG. Mahila Samman Savings Certificate (MSSC) Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: The Union Minister for Women and Child Development and Minority Affairs opened a Mahila Samman Savings Certificate (MSSC) account recently. About Mahila Samman Savings Certificate (MSSC):- IMAGE SOURCE: Mahila Samman Saving Certificate Form Interest Calculator – Sarkari Yojana – TheHowPedia Mahila Samman Savings Certificate Scheme was announced in the 2023-24 Union Budget (UPSCPrelims: Union Budget Summary 2023-24 ) to commemorate ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav’. It is a one-time savings scheme(UPSCPrelims: Understanding Small savings schemes) for women. Objective: to empower women by increasing their participation in investments. It is a significant step towards financial inclusion and empowerment of women including girls. The two-year tenure scheme offers an attractive interest rate of 7.5 per cent compounded quarterly It will have flexible investment and partial withdrawal options with a maximum ceiling of Rs two lakh. The scheme is valid for a two-year period up to 31st March 2025. The scheme has been made available in all 1.59 lakh post offices from April 01, 2023. Deposit limits:- One can start investing in this scheme with a minimum amount of Rs. 1,000 or any other amount in multiples of Rs. 100. But one cannot make additional deposits after that. Under this scheme, one can open multiple accounts, but the maximum total investment should be Rs 2 lakh only. And each account opened should have a three-month gap between the opening date of the existing account and the new account. Eligibility Criteria:- The scheme is exclusively available to women. Any woman above 18 years of age can invest in this scheme by herself.  Also, in the case of minors, the guardian can open the account on behalf of the girl. Tax Benefits of the Mahila Samman Savings Certificate:- No information has been provided by the government related to its taxability. Unless more details emerge, normal taxation as per the slab rate can be assumed for this scheme. MUST READ: Mission Shakti SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017? (2019) Pregnant women are entitled to three months of pre-delivery and three months of post-delivery paid leave. Enterprises with creches must allow the mother minimum of six creche visits daily. Women with two children get reduced entitlements. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘stand up India scheme’, which of the following statement is/are correct? (2016) Its purpose is to promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST and women entrepreneurs. It provides for refinancing through SIDBI. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Nuclear liability law Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: The issues regarding India’s nuclear liability law came to continue to hold up the plan to build six nuclear power reactors in Maharashtra’s Jaitapur. About Nuclear liability law:- IMAGE SOURCE: jaitapur nuclear power plant map – Brainly.in The laws on civil nuclear liability ensure that compensation is available to the victims for nuclear damage caused by a nuclear incident or disaster and set out who will be liable for those damages.  The international nuclear liability regime consists of multiple treaties and was strengthened after the 1986 Chornobyl nuclear accident(UPSC Prelims: Place in news-Chornobyl). Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC): it is an umbrella convention adopted in 1997. Objective: Establish a minimum national compensation amount. India was a signatory to the CSC, Parliament ratified the convention in 2016. To keep in line with the international convention, India enacted the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) in 2010, to put in place a speedy compensation mechanism for victims of a nuclear accident(UPSC CSE: Understanding India’s Nuclear Doctrine).  The

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, WHO launched the Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) Initiative. About Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET):- IMAGE SOURCE: Epidemic vs. Pandemic: What Are the Differences? (verywellhealth.com) The Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) initiative of WHO(UPSC Prelims: WHO) It is an innovative approach to improving disease pandemic preparedness(UPSC Mains: Emerging issues in international relations during the COVID-19 pandemic). The first module of PRET focuses on respiratory pathogen pandemic preparedness. It presents an integrated and efficient respiratory pathogen pandemic planning approach (UPSC CSE: WHO and Traditional Medicine) covering both novel pathogens and those known to have pandemic potential. It enables coherence in addressing pathogen-agnostic and pathogen-specific elements for better preparedness. It gives an organizing framework including operational stages and triggers for escalation and de-escalation between pandemic preparedness and response periods. It describes the critical sectors for respiratory pathogen pandemic preparedness to trigger multisectoral collaboration. PRET incorporates the latest tools and approaches for shared learning and collective action established during the COVID-19 pandemic and other recent public health emergencies. It is an approach that applies a “mode of transmission lens” to preparedness for future pandemics. It will align the intersectoral stakeholders including leaders, implementing partners and Member States, around a common approach that leverages cross-cutting It provides a platform for national, regional and global stakeholders to collaborate to strengthen preparedness. Objectives of the PRET Global Meeting:- Making countries operationally ready to respond to infectious disease threats. Global approaches to pandemic preparedness to be tailored to address regional and country-level specificities. Global coordination, inter-country collaboration, and solidarity for global events such as pandemics. A multisectoral approach development. MUST READ:  H5N1 virus/Bird Flu SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2022) Aarogya Setu COWIN DigiLocker DIKSHA Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 1 and 2 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. (2022) Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Seamounts Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Recently, scientists have reported finding 19,325 new seamounts after poring through new high-resolution data. About Seamounts:- IMAGE SOURCE: PPT – Features of the Ocean Floor PowerPoint Presentation, free download – ID:2365741 (slideserve.com) A seamount is an underwater mountain. They are formed through volcanic activity. They are hotspots for marine life. Like volcanoes on land, seamounts can be active, extinct or dormant volcanoes. Most seamounts are formed near mid-ocean ridges, where the earth’s tectonic plates are moving apart, allowing molten rock to rise to the seafloor. The planet’s two most-studied mid-ocean ridges are the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise. Some seamounts have also been found near intraplate hotspots and oceanic island chains with a volcanic and seismic activity called island arcs. Intraplate hotspots: regions of heavy volcanic activity within a plate Because seamounts are formed when the molten rock comes up from below the tectonic plates, they provide information about the mantle’s composition and about how tectonic plates evolve. (UPSC PRELIMS: Understanding PLATE TECTONICS)  They are good places for life because they can cause localised ocean upwelling. (UPSC MAINS: UPWELLING AND DOWNWELLING) Upwelling: the process by which nutrient-rich water from deep within the ocean moves up to the surface. A 2011 census had already mapped 24,000 seamounts across the world’s oceans. Since the 2011 seamount survey, altimetry has improved as:-  European Space Agency launched the CryoSat-2 and Envisat, and NASA and the French space agency jointly launched the Jason-1 geodetic missions. SARAL, a satellite that India and France developed together for oceanographic studies, made a significant contribution by further reducing radar noise and enabling the expansion of the seamount catalogue. (UPSC PRELIMS: Deep-Sea Mining) MUST READ: Mission Samudrayan SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) The black cotton soil of India has been formed due to the weathering of (2021) Brown forest soil Fissure volcanic rock Granite and schist Shale and limestone Q.2) With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2020) OMT is measured up to a depth of 26°C isotherm which is 129 meters in the southwestern Indian Ocean during January — March. OMT collected during January — March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in the monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 CGTMSE (Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises) Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: Recently, the Union Minister for MSME Shri Narayan Rane launched the revamped CGTMSE Scheme. About revamped CGTMSE Scheme:- IMAGE SOURCE: CGTMSE: Home CGTMSE was established in 2000. It is jointly set up by the Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME), the Government of India and the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). Objective: to catalyze flow of institutional credit to Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs).(UPSC CSE: Understanding Finance Related Problems of MSME Sector ) CGTMSE extends a helping hand by providing a guarantee to enable access credit leading to setting up viable micro and small enterprises.  It helps in transforming them from job seekers to job providers and meaningfully contributes to nation-building. (UPSC CSE: Empowering MSMEs digitally ) CGTMSE has been instrumental in providing: Guarantee cover to collateral and/or third-party guarantee free credit facilities The lender should cover the eligible credit facilities as soon as they are sanctioned.  Guarantee will commence from the date of payment of guarantee fee and shall run through the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) FM transmitters Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently launched 91 new 100-watt capacity FM transmitters. About Frequency Modulation (FM):- It is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. In analogue FM (radio broadcasting), the instantaneous frequency deviation has a functional relation to the modulating signal amplitude. frequency deviation – the difference between the frequency of the carrier and its centre frequency. Digital data can be encoded and transmitted with a type of FM known as frequency-shift keying (FSK), in which the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is shifted among a set of frequencies. FM transmitters:- IMAGE SOURCE: FM Transmitter Block Diagram with Explanation (electronicsandcommunications.com) It is a low-power FM radio transmitter that broadcasts a signal from a portable audio device (such as an MP3 player) to a standard FM radio. Most of these transmitters plug into the device’s headphone jack and then broadcast the signal over an FM broadcast band frequeny so that it can be picked up by any nearby radio. This allows portable audio devices to make use of the louder or better sound quality of a home audio system or car stereo without requiring a wired connection. Being low-powered, most transmitters typically have a short range of 100-300 feet (30–91 metres), depending on the quality of the receiver, obstructions and elevation. FM vs AM:- IMAGE SOURCE: Research – VANXFILMS OFFICIAL WEBSITE (weebly.com) Radio signals are broadcast using AM (or Amplitude Modulation) and FM (or Frequency Modulation). Electromagnetic waves are used to transfer data in both cases  The amplitude of the signal or carrier delivered is modulated (changing) depending on the information being sent, but the frequency remains fixed. About AIR:- It is the national public radio broadcaster of India. It is a division of Prasar Bharati. It was established in 1936. Headquarters: New Delhi Mission Uphold the unity of the country and the democratic values enshrined in the constitution. Present a fair and balanced flow of information on national, regional, local and international interests, including contrasting views. (UPSC PRELIMS: Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union) Promote the interest and concerns of the entire nation. (UPSC PRELIMS: News Broadcasting & Digital Standards Authority) Serve the rural, illiterate and underprivileged population, keeping in mind the special needs and interests of the young, social and cultural minorities, the tribal population and those residing in border regions, backward or remote areas. Promote social justice and combat exploitation, inequality and such evils as untouchability and narrow parochial loyalties. Promote national integration. National programmes are broadcast from Delhi for relay by the Capital, Regional and Local Radio Stations. The Regional Stations in different States form the middle tier of broadcasting. They originate programmes in regional languages and dialects. Local radio stations serve small communities, showcase local culture and broadcast area-specific programmes for the benefit of the community. The first FM Channel was launched on an experimental basis in 1977 in Chennai. At present AIR have 497 FM transmitters across the country. MUST READ: Broadcasting Infrastructure and Network Development (BIND) scheme SOURCE: ET NOW PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned? (2022) Cloud Services Quantum Computing Visible Light Communication Technologies Wireless Communication Technologies Q.2) With reference to Web 3.0, consider the following statements: (2022) Web 3.0 technology enables people to control their own data. In the Web 3.0 world, there can be blockchain-based social networks. Web 3.0 is operated by users collectively rather than by a corporation Which of the following given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Soniferous fishes Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, the latest technology has been used to study Soniferous fishes on the coast of Goa. About Soniferous fishes:- IMAGE SOURCE: PPT – Nonvertebrate Chordates, Fishes, and Amphibians PowerPoint Presentation – ID:3223997 (slideserve.com) These fishes are known to make sounds associated with specific behaviours including disturbance, competition for food, territory defence, and courtship or spawning. They produce sound mainly by using modified muscles attached to their swim bladders(drumming) or rubbing body parts together. Sound production in fish is vital to an array of behaviours including territorial defence. There are over 700 known soniferous species worldwide.(UPSC CSE: Conservation of species) Passive acoustics is a technique that enables scientists to listen to and record underwater sounds of aquatic and marine fishes and invertebrates. Using this technique, scientists can gain useful information about the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of soniferous fishes and the locations of spawning and feeding grounds. (UPSC Mains: Government’s Initiatives for a Robust Fishery Sector ) MUST READ: Puffer Fish SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following is not a bird? (2022) Golden Mahseer Indian Nightjar Spoonbill White Ibis Q.2) Certain species of which one of the following organisms are well known as cultivators of fungi? (2022) Ant Cockroach Crab Spider Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recent reports show that the combined Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) increased by 3.6 per cent (provisional) in March 2023 as compared to the Index of March 2022. About the Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI):- IMAGE SOURCE: Index of Eight Core Industries (Base: 2011-12=100) March 2019 (indiangovtscheme.com) ICI measures combined and individual performance of the production of eight core industries. These include Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Products, Fertilizers, Steel,  Cement and Electricity.  These Eight Core Industries comprise 40.27 per cent of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP). (UPSC PRELIMS: Index of Industrial Production (IIP) Details of annual and monthly indices and growth rates are provided in Annex I & II respectively. It is compiled and released by the Office of Economic Adviser (OEA), Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry. It provides an advance indication of the production performance of industries of

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Neurotoxins Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Neurotoxins released in the recent Ludhiana gas leak tragedy might have caused the deaths. About Neurotoxins:- IMAGE SOURCE: 5 Neurotoxins Found in Popular Foods | Be Brain Fit Neurotoxins are synthetic or naturally occurring substances that damage, destroy, or impair the functioning of the central and/or peripheral nervous system.  Neurotoxins may damage neurons, axons, and/or glia resulting in loss of specific nuclei and/or axonal tracts or demyelination.  They may also cause metabolic imbalances that can secondarily affect the central nervous system (CNS). Many neurotoxins are of external origin, entering the body from environmental sources. Others, however, are endogenous, being produced and existing within the body. Examples of endogenous neurotoxins include the neurotransmitters nitric oxide and glutamate. (UPSC CSE: Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) ) Physiological effects:- Neurotoxins are absorbed through inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, or injection and can have immediate or long-lasting impacts by causing neurons to malfunction or by disrupting interneuron communication. Certain neurotoxins are highly potent and have been developed into chemical weapons. Sarin is an organophosphorus compound that is classified as a weapon of mass destruction (UPSC Prelims: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) )  Neurotoxins such as arsenic, chlorpyrifos, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), ethyl alcohol, fluoride, lead, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), manganese, mercury, and toluene are major contributors to the prevalence of neurobehavioral disorders. The impact of some neurotoxins, such as lead and ethyl alcohol, is well-documented. MUST READ: Safeguards against chemical disasters in India SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Bisphenol A (BPA), a cause of concern, is a structural/key component in the manufacture of which of the following kinds of plastics? (2022) Low-density polyethylene Polycarbonate Polyethylene terephthalate Polyvinyl Chloride Q.2) “Triclosan” considered harmful when exposed to high levels for a long time, is most likely present in which of the following? (2022) Food preservatives Fruit ripening substances reused plastic containers Toiletries Article 142 Syllabus Prelims –Polity Context: In a recent ruling, the Supreme Court rules that it can directly grant a divorce to couples under Article 142. About Article 142:- It deals with the enforcement of decrees and orders of the Supreme Court. Article 142 provides discretionary power to the Supreme Court as it states that the Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it. (UPSC PRELIMS: Understanding Article 142) Subsection 1 of Article 142 provides a unique power to the Supreme Court, to do complete justice between the parties. According to some eminent jurists, natural justice is above law, and the Supreme Court shall have full right to pass any order that it considers just. (UPSC MAINS: alternate dispute resolution mechanism in India.) Therefore, the Supreme Court shall exercise these powers and will not be deterred from doing justice by the provision of any rule or law, executive practice or executive circular or regulation etc. The framers of the Constitution felt that this provision is of utmost significance to those people who have to suffer due to the delay in getting their necessary reliefs due to the disadvantaged position of the judicial system. (UPSC CSE: Judicial Accountability ) Significance of Article 142:- Prevents Injustice: It provides a special and extraordinary power to the Supreme Court to do complete justice to the litigants who have suffered traversed illegality or injustice in the proceedings. Uphold citizen’s rights: Article 142 has been invoked for the purpose of protecting the rights of the different sections of the population. Check on Government: Works as a system of checks and balances with the Government or Legislature. Cases where the Supreme Court has invoked its plenary powers under Article 142:- Manohar Lal Sharma v. Principal Secretary(2014): The Supreme Court can deal with exceptional circumstances interfering with the larger interest of the public in order to fabricate trust in the rule of law. A.R. Antulay v. R.S. Nayak(1988): The Supreme Court held that any discretion which is given by the court should not be arbitrary or in any way be inconsistent with provisions of any statute laid down. Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India (1989): In Bhopal Gas Tragedy Case, the court ordered to award of compensation to the victims and placed itself in a position above the Parliamentary laws. Siddiq v. Mahant Suresh Das (2019): Popularly known as the Ayodhya dispute, the Supreme Court exercised the powers mentioned under Article 142 of the Constitution. MUST READ: Judiciary & AI SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Indian Judiciary, consider the following statements. (2021) Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2019) The- motion to impeach a Judge of the Supreme Court of India cannot be rejected by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha as per the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968. The Constitution of India defines and gives details of what Constitutes ‘incapacity and proved misbehaviour’ of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India. The details of the process of impeachment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India are given in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, of 1968. If the motion for the impeachment of a Judge is taken up for voting, the law requires the motion to be backed by each House of the Parliament and supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by not less than two-thirds of total members of that House present and voting. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 3 only 3

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Red Pandas Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recent studies point out that transboundary conservation is essential to save the endangered Red Pandas. About Red Pandas:- IMAGE SOURCE: High camp: India’s untrodden Himalayas | India holidays | The Guardian Red Pandas usually live in chilly, cold, mountainous mixed deciduous and coniferous forests of the eastern Himalayas. (UPSC MAINS: Re-wilding programme of red pandas) Habitat: In the eastern part of the Himalayas, this type of suitable habitat is available only in the Singalila and Neora Valley national parks in the Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts of West Bengal. Red Panda belongs to the order Carnivora as per the taxonomic classification, but they have adapted to a vegetarian diet. There are only two different panda species in the world, the Giant Pandas and the Red Pandas. (UPSC PRELIMS: Red Panda species in India) Conservation Status:- Red Pandas IUCN Red List: Endangered CITES: Appendix I Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Schedule I Giant Pandas IUCN Red List: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix I India is home to both the (sub) species: Himalayan red panda (Ailurus fulgens) They are present in Sikkim, Darjeeling-Kalimpong districts of West Bengal, Nepal, Bhutan and Southern Tibet. Chinese red panda (Ailurus styani) They are distributed in southeastern Tibet, Northern Myanmar and the Sichuan and Yunan provinces of China. The zygomatic (cheekbone) breadth and skull size of the Chinese Red Panda are larger than the Himalayan Red Panda. The facial colour of the Chinese Red Panda is redder than the Himalayan Red Panda.  In the Chinese Red Panda, tail rings are more prominent, with dark rings being darker red and the pale rings being whitish than the Himalayan Red Panda. Singalila National Park:- Singalila National Park is located on the Singalila Ridge at an altitude of more than 7000 feet above sea level, in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal. It is well known for the trekking route to Sandakphu that runs through it. The Singalila area in Darjeeling was purchased by the British Government from Sikkim Durbar in 1882. It was notified as a Reserve Forest under the Indian Forest Act of 1878. It was notified as a National Park in 1992 and was also officially opened up for tourism. Neora Valley National Park:-  It is situated in the Kalimpong District of West Bengal. One of the richest biological zones in entire Eastern India Neora Valley National Park is the Natural Habitat of Red panda It borders Sikkim and Bhutan. Flora: rhododendron, bamboo, oak, ferns, sal, etc. Fauna: Indian leopard, Red panda, Sloth bear, Asiatic golden cat, goral, sambar deer etc. MUST READ: Kanchenjunga Biosphere SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following is not a bird? (2022) Golden Mahseer Indian Nightjar Spoonbill White Ibis Q.2) With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements : (2022) Wild animals are the sole property of the government. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled to equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 2 only 1 and 3 3 only Bedaquiline Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Recently, the Indian Patent Office rejected Johnson & Johnson’s claim for a secondary patent on its tuberculosis drug bedaquiline. About Bedaquiline:- IMAGE SOURCE: Tuberculosis Control & Prevention Program | Florida Department of Health in Escambia (floridahealth.gov) Bedaquiline is an oral medication used to treat active tuberculosis. (UPSC PRELIMS: Tuberculosis )  It is particularly used to treat multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). It has a unique mechanism of action. It targets the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase enzyme of the TB mycobacteria. Bedaquiline is central to WHO ­recommended TB treatment regimens (UPSC PRELIMS: WHO and its funding) Johnson and Johnson holds the patent for it. India is also the country with the second highest number (after South Africa) of estimated HIV-associated TB cases. (UPSC CSE: 2021 Global TB report: WHO ) MUST READ: India’s TB Elimination Programme SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body? (2022) They protect the environmental allergens. body They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation. They act as immunosuppressants in the body. They protect the body from diseases caused by pathogens. Similipal Tiger Reserve Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, a rare melanistic tiger was found dead in the core area of Similipal Tiger Reserve. About Similipal Tiger Reserve:- IMAGE SOURCE: Map of Similipal Tiger Reserve.  | Download Scientific Diagram (researchgate.net) Similipal derives its name from the ‘Simul’ (silk cotton) tree. It was formally designated a tiger reserve in 1956. (UPSC CSE: Global Conservation Assured|Tiger Standards (CA|TS)) It was brought under Project Tiger in the year 1973. (UPSC PRELIMS: Saving the Tiger) It was declared a biosphere reserve by the Government of India in June 1994. It has been part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2009. It is part of the Similipal-Kuldiha-Hadgarh Elephant Reserve popularly known as Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve, which includes 3 protected areas i.e. Similipal Tiger Reserve, Hadagarh Wildlife Sanctuary and Kuldiha wildlife sanctuary. (UPSC MAINS: Similipal National Park ) MUST READ: Simlipal Forest Fires SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following Protected Areas are located in the Cauvery basin? (2020) Nagarhole National Park Papikonda National Park Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Select

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) U.S. Commission for International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) Syllabus Prelims –International Relations Context: Recently, the U.S. Commission for International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) sought sanctions on Indian agencies over the ‘violation’ of religious freedom. About U.S. Commission for International Religious Freedom (USCIRF):- USCIRF is an independent, bipartisan US federal government commission. It was established by the US government in 1998 after the inaction of the International Religious Freedom Act. It is Headquartered in Washington DC. It is dedicated to defending the universal right to freedom of religion or belief abroad. It is an advisory body to the US Congress. The recommendations of USCIRF are non-binding on the state department Traditionally, India does not recognize the view of USCIRF. .(UPSC PRELIMS: India’s designation by the USCIRF ) It monitors the universal right to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) abroad. UNCIRF Functions:- Advises Congress by working with Congressional offices, convening and testifying at hearings, and holding briefings on countries and thematic issues. Engages the Executive Branch by regularly meeting with Executive Branch officials. Monitors Religious Freedom Conditions Abroad. (UPSC PRELIMS: Religious Tolerance and Social Harmony) It makes policy recommendations to the President, Secretary of State, and Congress. Raises Public Awareness by holding public events, hosting podcast episodes, releasing public statements, and publishing op-eds. Issues an Annual Report & Other Publications that assess foreign countries that violate religious freedom in a systematic, ongoing, and/or egregious manner. MUST READ: The hijab case and the essential practices doctrine SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2020) International agreement/ set-up Subject Alma-Ata Declaration – Healthcare of the people Hague Convention – Biological and Chemical Weapons Talanoa Dialogue – Global Climate Change Under2 Coalition – Child Rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 2 only 4 only 1 and 3 only 2,3 and 4 only Q.2) The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2018) China Israel Iraq Yemen De-dollarisation Syllabus Prelims –International Relations Context: Recently, De-dollarisation picked up pace in the aftermath of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. About De-dollarisation:- IMAGE SOURCE: Dollarization and Ecuador (slideshare.net) De-dollarisation refers to the replacement of the U.S. dollar with other currencies as the global reserve currency. Reserve currency: refers to any currency that is widely used in cross-border transactions and is commonly held as reserves by central banks. De-dollarisation is a process of substituting the US dollar as the currency used for: Trading oil and/ or other commodities Buying US dollars for the forex reserves Bilateral trade agreements Dollar-denominated assets History of Global Currency:- The British pound was the primary reserve currency during the 19th and early 20th centuries. After World War II, and the U.S. dollar became the dominant reserve currency. It has held this position since then, with over 60% of global foreign exchange reserves held in dollars as of 2021. Reasons for the popularity of the US Dollar:- High Level of Trust: The global acceptability of the U.S. dollar as a reserve currency is primarily due to the popularity of U.S. assets among investors. Rule of Law: This trust may be due to the ‘rule of law’ in the U.S. Need for De- Dollarisation:- Diversification of Risk: Holding a basket of currencies instead of just one currency (i.e., the US dollar) can help reduce the potential negative impact of a sudden currency devaluation or other economic shocks/political changes in the US. (UPSC PRELIMS: Currency manipulation) Increasing Trade and Investment: By using other currencies, countries can increase trade and investment with other countries that may not have a strong relationship with the US, which can open up new markets and opportunities for growth. Reducing US Monetary Policy Influence: By reducing the use of the US dollar, countries can increase their economic autonomy. Geopolitical Benefits: By reducing dependence on the US dollar, countries may be able to improve their geopolitical standing. (UPSC PRELIMS: Hyper globalisation) Challenges of De dollarisation:– Market Volatility and Global Financial Crisis: A sudden shift away from the dollar could create market volatility and instability, as many countries and businesses are heavily reliant on the dollar for trade and investment and any change would lead to a potential global financial crisis. Trade Disruptions: A move away from the dollar could also disrupt international trade, as businesses and governments adjust to new currencies and exchange rate regimes. Exchange Rate Risk: De-dollarisation can expose countries to exchange rate risk, as they may have to convert their reserves into other currencies that are subject to volatility. Geopolitical Risks: A shift away from the dollar can be seen as a challenge to US economic and geopolitical power, which could lead to political tensions and even conflict. International Efforts so far:- Bilateral currency swaps among countries, promotion of trade in national currencies, and the establishment of alternative payment systems. The BRICS’s New Development Bank encourages trade and investment in national currencies by disbursing up to 50% of its loans in national currencies since 2015. Russian banks have started using the China-based Cross-Border Interbank Payment System for international payments as they are debarred from the SWIFT international system. Some countries are also exploring the possibility of using cryptocurrencies for international trade and payments, as they offer a decentralized alternative to traditional payment systems. National Efforts:- Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently unveiled a rupee settlement system for international trade by allowing special vostro accounts in designated Indian banks, a step towards internationalising the rupee. Similarly, India and Russia are considering the use of a third currency or the inclusion of a third country like the UAE to facilitate oil trade between the two countries. MUST READ: India’s Digital rupee: CBDC SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements: (2022) An increase in Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) indicates the appreciation of the rupee. An increase in the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) indicates an improvement in trade competitiveness. An increasing

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Key Takeaways from the Petersberg Dialogue on Climate Change Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, the Petersberg Dialogue on Climate Change was held in Berlin. About key takeaways from Petersberg Dialogue on Climate Change:- IMAGE SOURCE: Today in chemistry history: The Kyoto protocol – Compound Interest (compoundchem.com) The 14th Petersberg Dialogue on Climate Change was hosted by Germany and the United Arab Emirates. UAE would be hosting the 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (UPSC PRELIMS: UNFCCC – COP27 ) Objective:  to discuss the way forward towards COP28 The Climate Dialogue was initiated by Germany’s former Chancellor Angela Merkel.  It was first held in 2010 United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres emphasised the need for “cleaning up economies of the developed countries by breaking their fossil fuel addiction and driving decarbonisation in every sector to achieve a 1.5-degree global warming pathway. He reiterated his earlier call for an Acceleration Agenda, where “all countries hit fast-forward on their Net Zero deadlines”. Key takeaways:- Global renewables target:- Discussions around a potential global target for renewables at the next climate conference. Possibility of an agreement on a global target for renewables and energy efficiency among the G7 countries. (UPSC PRELIMS: G7) $100 billion climate finance:- It was stated that developed countries are “on a good track” to deliver the $100 billion per year as promised to mobilise by 2020 during the COP15 in 2009. However, a recent estimate pegs climate finance needs at $1 trillion per year by 2030 for emerging markets alone. This means that climate finance needs are more than 10 times the amount that developed countries have been able to mobilise, 14 years after committing to the $100 billion figure. This underlines the urgent need for financial reparations. Global Stocktake:- 2023 is the year for the Global Stocktake.  Global Stocktake: a periodic review of global climate action. It aims to assess whether current efforts will enable us to reach the objectives set out in the Paris Agreement. This is the first Global Stocktake year since the Paris Agreement was signed in 2015.  The report is set to be released in September of 2023. About Paris Agreement:- It was the successor to the Kyoto Protocol. This international climate treaty expired in 2020. It was agreed in December 2015. Objective: to limit the rise in the average global surface temperature. To do this, countries that signed the accord set national pledges to reduce humanity’s effect on the climate that are meant to become more ambitious over time. The Paris Accord legally bound its signatories collectively to limit greenhouse gas emissions to keep the temperature rise well below 2.0 degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit) this century. The countries also promised to “pursue efforts” to keep the rise below 1.5C (2.7F). MUST READ: India’s Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) The Climate Group is an international non-profit organisation that drives climate action by building large networks and running them. The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative “EP100”. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals. Some Indian companies are members of EP100. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the “Under2 Coalition”. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1,2, 4 and 5 1,3 and 4 only 2,3 and 5 only 1,2, 3, 4 and 5 Q.2) With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements is correct? (2021) It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014 It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests It is a legally binding international declaration It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities. India was one of the signatories at its inception Select the correct answer using the code given below 1, 2 and 4 1, 3 and 5 3 and 4 2 and 5 The Innovative Finance Facility for Climate in Asia and the Pacific Financing Partnership Facility (IF-CAP) Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently a new funding mechanism ‘the Innovative Finance Facility for Climate in Asia and the Pacific Financing Partnership Facility (IF-CAP)’ was launched. About the Innovative Finance Facility for Climate in Asia and the Pacific Financing Partnership Facility (IF-CAP):- In line with climate change financing requirements, ADB(Asian Development Bank) announced its newest climate finance program: the Innovative Finance Facility for Climate in Asia and the Pacific (IF-CAP). (UPSC PRELIMS: ADB) Objective:  use guarantees from partners for leverage to accelerate billions of dollars in much-needed climate change investment IF-CAP’s initial partners are Denmark, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Intended Benefits of IF-CAP:- With a model of ‘$1 in, $5 out’, the initial ambition of $3 billion in guarantees could create up to $15 billion in new loans for much-needed climate projects across Asia and the Pacific. Financing will help vulnerable countries in Asia and the Pacific region meet their mitigation and adaptation goals. It will support ADB’s raised ambition for $100 billion in climate finance from 2019-2030. . IF-CAP will pilot a guarantee mechanism, where every US$1 guarantee from financing partners can generate up to US$5 in new loans for climate adaptation and mitigation projects across Asia. IF-CAP operates as an umbrella mechanism for mobilising resources for climate adaptation and mitigation projects. Under this umbrella is the IF-CAP Guarantee Trust Fund, which will provide guarantees to ADB covering payment defaults. The facility will finance projects over a five-year investment period, but guarantees will remain effective for 25 years.  In addition, ADB will establish donor trust funds, framework arrangements, and other forms of financing partnerships, such as grants, guarantees, and similar arrangements that support IF-CAP’s objectives and scope. Most contributions to the facility will be in the form of guarantees or grants. (UPSC MAINS: Significance of

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Buddha Purnima Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: Recently, President Droupadi Murmu greeted people on the occasion of Buddha Purnima. About Buddha Purnima:- Buddha Purnima is celebrated to mark the birth of Gautam Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. It is also known as Vesak. In 1999, it became an UN-designated day, to acknowledge the contribution of Buddhism to society. It is believed that this was also the day he attained enlightenment. It is considered a ‘triple-blessed day’ as it is Tathagata Gautam Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and Maha Parnirvana. Buddha Purnima falls on a full moon night, usually between April and May. It is a gazetted holiday in India. Many devotees visit Mahabodhi Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in Bodh Gaya, Bihar, on this occasion. Bodhi Temple is the location where Lord Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment. About Budhha:- IMAGE SOURCE: Karma Buddhism | Does Buddhism Believe in Karma | TheMindFool Siddhartha Gautama, or Buddha was a spiritual leader and the founder of Buddhism. (UPSC MAINS: Wisdom of the Buddha) He lived from 563 B.C. to 483 B.C. He was born in the Shakya clan in Lumbini, Kapilvastu, Nepal. At the age of 29, he abandoned his home and began to live as a homeless ascetic and practised rigorous meditation for a year. At the age of 49, he sat down under a Pipal tree at Bodhgaya (present-day Bihar), where he finally attained Nirvana (perfect enlightenment) and came to be known as the Buddha. Buddha gave his first sermon in Sarnath. (UPSC PRELIMS: The Buddhist Circuit) This is called Dhammacakkappavattana (turning off the wheel of law). Buddha passed away in 483 BCE at Kushinagara, Uttar Pradesh. This event is termed Five forms that represent Buddha are:- Lotus and Bull – Birth Horse – Renunciation Bodhi Tree – Mahabodhi Dhamma Chakra Pravartana – First sermon Footprints – Nirvana Three pillars of his teachings are:- Buddha – Founder/Teacher Dhamma – Teachings Sangha – Order of Buddhist Monks and Nuns Eight-Fold Paths:- Right Vision (Samma-Ditthi) Right Thought or Attitude (Samma-sankappa) Right or Whole Speech (Samma-Vacca) Right or Integral Action (Samma-Kammanta) Right or Proper Livelihood (Samma-Ajiva) Right Effort or Energy (Samma-Vayama) Right Mindfulness (Samma-Sati) or Thorough Awareness (Samma-Sati) Right Concentration (Samma-Samadhi) Buddhist Councils:- 1st Council Year: 483 BC Venue : Saptaparni Cave, Rajgir Chairman :Maha Kassapa King: Ajatshatru Key Developments : Sutta & Vinaya Pitaka compiled 2nd Council Year: 383 BC Venue: Vaishali Chairman : Sabakami King: Kalasoka Key Developments: Monks got split into Sthavir Madins & Mahasanghikas The dispute arose over the ‘Ten Points During the 2nd Buddhist Council: 3rd Council Year: 250 BC Venue: Pataliputra Chairman : Mogalliputta Tissa King: Ashoka Key Developments: Abhidhammapitaka compiled 4th Council Year: 72 AD Venue: Kundalvan, Kashmir Chairman: Vasumitra & Ashvaghosha King: Kanishka Key Developments: Buddhists got split into Hinayana & Mahayana Buddhist Literature Tripitaka or three baskets include the prominent Buddhist scriptures. Others include Jatakas, Mahavamsa, Bodhi Vamsa. Tripitakas Vinaya Pitaka: Contains monastic rules of conduct for monks. Sutta Pitaka: This scripture describes the first Buddhist council. Abhidhamma Pitaka: It is a detailed scholastic analysis and summary of the Buddha’s teachings. Milinda Panha It is a dialogue between Indo-Greek king Meander and Buddhist monk Written in Pali Dipavamsa It deals with the arrival of Buddha‘s teaching and preachers in Sri Lanka. Written in Pali Mahavamsa It deals with the royal dynasties of the Indian subcontinent. The consecration of Asoka and details of Selucus and Alexander have been detailed in it. Buddha Charita It is an epic poem on the life of Buddha It is written in It was written by a Buddhist philosopher Ashwaghosha who was a member of King Kanishka’s court. MUST READ: Neo-Buddhism SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (2020) Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism The Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of the Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered Mahayana Buddhism Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following pairs: Parivrajaka — Renunciant and Wanderer Shramana — Priest with a high status Upasaka — Lay follower of Buddhism Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? 1 and 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Penumbral lunar eclipse Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: The penumbral lunar eclipse was observed recently. About the Penumbral lunar eclipse:- IMAGE SOURCE: Eclipse Shadow: What Is the Penumbra? (timeanddate.com) An eclipse happens when a planet or a moon gets in the way of the sun’s light. (UPSC PRELIMS: Eclipses ) The lunar eclipse is a celestial phenomenon where the sun, moon, and earth come in a straight line. In the Lunar Eclipse, the Earth arrives in between the sun and the moon. In this way, the shadow of the earth falls on the moon.  The lunar eclipse can only happen during the Full Moon. But, the orbits of the moon and earth are different. That’s why the lunar eclipse happens only up to 3-4 times a year. There are three types of lunar eclipses:- Total lunar eclipses, partial lunar eclipses, and penumbral lunar eclipses. (UPSC PRELIMS: Beaver blood moon) A penumbral lunar eclipse happens when the moon moves through the outermost region of the Earth’s shadow known as the penumbra. Penumbra: the lighter outer part of a shadow. The Moon’s penumbra causes partial solar eclipses, and the Earth’s penumbra is involved in penumbral lunar eclipses. During this event, the moon appears slightly darker than usual. Since the penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when the moon stands in the penumbral shadow. Thus, it is not very visible. MUST READ: Supermoon SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year normally occurs on the: (2022) The first half of the month of June

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Shoot-at-sight orders Syllabus Prelims –Polity Context: Recently, the Manipur government authorised all District Magistrates to issue “shoot at sight orders” in “extreme cases”. About Shoot at-sight orders:- IMAGE SOURCE: Manipur in India Map. Manipur Map Vector Illustration Stock Vector – Illustration of the graphic, country: 176108947 (dreamstime.com) A shoot-at-sight or firing order may be passed in terms of the statutory powers relating to the arrest or prevention of offences or for disbanding unlawful assemblies under the CrPC, 1973. (UPSC PRELIMS: Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act, 2022) Section 144 of the CrPC enables the use of wide powers while dealing with urgent cases of “apprehended danger” or nuisance through the issuance of orders. Section 46 (2) of the CrPC enables the use of force in the course of arresting a person. If a person forcibly resists the endeavour to arrest him, or attempts to evade the arrest, such police officer or other person may use all means necessary to effect the arrest. Section 46(3) places a limit on this executive power. The provision does not give a right “to cause the death of a person who is not accused of an offence punishable with death or with imprisonment for life.” Exceptions:- It also places a limit on this executive power. The provision does not give a right to cause the death of a person not accused of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life. (UPSC CSE: Committee for Reforms in Criminal Law) Section 3(a) Oof the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, of 1958 empowers the armed forces to use force in disturbed areas. disturbed areas: a notification in the Official Gazette declaring an area as “disturbed” may be passed by the Governor of the State or the Administrator of that Union Territory or the Central Government. Provisions in the Indian Penal Code,1860:- Section 81 says that “Nothing is an offence merely by reason of its being done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause harm if it is done without any criminal intention to cause harm, and in good faith for the purpose of preventing or avoiding other harm to person or property.”  Section 76 exempts such acts, if done by a person “who is, or who by reason of a mistake of fact and not by reason of a mistake of law in good faith believes himself to be, bound by law to do it.” Section 76 IPC goes so far as to say that if a soldier “fires on a mob by the order of his superior officer, in conformity with the commands of the law”, he has committed no offence. Related Judicial Judgements:- Jayantilal case:- Gujarat High Court declared the shoot-at-sight orders imposed for breaking a curfew “void”. The Gujarat High Court’s 1974 ruling in “Jayantilal Mohanlal Patel vs Eric Renison And Anr.” Held that the “law and order forces of the State of Gujarat have no authority to shoot at anyone for a mere breach of the curfew order.” In the 1974 ruling, Justice SH Seth also observed that any threat issued by the executive to the life of a citizen without the authority of law must be viewed very seriously. In 1981 the Supreme Court ruling, given by Justice YV Chandrachud led Bench, in the case of “State Of West Bengal vs Shew Mangal Singh & Ors” which dealt with the conflict between the executive’s power of extreme coercive action and an individual’s right to liberty. MUST READ: Section 153A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2022) Government law officers and legal firms are recognized as advocates, but corporate lawyers and patent attorneys are excluded from recognition as advocates. Bar Councils have the power to lay down the rules relating to legal education and recognition of law colleges. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2022) When a prisoner makes out a sufficient case, parole cannot be denied to such prisoner because it becomes a matter of his/her right. State Governments have their own Prisoners Release on Parole Rules. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 River-Cities Alliance Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: Recently, National Mission For Clean Ganga Organizes River-Cities Alliance Global Seminar. About River-Cities Alliance:- River Cities Alliance (RCA) was launched in 2021. (UPSC PRELIMS: River Cities Alliance) It is organized by National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) in association with the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA). It is a joint initiative of the Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation under the Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) & the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). Objective: to provide a platform for officials of member cities and international stakeholders to discuss and learn good practices for managing urban rivers. Vision: to connect river cities and focus on sustainable river-centric development. Membership: Beginning with 30 member cities in November 2021, the Alliance has expanded to 109 river cities across India and one international member city from Denmark(the city of Aarhus from Denmark). It is a dedicated platform for river cities across India to discuss & exchange information for sustainable management of urban rivers. It includes cities from both the Ganga basin and non-Ganga basin states.(UPSC CSE: Linking Rivers) The RCA Global Seminar witnessed participation from Embassies/High Commissions of select countries along with funding agencies like the World Bank, ADB, JICA & KfW. In it was noted that the theme of RCA resonated in the UN Water Conference 2023 held in New York in March 2023. ‘ DHARA 2023 The first annual meeting of the RCA – DHARA 2023 (Driving Holistic Action for Urban Rivers) was held in 2023, in Pune. It featured key sessions on international best practices and examples for urban

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Galapagos Islands Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Ecuador’s government recently pledged to spend about $18 million annually for two decades on conservation in the Galapagos Islands. About Galapagos Islands:- IMAGE SOURCE: Britannica Kids The Galápagos Islands are a chain of islands in the Pacific Ocean. (UPSC PRELIMS: Galapagos Islands) They are part of the country of Ecuador, in South America. There are thirteen major islands and a handful of smaller islands that make up the Galápagos archipelago. The largest of the islands is called Isabela. Repeated volcanic eruptions helped to form the rugged mountain landscape of the Galápagos Islands. The Galápagos Islands are located near the equator, yet they receive cool ocean currents. (UPSC PRELIMS: Ocean Currents) This makes for a strange mix of tropical and temperate climates. British naturalist Charles Darwin came to the Galápagos in 1835, on a ship called the HMS Beagle. His observations of wildlife on the island inspired his theory of evolution by natural selection. Wildlife:- It contains aquatic species such as manta rays and sharks which have been endangered by commercial fishing. It also hosts a wide array of aquatic wildlife, including marine iguanas, and waved albatrosses. (UPSC CSE: Wildlife Protection ) Also, the giant tortoises found here – ‘Galápagos’ in old Spanish – give the islands their name.  Many species are endemic. Endemic: they are not found anywhere else in the world. These include the giant Galápagos tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra), the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), the flightless cormorant (Phalacrocoraz harris), and the Galápagos penguin. Galápagos penguin, Galápagos fur seal and Galápagos sea lion are critically endangered. The Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) is the only penguin species to live in the Northern Hemisphere. Protection Status:- Ecuador made a part of the Galapagos a wildlife sanctuary in 1935. The sanctuary became the Galapagos National Park in 1959. In 1978, the islands became UNESCO’s first World Heritage Site.  MUST READ: Islands SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Region often mentioned in the news:   Country (2022) Anatolia                                                    Turkey Amhara                                                    Ethiopia Cabo Delgado                                          Spain Catalonia                                                  Italy How many pairs given above are correctly matched? Only one pair Only two pairs Only three pairs All four pairs Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2021) In the tropical zone, the western sections of the oceans are warmer than the eastern sections owing to the influence of trade winds. In the temperate Zone, westerlies make the eastern sections of oceans warmer than the western sections Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 Arab League Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Recently, the Arab League voted to reinstate Syria’s membership after its suspension more than 10 years ago About Arab League:- IMAGE SOURCE: Arab League, League of Arab States, Political Map Stock Vector – Illustration of the middle, mapping: 138942280 (dreamstime.com) The Arab League, formally known as the League of Arab States, was established in 1945. It is a regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa. The founding member states were Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan (now Jordan), Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Currently, it has 22 member states, who have pledged to cooperate on economic and military affairs, among other issues. Other members are Libya (1953); Sudan (1956); Tunisia and Morocco (1958); Kuwait (1961); Algeria (1962); Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (1971); Mauritania (1973); Somalia (1974); the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; 1976); Djibouti (1977); and Comoros (1993). Each member has one vote on the League Council, decisions being binding only on those states that have voted for them. (UPSC PRELIMS: Gulf region) The signing on April 13, 1950, of an agreement on joint defence and economic cooperation also committed the signatories to the coordination of military defences measures. (UPSC PRELIMS: Arab Spring) MUST READ: Contribution of Indian Diaspora SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2022) International agreement/ set-up Subject Alma-Ata Declaration – Healthcare of the people Hague Convention – Biological and Chemical Weapons Talanoa Dialogue – Global Climate Change Under2 Coalition – Child Rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 2 only 4 only 1 and 3 only 2,3 and 4 only Q.2) The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2022) China Israel Iraq Yemen Scary Barbie Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Scientists named the recently discovered black hole “Scary Barbie,” after a beloved children’s character. About Scary Barbie:- IMAGE SOURCE: BlackHole Info: r/nasa (reddit.com) Scary Barbie is a supermassive black hole that is devouring a star with a thousand times the brightness of a supernova. (UPSC PRELIMS: Black Hole) It was first observed in 2020. It was named ZTF20abrbeie. It is one of the most luminous, energetic, long-lasting transient objects in the sky. It is also extremely far away and in a somewhat neglected corner of the sky. (UPSC MAINS: Can outer space be considered a resource ) The researchers discovered it using an AI engine called REFITT (Recommender Engine For Intelligent Transient Tracking). The AI engine looks through observations from many different telescopes around the World. MUST READ: IN-SPACe SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (2022) GPS and navigation systems could fail. Tsunamis could occur in equatorial regions. Power grids could be damaged. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, 4 and 5 only 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Q.2) Recently, scientists observed the merger