July 10, 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) First Complete Genome Sequenced from Ancient Egyptian Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Researchers have successfully sequenced the complete genome of a man who lived 4,500–4,800 years ago during Egypt’s Old Kingdom, marking a major breakthrough in ancient DNA research Decoding the context: The DNA was extracted from a well-preserved tooth found in a sealed clay vessel at Nuwayrat, south of Cairo, enabling exceptional preservation. Key Highlights: Oldest and most complete genome from ancient Egypt, offering a rare genetic snapshot from the pyramid-building era. Ancestry analysis shows about 80% North African and 20% West Asian (Fertile Crescent) origins, confirming long-theorized population interactions. Skeletal evidence suggests the man led a labor-intensive life, possibly as a potter. This achievement overcomes decades of failed attempts due to DNA degradation in Egypt’s harsh climate. The discovery not only supports archaeological theories of ancient connections between Egypt and the Middle East but also opens doors to studying broader genetic and cultural histories of early civilizations. Learning Corner: Genome Sequencing  Definition: Genome sequencing is a laboratory method used to determine the entire DNA sequence of an organism’s genome. It reveals the order of nucleotides (adenine [A], thymine [T], cytosine [C], and guanine [G]), which form the genetic instructions that govern an organism’s structure and function. Types of Genome Sequencing: Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): Sequences the entire genome, including coding (exons) and non-coding regions (introns, regulatory sequences). Offers the most comprehensive genetic information. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES): Focuses only on the exome – the protein-coding regions (about 1–2% of the genome). More cost-effective, widely used in clinical diagnosis. Targeted Sequencing: Sequences specific genes or regions of interest. Steps Involved in Genome Sequencing: Sample Collection: Tissue, blood, saliva, or (in ancient DNA) bone/teeth. DNA Extraction: DNA is isolated from the sample. Library Preparation: DNA is fragmented and tagged for identification. Sequencing: DNA fragments are read by sequencers (e.g., Illumina, Oxford Nanopore). Data Assembly: Fragments are aligned using bioinformatics tools to reconstruct the genome. Annotation: Identifying genes, mutations, and regulatory elements. Applications: Field Application Medicine Diagnosis of genetic disorders, cancer genomics, pharmacogenomics Agriculture Genetically improved crops, disease resistance Forensics Crime investigation, paternity testing Evolutionary Biology Study of ancient DNA, population migration Microbiology Pathogen identification, antibiotic resistance tracking   Technologies Used: Sanger Sequencing: First-generation; accurate but slow and expensive. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): High-throughput, faster, cheaper (e.g., Illumina, Roche 454). Third-Generation Sequencing: Real-time, long-read technologies (e.g., PacBio, Oxford Nanopore). Challenges in Ancient DNA Sequencing: Degradation: DNA breaks down over time, especially in hot climates like Egypt. Contamination: Modern human DNA can contaminate ancient samples. Low yield: Often, only a small amount of DNA is recoverable. Source: THE HINDU Gig Workers in India Category: ECONOMICS Context: Gig workers in India are only partially represented in official labour data, with incomplete and inconsistent inclusion. Lack of Formal Recognition: Most gig workers are treated as independent contractors and are excluded from formal labour protections and regular employment statistics. Estimations, Not Enumeration: Projections from government bodies like NITI Aayog estimate up to 62 million gig workers by 2047, but these are based on surveys, not systematic inclusion. Limited Reach of e-Shram: While the e-Shram portal aims to register unorganized and gig workers, it has yet to achieve full coverage. Policy and Data Gaps: Existing frameworks are still evolving, and there’s a need for more robust mechanisms to include gig workers in labour statistics and social security systems. Learning Corner: Gig Workers in the India Definition: Gig workers are individuals who engage in flexible, temporary, or freelance jobs, often facilitated by digital platforms such as ride-sharing, food delivery, e-commerce logistics, and freelance services. Key Features: Work is task-based and often on-demand. Employment is usually contractual with no formal employer-employee relationship. Includes platform workers (working via digital apps) and non-platform gig workers (offline freelance/short-term work). Status in India: Growing Workforce: Estimated to reach 23.5 million by 2029–30 and 62 million by 2047. Driven by urbanization, youth population, and digital expansion. Lack of Formal Recognition: Gig workers are largely excluded from traditional labour laws, social security, and formal data sets. Considered “independent contractors,” they often lack protections like minimum wage, health insurance, or job security. Policy Measures: e-Shram Portal: Launched to register unorganized and gig workers, though coverage is still limited. Code on Social Security, 2020: Aims to extend social protection to platform and gig workers. Challenges: Data and regulatory gaps, inconsistent income, lack of job security. Absence of grievance redressal and collective bargaining mechanisms. Source: THE HINDU QS World University Rankings 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Indian universities have shown notable progress in the QS World University Rankings 2025, both globally and within Asia. IIT Delhi is now India’s top-ranked institution, placed 44th in Asia, followed by IIT Bombay at 48th. A total of seven Indian institutions features in Asia’s top 100: IIT Delhi (44), IIT Bombay (48), IIT Madras (56), IIT Kharagpur (60), IISc (62), IIT Kanpur (67), University of Delhi (81). UPES Dehradun made the biggest leap, jumping 70 spots to 148th. In the QS Sustainability Rankings 2025, IIT Delhi ranks 171st globally, leading among Indian institutions, followed by IIT Kharagpur (202) and IIT Bombay (234). Learning Corner: QS World University Rankings QS World University Rankings are annual rankings published by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a UK-based higher education analytics firm. They are among the most widely referenced global university rankings. Key Features: First Published: 2004 Coverage: Over 1,500 universities worldwide Categories: Global, regional (Asia, Europe, etc.), subject-specific, and sustainability rankings Main Indicators Used: Academic Reputation (40%) Employer Reputation (10%) Faculty-Student Ratio (20%) Citations per Faculty (20%) International Faculty Ratio (5%) International Student Ratio (5%) Note: Weightage may vary for subject or region-specific rankings. Significance: Helps students compare universities globally. Influences international collaborations, funding, and student mobility. Encourages institutions to improve academic and research performance. Recent Addition: QS Sustainability Rankings assess universities on environmental and social impact. Source :  THE HINDU Gaden Phodrang Trust Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The 14th Dalai Lama announced on Wednesday (July 2) “that the institution of the Dalai Lama will

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: The significant health risks posed by endocrine disruptors found in plastic waste. It highlights the growing concern over plastic pollution, particularly microplastics and chemicals like endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that infiltrate the human body, causing hormonal disruptions, reproductive dysfunction, and chronic diseases, including cancer. The evidence suggests that microplastics, smaller than 5mm, are not only environmental pollutants but also biologically active, with studies reporting their presence in human tissues, including lungs, placentas, breast milk, and semen. Research has found that male reproductive tissues, such as testicular tissue in Indian men, contain high levels of microplastics. The article emphasizes that plastic, especially in informal waste sectors, is a major threat to vulnerable populations. It discusses scientific findings linking exposure to microplastics to various health issues, including obesity, diabetes, and metabolic disorders. Further studies are needed to quantify the impact of these chemicals on human health. India, facing a growing plastic waste crisis, is urged to adopt stronger measures to monitor and mitigate exposure to microplastics and EDCs. Public health efforts must focus on raising awareness and developing strategies for reducing plastic pollution and its effects. Learning Corner: Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine (hormonal) system. These substances can mimic or block hormones, leading to disruptions in the regulation of biological processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproductive health. EDCs can be found in various environmental sources, including pesticides, plastic products, industrial chemicals, and certain pharmaceuticals. Common examples of EDCs include Bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, pesticides like DDT, and some flame retardants. Exposure to these chemicals, especially during critical periods of development (e.g., pregnancy, infancy), can result in long-term health problems, including hormonal imbalances, infertility, developmental issues, and an increased risk of cancers such as breast and prostate cancer. EDCs have been linked to a variety of health concerns, such as reproductive disorders, metabolic diseases (like diabetes), thyroid dysfunction, and developmental abnormalities in both humans and wildlife. Monitoring and regulating the use of these chemicals are key steps in reducing the risk they pose to public health. Source: THE HINDU RECLAIM Framework Category: POLITY Context: Coal Ministry to Launch RECLAIM Framework for Mine Closure and Repurposing. Developed by the Coal Controller Organisation in collaboration with the Heartfulness Institute, RECLAIM aims to guide the mine closure and repurposing process with a focus on community participation and sustainable development. Purpose and Vision Mine Closure Impacts: RECLAIM addresses the significant effects of mine closures on the environment and local livelihoods, ensuring a just transition for mining communities. National Model: The framework aims to serve as a replicable model for equitable transitions, aligning with India’s sustainability and climate goals. Key Features Structured Guide: A practical, step-by-step approach for inclusive community engagement during mine closure and post-closure phases. Community Participation: Ensures that local voices are central to planning and implementation. Actionable Tools: Includes tools, templates, and methodologies tailored to the Indian context. Inclusivity: Focuses on gender inclusivity, representation of vulnerable groups, and alignment with Panchayati Raj Institutions. Ecological and Socio-Economic Focus: Balances ecological restoration with long-term socio-economic well-being. RECLAIM Approach Step Description R – Reach Out Understand the community and its needs E – Envision Define a shared vision for the future C – Co-Design Plan together with all stakeholders L – Localise Adapt strategies to local realities A – Act Implement with active community participation I – Integrate Ensure sustainability through systems M – Maintain Sustain progress via local leadership Strategic Focus Areas Community-Centric Transition: Ensures inclusive planning and implementation. Field-Tested Methodologies: Uses proven tools for effective engagement. Gender and Vulnerable Groups: Prioritizes the inclusion of women and marginalized communities. Local Governance: Aligns with Panchayati Raj Institutions for local ownership. Ecological Restoration: Integrates environmental rehabilitation with economic repurposing of mine sites. Learning Corner: National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET): Focuses on funding mineral exploration activities, enhancing the mineral sector’s sustainability, and promoting skill development in mining communities. Part of the scheme’s objectives is to support the well-being of local populations by enhancing employment opportunities through mining-related projects. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY): Provides life insurance coverage to workers, including miners, especially those in the unorganized sector, ensuring financial protection for their families in case of untimely death. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY): Offers accidental death and disability insurance to miners and other workers, covering injuries or fatalities due to mining accidents. Mines and Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act (MMDR): This act includes provisions for providing compensation and rehabilitation for displaced communities due to mining activities, promoting sustainable development. District Mineral Foundation (DMF): A fund established in mining districts to work for the welfare of local communities. It supports education, healthcare, sanitation, infrastructure, and skill development projects in mining-affected areas. Mineworkers Welfare Fund: This fund supports the welfare of mine workers through various benefits such as medical treatment, housing, and education. It also focuses on providing relief in case of accidents or fatalities. Skill Development Initiatives: Several programs under the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) aim to upskill the local population and miners, ensuring they have the skills for employment opportunities in and around mining areas. Source: PIB The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) Category: POLITY Context : DAC Approves 10 Capital Acquisition Proposals Worth ₹1.05 Lakh Crore. These proposals fall under the Buy (Indian–Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured) (IDDM) category, supporting India’s goal of self-reliance in defence manufacturing. Key Highlights Total Value: ₹1.05 lakh crore Focus: Indigenous sourcing and development Objective: Enhance operational preparedness, mobility, air defence, and maritime security Major Systems Approved Armoured Recovery Vehicles: Battlefield recovery and maintenance support Electronic Warfare Systems: Enhanced situational awareness and electronic combat Surface-to-Air Missiles: Air defence and protection against aerial threats Moored Mines: Coastal deterrents Mine Counter Measure Vessels (MCMVs): Naval mine detection and clearance Super Rapid Gun Mounts: High-speed naval artillery deployment Submersible Autonomous Vessels: Unmanned reconnaissance and undersea missions Strategic Impact Tri-Services Modernization: Enhances the Army, Navy, and Air Force’s capabilities across mobility, logistics, and air defence. Maritime Security:

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Rethinking the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in the context of geopolitics, climate change, and India’s national interest. Decoding context: Why IWT Needs Rethinking: The Indus Waters Treaty (1960) was signed during a time of new geopolitical realities post-Partition. Pakistan’s location as a lower riparian state made it vulnerable, prompting a Western-brokered agreement. The treaty was never a simple water-sharing agreement but a product of Cold War-era geopolitics involving the World Bank and Western powers. Climate Change & Hydrological Impact: Climate change is a critical factor: altering glacier melt, river flows, and storage needs. The treaty does not account for changing water availability or extreme weather events. India’s need for more storage capacity and hydropower must be factored into a renegotiation. Asymmetry in the Treaty: Pakistan, as the lower riparian, has veto power over Indian projects on the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab). India receives only 20% of the basin’s waters despite contributing significantly to the basin’s geography and climate. The treaty is not reciprocal, giving Pakistan more leverage and delaying Indian hydropower projects. Strategic Need for Renegotiation: India must assert its rights and renegotiate on terms that reflect present realities. A revised treaty should consider: India’s climatic and developmental needs, China and Bangladesh’s influence on other river systems, The scientific understanding of the Indus Basin (e.g., glaciology, hydrology). Learning Corner: Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Signed: 1960 Parties: India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank Objective: Water-sharing of the Indus River System between India (upper riparian) and Pakistan (lower riparian) Key Provisions: Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab): Allocated to Pakistan, with limited use permitted to India (non-consumptive uses like hydropower) Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej): Allocated to India Permanent Indus Commission: Established for cooperation and dispute resolution Dispute Mechanism: Includes negotiation, neutral expert, and international arbitration Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Medical Commission (NMC) Category: POLITY Context: Three out of the four autonomous boards under the National Medical Commission (NMC) — India’s apex medical education regulator — have no presidents. Current Problems: 3 out of 4 boards lack presidents; other members have also resigned or completed their tenure. Boards are running in an ad hoc manner, stalling inspections, decisions, and curriculum updates. 11 of 18 board posts and 6 part-time posts are vacant. Even virtual inspections of colleges are being done by non-technical staff, leading to concerns over quality assurance. Lack of official acceptance of resignations has worsened the leadership vacuum. Consequences: New medical college inspections and seat renewals are delayed. Academic changes (e.g., curriculum updates on LGBTQ+ issues, ethics) are stalled. No full Commission meeting has happened in nearly a year. Students and colleges are affected due to regulatory inaction. Learning Corner: National Medical Commission (NMC)  Background: Established: September 2020 By: National Medical Commission Act, 2019 (replacing the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956) Objective: To overhaul the medical education system, improve governance, transparency, and eliminate corruption associated with the Medical Council of India (MCI). Composition of NMC: Chairperson 10 Ex-officio members 22 part-time members 4 autonomous boards (very crucial): Undergraduate Medical Education Board (UGMEB) Postgraduate Medical Education Board (PGMEB) Medical Assessment and Rating Board (MARB) Ethics and Medical Registration Board (EMRB) Each board is headed by a President and performs a specialized regulatory function. Key Functions of NMC: Regulate medical institutions, education, and professionals. Frame curriculum standards for undergraduate and postgraduate education. Grant permission for establishment of new medical colleges and increase of seats. Maintain National Register of licensed medical practitioners. Ensure adherence to ethical codes of conduct. Conduct National Exit Test (NEXT) for final-year MBBS students (will serve as a licentiate exam and PG entrance test). Promote evidence-based medical education and practice. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Remittances Category: ECONOMICS Context : The US House of Representatives has passed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) imposing a 1% tax on non-commercial overseas remittances, effective January 1, 2026. Details of the Tax: Initially proposed at 5%, later reduced to 1%. Applies to cash, money orders, cashier’s checks, or informal transfers like through money service providers. Exemptions: Transfers under $15. Transfers using bank accounts or US-issued debit/credit cards. Impact on India: India may see a limited impact, as: Most remittances use formal channels, which are exempt. Indian remittances may be frontloaded before Jan 2026. The new tax is milder than earlier proposals. According to the Center for Global Development, India will be the second-most affected country after Mexico, but the impact will still be modest. Learning Corner: Remittances to India (2025) India continues to be the top recipient of global remittances, receiving a record $135.46 billion in FY 2024–25, marking a 14% increase from the previous year. These inflows play a critical role in India’s balance of payments, accounting for over 10% of the country’s current account receipts. Key Source Countries: United States (largest contributor) United Kingdom Singapore Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries like UAE, Saudi Arabia Developed countries now contribute around 45% of the total inflow, while GCC nations’ share has slightly declined due to changing migration patterns. Trends and Drivers: Growth in high-skilled Indian migrants to OECD nations Expansion of the Indian diaspora, now exceeding 18 million Strong use of formal banking channels Increased use of digital remittance platforms Economic Significance: Helps offset trade deficits Acts as a stable source of foreign exchange Often exceeds foreign direct investment (FDI) in volume Supports household consumption, rural spending, and financial inclusion Source :  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Ramleela Category: CULTURE Context:Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on a visit to Trinidad, called Lord Ram the “divine link beyond oceans” during a community event, referring to the cultural legacy of Ramleela among the Indian diaspora. Trinidad and Indian Roots: Trinidad and Tobago has a population of ~13 lakh, with a large percentage tracing roots to India. Indian indentured labourers arrived here between 1838 and 1917, mostly from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. They brought with them cultural traditions, especially Ramleela—the dramatic retelling of Tulsidas’s Ramcharitmanas. Carrying Ram Across the Seas: Though they had few possessions,

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Balance of Payments Category: ECONOMICS Context: India’s foreign exchange earnings from invisible exports—services and private remittance transfers—now exceed visible goods exports. Decoding context: Key Points: Definition and Shift: Visible trade refers to physical goods exports. Invisible trade includes services (like IT, finance) and private transfers (like remittances). India’s invisible exports in 2024–25: $576.54 billion, surpassing goods exports of $441.79 billion. Tangibles vs Intangibles: Goods exports grew from $66.29 billion (2003-04) to $441.79 billion (2024-25). Invisible receipts jumped sharply post-2020 due to services boom and remittance inflows. Major boost came during 2021–23 due to global recovery post-COVID. Invisible Components: Services exports: $387.54 billion in 2024–25, largely from IT, financial, and professional services. Private transfers (mainly NRI remittances): $135.43 billion, driven by Indian diaspora in the Gulf and West. Economic Significance: Invisibles are resilient to geopolitics, tariffs, and supply shocks, unlike goods trade. India maintains a goods trade deficit (e.g., -$278.1 billion in 2024–25) but balances it via a strong invisibles surplus ($263.85 billion). Strategic Advantage: India’s comparative advantage lies in exporting skills, services, and human capital rather than material goods. This has shielded the economy from global economic disruptions and enhanced macro-economic stability. Learning Corner: Balance of Payments (BoP) The Balance of Payments (BoP) is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world during a specific period, usually a year or a quarter. Main Components of BoP: Current Account Deals with day-to-day transactions of goods, services, and transfers. a) Merchandise Trade (Visible Trade): Export and import of physical goods (e.g., oil, machinery). b) Services (Invisible Trade): Export and import of intangible services like IT, banking, tourism. c) Primary Income: Income from investments and wages, such as dividends, interest, and salaries earned abroad. d) Secondary Income (Transfers): One-way transfers like remittances from NRIs, gifts, and donations. Current Account Balance = Exports – Imports (of goods, services, income & transfers) Capital Account Records capital transfers and acquisition/disposal of non-produced, non-financial assets (minor component). Financial Account Tracks investment flows across borders. a) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) b) Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) c) Loans and banking capital d) Reserve assets (like foreign exchange reserves held by the RBI) Errors and Omissions A balancing item to account for discrepancies due to data mismatches. BoP Status: If inflows > outflows → BoP Surplus If outflows > inflows → BoP Deficit India often has a current account deficit (due to goods import dependency) but maintains BoP stability through strong capital inflows and invisible receipts. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS 17th BRICS Summit 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: PM Narendra Modi addressed the 17th BRICS Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Key Takeaways Emphasized that 20th-century institutions like the UNSC, WTO, and Multilateral Development Banks no longer reflect the realities of the 21st century. Urged for a multipolar and inclusive world order, with reforms in global institutions to ensure fair representation. Highlighted that two-thirds of the global population, largely from developing nations, remain underrepresented. Criticized double standards and tokenism in global commitments on development, climate finance, and technology access. Called for reforms that bring tangible outcomes—restructuring governance, leadership roles, and voting rights. Used analogies like “SIM card without network” and “21st-century software on a 20th-century typewriter” to stress outdated global systems. Welcomed Indonesia as a new BRICS member and praised Brazil’s leadership in expanding the bloc. Reiterated India’s commitment to the Global South and working with BRICS to promote inclusive global cooperation. The summit saw participation from new members such as Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia, focusing on building a more just and sustainable world order. Learning Corner: 17th BRICS Summit (2025) The 17th BRICS Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from July 6–7, 2025. Theme: “Reforming Global Governance for a Multipolar World” Key Highlights: Attended by leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and new members: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia. Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for: Greater representation of the Global South in global institutions Urgent reforms in the UNSC, WTO, and international financial institutions End to double standards in global development, climate finance, and technology access Modi emphasized that 20th-century institutions are outdated for 21st-century challenges. Welcomed Indonesia’s inclusion and praised Brazil’s leadership in driving BRICS expansion. Summit Outcomes: Reaffirmed commitment to inclusive multilateralism Supported expansion of BRICS membership Called for equitable and sustainable global development Emphasized South-South cooperation and reforms in global governance architecture Significance: Marked a shift toward making BRICS a more inclusive platform for the Global South. Strengthened BRICS’ role in shaping a more balanced international order. BRICS BRICS is a multilateral grouping of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It was established to promote peace, development, and cooperation among developing countries and to reform global governance structures. Key Features: Formation: Originated as “BRIC” in 2006; South Africa joined in 2010, making it BRICS. Purpose: Promote economic cooperation among emerging economies Advocate for a multipolar world order Push for reforms in global institutions like the UN, IMF, and World Bank Strengthen South-South cooperation Core Pillars of Cooperation: Political and Security Economic and Financial Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges Major Initiatives: New Development Bank (NDB): Provides funding for infrastructure and development projects Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): Supports member countries during financial crises BRICS Summit: Annual meeting of leaders to discuss strategic global issues Recent Expansion: In 2024–25, BRICS expanded to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, and Indonesia, increasing its global influence. Significance: Represents over 40% of the world population and nearly 25% of global GDP. Acts as a voice for the Global South in shaping a more balanced and equitable international order. Source: THE HINDU Heavy Water Reactors Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Indigenous 700 MW Heavy Water Reactors Get Operational Licence Key Highlights: India’s Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) has granted operational licences to two indigenously built 700 MW Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) at Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS) in Gujarat. KAPS-3 and KAPS-4 are the first Indian-designed reactors of this scale. KAPS-3 reached full

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Rubin Observatory Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile and its Simonyi Survey Telescope, which is equipped with the world’s largest camera and promises to revolutionize astronomy. Key Highlights Telescope Features: World’s largest digital camera and a wide field of view equivalent to 40 full moons aligned in a row. Utilizes a unique three-mirror system for exceptional image depth and clarity. Will capture 20 terabytes of data every night for 10 years. Major Scientific Objectives: Milky Way Structure – Map and understand the detailed structure of our galaxy. Dark Matter & Dark Energy – Help unravel the nature of unseen forces/substances. Solar System Census – Discover millions of new asteroids and comets. The Changing Sky – Provide a time-lapse view of the dynamic cosmos. Observational Method: Unlike traditional telescopes, Rubin will scan the sky continuously, without pre-selecting targets. Its software can compare new images with old ones to automatically detect changes. Significance Expected to catalogue 17 billion stars, 20 billion galaxies, and around 100,000 near-Earth objects. Has already identified 2,140 new asteroids within 10 hours of engineering data. Named after Vera Rubin, who confirmed the existence of dark matter. Learning Corner: India has established several important space observatories to advance astronomical research and space science. Here are the major ones: Astrosat – India’s First Dedicated Space Observatory Launched by: ISRO (September 28, 2015) Orbit: Low Earth Orbit (~650 km) Purpose: Multi-wavelength space telescope — observes cosmic sources in UV, visible, and X-ray bands simultaneously. Significance: India’s counterpart to NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope Used for studying black holes, neutron stars, supernovae, and galaxy evolution Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO), Hanle – Ground-Based Location: Hanle, Ladakh (4,500 m above sea level) Operated by: Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) Features: One of the highest altitude observatories in the world Home to the Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT) – optical and near-infrared telescope Importance: Ideal location for astronomical observations due to clear skies and low humidity. GROWTH-India Telescope Location: Hanle, Ladakh Joint Project: IIA and IIT Bombay under a global collaboration Purpose: Time-domain astronomy — rapid follow-up of transient events like gamma-ray bursts and gravitational wave sources Vainu Bappu Observatory (VBO) Location: Kavalur, Tamil Nadu Managed by: Indian Institute of Astrophysics Features: Houses the Vainu Bappu Telescope (VBT) — 2.3 m optical telescope Significance: One of Asia’s largest optical telescopes for visible light astronomy Udaipur Solar Observatory (USO) Location: Fatehsagar Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan Managed by: Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad Focus: Dedicated to solar observations Unique Feature: Located on an island, minimizing air turbulence for better image quality Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Phone Tapping Category: POLITY Context: Two recent Delhi and Madras High Court rulings and the legal framework governing phone-tapping Legal Framework for Phone Tapping Government’s power to intercept communications is defined under three laws: Indian Post Office Act, 1898 – interception of postal communication Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 – tapping of voice calls Information Technology Act, 2000 – interception of electronic communication (emails, messages) Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act permits interception during: Public emergency In the interest of public safety High Court Rulings Delhi High Court: Upheld interception in a bribery case where corruption was deemed a threat to public safety. Cited the economic scale of the offence (₹2,149.93 crore) as justification. Emphasized the broad impact of corruption on public trust and national security. Madras High Court: Quashed a 2011 MHA interception order due to lack of justification under “public emergency.” Stressed that tax evasion, in that case, did not qualify as a public emergency. Criticized outdated standards and lack of oversight in the interception process. Supreme Court Precedent In 1997, SC upheld Section 5(2) but laid down safeguards: Orders must come from the Home Secretary. Must record “reasonable satisfaction” and the need to use phone-tapping as last resort. Review Committee to examine each order within 2 months. Rule 419-A of Telegraph Rules formalizes these safeguards. Learning Corner: Phone Surveillance and Violation of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution – A Brief Note In India, the Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights that can be impacted or violated by unauthorized phone surveillance, tapping, or hacking. Fundamental Rights Involved: Right to Privacy (Part of Article 21 – Right to Life and Personal Liberty) Recognized as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in the landmark Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (2017) judgment. Phone tapping, surveillance, or unauthorized access to personal communication without legal sanction is a violation of this right. Freedom of Speech and Expression – Article 19(1)(a) Constant surveillance can create a chilling effect on free speech, especially for journalists, activists, and opposition leaders. Fear of surveillance may deter individuals from expressing critical or dissenting views. Protection Against Arbitrary Action – Article 14 Any discriminatory or selective surveillance can violate the right to equality before law and equal protection of the laws. Judicial View: In PUCL v. Union of India (1997), the Supreme Court ruled that telephone tapping infringes Article 21, and laid down procedural safeguards. Surveillance must be authorized, proportionate, necessary, and time-bound, or else it will be unconstitutional. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Golden Dome Category:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : The Golden Dome is a U.S. missile defence initiative announced by President Trump in 2025. What is the Golden Dome? It proposes deploying thousands of satellites in low-Earth orbit, equipped with sensors and interceptors, to detect and neutralize threats like ballistic, cruise, and hypersonic missiles across all phases of their trajectory—even from space. Challenges to Space Law Militarization vs. Weaponization The 1967 Outer Space Treaty bans nuclear weapons in orbit but doesn’t explicitly prohibit conventional arms. The Golden Dome’s deployment of space-based interceptors blurs the line between peaceful use and militarization, raising legal and ethical concerns. Space Arms Race Countries like China warn that the project may provoke a global arms race in space. Since the Cold War, powers have avoided placing weapons in orbit. Golden Dome would break this precedent, potentially triggering copycat programs worldwide. Legal Ambiguities The treaty’s silence on conventional weapons creates ambiguity. Additionally, many

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Japonica rice Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  NIPGR (National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Delhi) used CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing in japonica rice to enhance phosphate uptake and yield Key Scientific Findings: Edited rice lines targeted the OsPHT1;2 phosphate transporter gene. Suppressor gene OsWRKY6 was removed to enhance gene expression. Result: 40% higher yield even with only 10% of recommended phosphate fertilizer. More panicles, seeds, and biomass. Better phosphate translocation from root to shoot. Methodology: Focused on root-to-shoot phosphate transporter. Removed repressor binding site to ensure constant gene activity. Plants were tested for off-target effects using PCR, sequencing, and Southern blotting. Strict non-GMO compliance: no foreign DNA (e.g., bacterial vector) used. Regulatory & Ethical Aspects: CRISPR-based editing is not considered GMO if no foreign DNA is inserted. India uses Mendelian segregation to ensure only edited plants without transgenes are propagated. Ongoing negotiations to ease regulatory constraints on such precision-bred crops. Significance: Can help reduce fertilizer dependency. Useful in phosphorus-deficient soils. Gene editing can be a sustainable solution to improve food security without compromising yield or grain quality. Learning Corner: National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR) Established: 1998 Location: New Delhi Autonomous Institute under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India Mandate: To conduct advanced research in plant genomics and molecular biology to improve crop productivity and stress resistance. Key Functions and Research Areas: Genome sequencing and analysis of major Indian crops. Gene discovery for traits like yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and nutrient efficiency. Use of advanced tools like CRISPR-Cas9 for gene editing. Research in functional genomics, transgenic technologies, and bioinformatics. Collaborations with national and international agricultural and biotech institutions. CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Technology CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats – CRISPR associated protein 9) is a revolutionary genome-editing tool that allows scientists to precisely modify DNA within organisms. Origin: Derived from a natural defense mechanism in bacteria, which use CRISPR sequences and the Cas9 enzyme to cut viral DNA. How It Works: A guide RNA (gRNA) is designed to match the target DNA sequence. The Cas9 enzyme acts like molecular scissors, guided by gRNA to cut the DNA at the desired location. The cell’s natural repair mechanism is then used to add, delete, or replace DNA sequences. Advantages: Highly precise and efficient Faster and cheaper than older gene-editing methods (like TALENs or ZFNs) Can be used in plants, animals, and humans Enables targeted crop improvement without introducing foreign DNA (non-GMO) Applications: Agriculture: Developing crops with higher yield, disease resistance, or nutrient efficiency (e.g., NIPGR’s phosphate-efficient rice) Medicine: Gene therapy, cancer treatment, and research on genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia Research: Studying gene function in model organisms Source: THE HINDU Great Hornbill Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: A recent sighting of the Great Hornbill in Ezhimala, Kannur (Kerala) has drawn attention to the ecological significance of the region. Significance of the Great Hornbill The Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) is a large bird known for its role as a seed disperser and indicator of mature, healthy forests. It is classified as Vulnerable, with declining populations due to habitat loss and hunting. Why the Ezhimala Sighting Matters Ezhimala is not part of the species’ typical range, suggesting the presence of remnant forest patches or ecological corridors. The sighting indicates the region’s biodiversity potential and highlights opportunities for ecological restoration. Conservation Imperatives Protect forest fragments and ecological corridors in Ezhimala and nearby areas. Promote community-based conservation, including habitat monitoring and restoration. Strengthen wildlife protection laws and consider expanding protected area networks. Use the Great Hornbill as a flagship species to raise awareness and inspire conservation action. Broader Implications Highlights the need to curb deforestation and habitat fragmentation. Emphasizes the value of combining scientific research, traditional knowledge, and local participation in conservation. Shows that wildlife recovery is possible with timely and sustained efforts. Learning Corner: Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) The Great Hornbill is one of the largest and most iconic hornbill species found in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Key Features: Distinctive casque (helmet-like structure) on top of its beak. Large, colorful bird with black, white, and yellow plumage. Known for its loud calls and graceful flight despite its size. Habitat: Prefers dense evergreen and moist deciduous forests. Commonly found in the Western Ghats, Northeast India, and parts of Southeast Asia. Ecological Role: Acts as a key seed disperser, aiding in forest regeneration. Considered an indicator species for healthy, mature forests. Conservation Status: Listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Threatened by: Habitat loss due to deforestation Hunting for casque and feathers Loss of nesting trees Conservation Efforts: Protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Community-led programs like the Hornbill Nest Adoption Program promote habitat preservation and awareness. Source: THE HINDU Norman Tebbit Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Norman Tebbit: Key Ally of Margaret Thatcher died at 94. Overview Norman Tebbit (1931–2025) was a prominent British Conservative politician and a key figure in Margaret Thatcher’s government during the 1980s. Known for his toughness and working-class appeal, he played a major role in reshaping British conservatism. Political Career Held key Cabinet roles including Secretary of State for Employment, Trade and Industry, and Chairman of the Conservative Party. Spearheaded trade union reforms, notably through the Employment Act 1982, reducing union power and strengthening employer rights. Famously linked to the phrase “get on your bike”, symbolizing self-reliance and individual effort. Stance on Europe A vocal Eurosceptic, he later led the Bruges Group, opposing deeper European integration. Public Image and Legacy Nicknamed “Thatcher’s Enforcer” for his firm political stance and loyalty. Known for controversial views on immigration and national identity, including the “cricket test” on assimilation. Retired from the Commons in 1992, continued contributing to debates as a life peer in the House of Lords. Learning Corner: Thatcherism Thatcherism refers to the political and economic ideology associated with Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. It represents a significant shift in British politics towards free-market capitalism, individualism, and a reduction in

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Two Pilots Killed in Third Jaguar Jet Crash of 2025 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Jaguar trainer aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF) crashed near Bhanuda village in Rajasthan’s Churu district during a routine training mission This marks the third Jaguar jet crash in 2025, following previous incidents in March and April. The IAF has launched a court of inquiry to investigate the cause of the crash, while emergency teams have cordoned off the area for recovery operations. The IAF has expressed its condolences to the families of the deceased. Concerns have been raised about the aging Jaguar fleet, which has been in service since 1979. Despite upgrades, the fleet’s safety has been questioned due to technical issues and outdated systems. There are growing calls for the fleet to be modernized to avoid further tragedies. Learning Corner: The Jaguar is a twin-seat, multi-role combat aircraft used by the Indian Air Force (IAF) primarily for ground attack and close air support missions. Developed by the British Aircraft Corporation in collaboration with France’s Dassault Aviation, the Jaguar was inducted into the IAF in 1979. It was designed to operate in all weather conditions and from shorter, less-developed airstrips. Key Features: Role: Ground attack, close air support, reconnaissance. Engine: Powered by Rolls-Royce Adour engines, providing a top speed of around 1,200 km/h. Armament: Capable of carrying a variety of bombs, rockets, and air-to-ground missiles. Range: Approximately 1,000 km with external fuel tanks. Upgrades: Over the years, the Jaguar has undergone several upgrades, including better avionics, radar, and weapons systems. Service and Challenges: The Jaguar has been a workhorse for the IAF, but its aging infrastructure and the delay in acquiring newer aircraft like the Rafale have raised concerns about its operational safety. Despite upgrades, issues like engine failures and outdated safety systems have led to repeated accidents, including a series of crashes in 2025. The IAF has been working towards phasing out older models while modernizing its fleet. Source: THE HINDU Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds) Category: ECONOMICS Catastrophe bonds (cat bonds) are financial instruments used to transfer the risk of natural disasters from insurers or governments to capital market investors. They function as follows: Risk Transfer: Governments, insurers, or reinsurers issue cat bonds to raise capital. If a specified natural disaster occurs (e.g., hurricane, earthquake, or flood) and meets predefined criteria, the bond’s principal is used for claims or recovery. If no disaster occurs, investors receive their principal back with interest. Trigger Mechanisms: Various triggers determine when payouts occur: Indemnity triggers: Based on actual losses. Parametric triggers: Based on measurable factors like earthquake magnitude or wind speed. Modeled or industry loss triggers: Based on modeled estimates or industry-wide losses. Pre-Disaster Planning: Issuing cat bonds before a disaster ensures: Immediate access to funds for relief and reconstruction. Reduced reliance on public budgets or emergency loans. Enhanced resilience by guaranteeing available recovery resources. Diversification and Stability: Cat bonds help distribute disaster risk globally, maintaining stable insurance premiums despite rising climate risks. Supplementing Disaster Funds: While not replacing traditional disaster funds, cat bonds provide additional financial protection, especially for large-scale, low-frequency events that may overwhelm other resources. Learning Corner: Types of Bonds: Bonds are debt securities issued by entities like governments, municipalities, or corporations to raise capital. Investors who purchase bonds are lending money to the issuer in exchange for periodic interest payments (coupons) and the return of the principal amount at maturity. There are several types of bonds, each with unique features: Government Bonds Treasury Bonds (T-Bonds): Long-term bonds issued by the central government. They offer fixed interest payments and are considered low-risk since they are backed by the government. Municipal Bonds (Muni Bonds): Issued by local governments or municipalities to fund projects such as schools, hospitals, or infrastructure. Interest earned is often tax-exempt at the federal level. Sovereign Bonds: Issued by a country’s government in foreign currencies or domestic currency. These bonds can carry higher risks if the issuing country faces economic instability. Corporate Bonds Issued by companies to raise capital for various purposes, such as expansion or debt refinancing. Corporate bonds typically offer higher yields than government bonds but come with increased credit risk. Investment-Grade Bonds: Issued by financially stable companies, these bonds have lower yields due to lower risk. High-Yield (Junk) Bonds: Issued by companies with lower credit ratings. These bonds offer higher interest rates due to the greater risk of default. Zero-Coupon Bonds These bonds do not pay periodic interest. Instead, they are issued at a discount to their face value, and the full value is paid back at maturity. The difference between the purchase price and face value represents the bond’s yield. Convertible Bonds Bonds that can be converted into a specified number of shares of the issuing company’s stock, usually at the bondholder’s discretion. These bonds offer potential for capital appreciation along with regular interest payments. Callable Bonds These bonds give the issuer the option to redeem them before their maturity date, typically at a premium. Issuers may call bonds when interest rates fall to take advantage of cheaper borrowing costs. Puttable Bonds These bonds give bondholders the right to sell the bond back to the issuer at a predetermined price before maturity, providing protection against rising interest rates. Inflation-Linked Bonds These bonds, like Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), adjust the principal value of the bond according to inflation, protecting investors from inflation risk. The interest payments are also adjusted for inflation. Catastrophe Bonds (Cat Bonds) Issued by insurers or governments, cat bonds are used to transfer the financial risk of natural disasters to investors. If a specified disaster occurs, the bond’s principal is used for recovery. If no disaster occurs, investors receive their principal plus interest. Foreign Bonds Issued in one country by a foreign entity and denominated in the currency of the country where they are issued. For example, a bond issued by a Japanese company in the U.S. in U.S. dollars would be considered a foreign bond. Foreign-Currency Bonds Bonds issued in