Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) ANNUAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY REPORT 2024 Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Annual Groundwater Quality Report 2024 by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has pointed out concerns regarding ground water in various parts of the country arising from nitrates, arsenic, fluoride and uranium among others. Background: – While it is a good sign that India now has a robust, scientific system of assessment to monitor the health of groundwater blocks annually, efforts are lacking in getting States to act on these findings Key takeaways The number of districts with excessive nitrate in their groundwater has risen from 359 in 2017 to 440 in 2023. This translates to a little more than half of India’s 779 districts having excessive nitrate, or more than 45 mg/L (milligram per litre). There are two major concerns with excess nitrate content: first, methemoglobinemia, or a reduced ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen. This sometimes causes ‘Blue Baby Syndrome,’ in infants.  The bigger problem is environmental: once nitrates in groundwater rise to the surface and become part of lakes and ponds, algal blooms throttle the health of aquatic ecosystems. High nitrate levels in groundwater can be a result of excessive irrigation which can push nitrates from fertilizers deep into the soil, the report said.  Poor management of animal waste in livestock farming adds to the problem, as it releases nitrates into the soil. Urbanisation and population growth increase wastewater and sewage, which often contain high nitrate levels, while leaking septic systems and poor sewage disposal worsen contamination. Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat have a perennial nitrate problem, primarily from geological factors, with relative levels fairly constant since 2017, the report says. The report further said fluoride concentrations exceeding the permissible limit are a major concern in Rajasthan, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. Elevated arsenic levels (more than 10 parts per billion) were found in several states, particularly in the floodplains of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers. Long-term exposure to fluoride and arsenic contaminants can have severe health consequences, including fluorosis (from fluoride) and cancer or skin lesions (from arsenic). Another major concern is the elevated levels of uranium in several regions. Forty-two per cent of samples with uranium concentrations exceeding 100 ppb (parts per billion) came from Rajasthan, and 30 per cent from Punjab, indicating regional hotspots of uranium contamination, the report said. Chronic exposure to uranium can lead to kidney damage. The report said that groundwater samples with uranium concentrations above 30 ppb were clustered in areas identified as over-exploited, critical and semi-critical groundwater stress zones, such as Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Source: Business Standard CASH TRANSFER SCHEMES Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Increasing resort to cash transfer schemes by political parties for winning elections is a matter of serious concern. Background: – The success of incumbent parties in Maharashtra and Jharkhand appears to be the result of such cash-transfer schemes directed towards women. There are now more than 10 states that have either implemented or announced such schemes. Key takeaways The temptation to use cash transfers as the one-size-fits-all solution for political parties is many.  With universal access to financial services, these are easy-to-implement, tangible benefits for voters, directly delivered to beneficiaries.  The success of the scheme is also due to the preference of beneficiaries for such cash transfers as they are fungible and unconditional. Most importantly, they bypass middlemen. While cash transfers may be politically successful, there is no evidence of whether they actually deliver on the purpose for which they are designed.  A study on 20 cash transfer schemes in Latin America found inconclusive evidence regarding their impact on women’s empowerment. Similarly, cash transfers to farmers show limited evidence of success, with real incomes declining since 2018-19, leading to growing farmer unrest.  While it may be premature to assess impacts in the short run, the core issue lies in the assumption that cash transfers alone can solve complex problems, oversimplifying deeper systemic challenges. Most reforms require policy interventions, which are unlikely to result in any tangible gain in the short run, and require consensus-building and carefully-designed interventions with active participation and investment from the government machinery. For governments, the effort is not worth the benefits that cash transfers deliver in the short run. This is not to suggest that all cash transfers are undesirable. Programs like the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) have proven effective as social protection nets, while maternity entitlements and scholarships have contributed to improved human development outcomes. However, these schemes cannot replace state investments in services such as health and education. Instead, they function as complementary incentives, encouraging households/communities to utilize these services. One consequence of cash transfers has been the excessive fiscal strain on government finances at the cost of essential spending on health, education, nutrition or basic infrastructure.  While new cash transfers have been announced, spending on existing basic social protection such as the NSAP, MGNREGA or the maternity-entitlement scheme remains frozen with decline in real terms.  What is needed is a nuanced understanding of the role of cash transfers in supplementing and expanding the social safety nets rather than a quick-fix solution guaranteed to deliver political dividends. Source: Indian Express RIGHT TO PROPERTY Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The right to property is a human right and a constitutional right and no person can be deprived of his or her property without being paid adequate compensation, the Supreme Court ruled recently while also holding that in exceptional circumstances of inordinate delay in disbursement of compensation, the date of fixing the valuation can be shifted to a more recent one. Background: Supreme Court in the judgment directed that compensation to people who lost their land for the over 20,000-acre Bengaluru-Mysore Infrastructure Corridor (BMIC) project over two decades ago, must be paid according to the market value prevailing in 2019. Key takeaways from the judgement Right to Property ceased to be a Fundamental Right by the Constitution

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) MAHA KUMBH MELA Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 is scheduled to commence on January 13, 2025, with the Paush Purnima Snan, and will conclude on February 26, 2025. Background: – Maha Kumbh Mela is rooted in Hindu mythology and is considered an opportunity for devotees to absolve sins and attain Moksha, or liberation. In 2017, the Kumbh Mela was declared India’s ‘Intangible Cultural Heritage’ by UNESCO. Key takeaways The Kumbh Mela is celebrated four times in a 12-year span – once every three years, and it is held in four places in rotation, which are Prayagraj, Haridwar, Ujjain and Nashik. Ancient Hindu epics and literature, such as the Mahabharata and Puranas, are where the Kumbh Mela got its start. According to the Amrit Manthan tradition, four drips of amrita, or nectar, dropped on the ground at each of the four Kumbh Mela places. Maha Kumbh and Kumbh  Maha Kumbh Mela and Kumbh Mela are two significant Hindu religious gatherings that attract millions of devotees; however, there are some differences between the two: The Mahakumbh Mela occurs once every 12 years and is considered the most sacred of all Kumbh Melas. Whereas Kumbh Mela is celebrated every 3 years, rotating among four locations: Haridwar, Ujjain, Nashik, and Prayagraj, with each location hosting the Kumbh Mela in a cycle that ensures each site is featured once every 12 years. The Mahakumbh Mela is primarily held at Prayagraj, where the Ganga, Yamuna, and Saraswati rivers converge. Participating in the Mahakumbh Mela is believed to provide immense spiritual benefits, including purification of sins and attainment of salvation. While Kumbh Mela is also significant for spiritual growth and purification, it is viewed as less potent than the Mahakumbh. Lastly, the Mahakumbh Mela attracts an estimated 40 crore devotees, making it one of the largest religious gatherings in the world, while the Kumbh Mela, generally sees lesser participants due to its more frequent occurrence and smaller scale. Source: Indian Express VEDANTA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ART & CULTURE Context: Vice-President addressed the inauguration ceremony of the 27th International Congress of Vedanta at JNU. Background: – Vedanta is not a relic of the past, it is relevant for the present as it offers a blueprint for the future, Vice-President said. Key takeaways Vedanta, derived from Sanskrit (Veda + Anta), means “the end or culmination of knowledge.” It represents one of the six orthodox schools of Indian philosophy and focuses on understanding the ultimate nature of reality, human existence, and the self.  Origin: Based on the teachings of the Upanishads, which are philosophical interpretations of the Vedas. The term “Vedanta” initially referred to the concluding sections of the Vedas but evolved to denote the philosophical essence of the Vedic texts. Sacred Texts: Upanishads, Brahma Sutras, Bhagavad Gita. Core Concepts Brahman: Ultimate, unchanging reality that is infinite and eternal. Atman: The individual soul or self, identical to Brahman in Advaita Vedanta. Maya: Illusory power that creates the perception of duality and the material world. Moksha: Liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara), achieved through self-realization and union with Brahman. Philosophical Schools of Vedanta – Vedanta has evolved into multiple sub-schools, each with its interpretation of the Upanishads: Advaita Vedanta (Non-dualism): Associated with : Adi Shankaracharya. Core Idea: Brahman (ultimate reality) is the only truth; the world is an illusion (Maya). Vishishtadvaita (Qualified Non-dualism): Associated with : Ramanujacharya. Core Idea: Brahman is the supreme reality but manifests with qualities (Saguna Brahman). Dvaita (Dualism): Associated with: Madhvacharya. Core Idea: Distinction between God (Brahman) and individual souls (Jiva) is real. It also states that the physical universe is real and not an illusion. Other Schools: Shuddhadvaita (Pure Non-dualism) by Vallabhacharya. Achintya Bheda Abheda (Inconceivable Oneness and Difference) by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Source: PIB METHYLCOBALAMIN Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India has provided clarity on use of methylcobalamin, a form of Vitamin B12, in health supplements, medical purposes and nutraceutical products. Background: Most of the Indian population is deficient of methylcobalamin due to a number of factors and most important among them is the higher vegetarian population. Key takeaways Methylcobalamin is a form of vitamin B12, which is essential for various bodily functions. Because of the distinctive methyl group (-CH3) bonded to the cobalt atom, methylcobalamin differs structurally from other forms of vitamin B12, such as cyanocobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin. Because of this structural change, methylcobalamin has different biochemical characteristics and greater bioavailability, making it the most functional and easily absorbed form of Vitamin B12. Functions Red Blood Cell Production: Essential for the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. Nervous System: Supports the health of the nervous system and helps in the maintenance of nerve cells. Energy Metabolism: Helps in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates for energy. DNA Synthesis: Plays a role in DNA synthesis and repair Sources: Found in animal-based foods such as fish, meat, eggs, and dairy. Not present in significant quantities in plant-based foods, making vegetarians and vegans more susceptible to deficiency. Source: Hindu Businessline EUROPA AND NASA’S MISSIONS Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The icy crust on Jupiter’s moon Europa is much thicker than scientists had thought, which could quash the hope of finding the ingredients for life in the oceans beneath its surface. Background: – Using measurements collected by NASA’s Juno spacecraft, researchers estimated the ice is around 35 km thick, which could suggest the ocean doesn’t have the heat or chemical reactions needed to spark life. The crust could thwart the efforts of NASA’s Europa Clipper to investigate the moon for the ingredients for life. Key takeaways Europa is one of Jupiter’s largest moons and is particularly fascinating due to its potential to harbor extraterrestrial life. Europa was discovered by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius on January 8, 1610. Europa has an equatorial diameter of about 1,940 miles (3,100 kilometers), making it roughly 90% the size of Earth’s Moon. NASA has undertaken two significant missions to explore Jupiter and its moons: the Juno mission and the Europa Clipper mission. Juno Mission Launched

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) CRIMEA Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Russia officials in Crimea announced a regional emergency on Saturday, as oil was detected on the shores of Sevastopol, the peninsula’s largest city. Background: – Fuel oil spilled out of two storm-stricken tankers nearly three weeks ago in the Kerch Strait, close to eastern Crimea — about 250 kilometers from Sevastopol, which lies on the southwest of the peninsula. Key takeaways Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, located on the northern coast of the Black Sea and almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. The peninsula is divided into three main zones: mountains, steppe, and the southern coast. The Crimean Mountains rise to 1,545 meters at their highest point, Roman-Kosh. Water Bodies: Crimea has numerous rivers, including the Salhyr, Alma, Kacha, and Belbek. It also has several salt pans and salty lakes, with Lake Sasyk being the largest. Crimea was part of Ukraine until 2014, when Russia annexed the peninsula, a move that was widely condemned by the international community. Economy Agriculture: The steppe region of Crimea is under intensive agricultural cultivation, with crops like winter wheat, corn, potatoes, and sunflowers. Industry: Crimea has a spa industry due to its mud volcanoes and mineral springs, and large-scale iron ore mining in the Kerch Peninsula. Crimea Bridge: Constructed in 2018, this bridge spans the Strait of Kerch, linking Crimea with Russia. Source: Indian Express GURU GOBIND SINGH Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: Every year, Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti is observed on January 6 to commemorate the birth anniversary of Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Sikh Guru.  Background: – It is one of the most significant festivals for the Sikh community. This day also commemorates Guru Gobind Singh’s leadership and influence in developing Sikh identity and principles such as equality, justice, and community service. Key takeaways Guru Gobind Singh was named the tenth and last Guru of the Sikhs at the age of nine, following the death of his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru.  Guru Tegh Bahadur was martyred by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb for refusing to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh is known to have introduced the five ‘K’s, the Five Articles of Faith that the Sikhs abide by: Kesh: uncut hair, Kangha: a wooden comb, Kara: an iron or steel bracelet worn on the wrist, Kirpan: a sword, Kacchera: short breeches. Guru Gobind Singh is credited with the Dasam Granth whose hymns are a sacred part of Sikh prayers and Khalsa rituals. Guru Gobind Singh declared the Holy Scriptures of Guru Granth Sahib as the permanent Guru of Sikhs. He passed away in 1708. Guru Gobind Singh established the institution of Panj Piare while founding the Khalsa on the day of Baisakhi in 1699. Addressing a large gathering, he asked for five heads for sacrifice. Five men responded to his call and the Guru baptised them and called them Panj Piare. The inaugural group of Panj Piare formed the nucleus of the Khalsa. However, the term is not limited only to this inaugural group. After them, any group of five baptised Sikhs are also referred to as the Panj Pyare. Guru Gobind Singh’s four sons, were killed during his lifetime – the elder two in a battle with Mughals, and the younger two executed by the Mughal governor of Sirhind. Guru Gobind Singh led several battles against the Mughal Empire and hill rajas. Aurangzeb died in 1707, and immediately a succession struggle began between his sons who attacked each other. Guru Gobind Singh supported Bahadur Shah I in the Battle of Jajau. In 1708 the Guru was assassinated after being stabbed by a Pashtun in Nanded, Maharashtra, on the orders of Mughal ruler Nawab Wazir Khan of Sirhind, who was driven by insecurity over the Guru’s cordial relations with Emperor Bahadur Shah.  When Bahadur Shah learned that the Guru had been stabbed, he dispatched surgeons, to tend to his injuries. Despite their efforts, the wounds reopened after being stitched, leading to the Guru’s death on October 7, 1708.  Source: Indian Express ENHANCING GOVERNANCE THE DIGITAL WAY Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: In recent years, India has embarked on an ambitious journey toward digital governance. Despite the strides made, more needs to be done to fully realise the potential of digital governance. Background: At its core, governance is a complex web of decision-making processes that involves stakeholders, from government bodies and non-governmental organisations to local community leaders and influential citizens. Key takeaways India’s transition to digital governance aims to improve citizen services and enhance government workforce capabilities. Digital governance represents a paradigm shift in how government employees and associated service providers or intermediaries such as contractors should engage with their work.  The adoption of technology in governance facilitates more effective communication, informed decision-making, and streamlined workflows.  Capacity Building in Digital Governance The pressing need for government employees to become adept at navigating digital platforms is paramount in a world that is increasingly technology-driven. Initiatives such as the iGOT Karmayogi platform have taken centre-stage. The online training portal aims to equip officials with essential skills in data analytics, public administration, and digital technologies. Equally transformative is the e-Office initiative, which digitises government workflows, drastically reducing reliance on paperwork and enhancing operational efficiency. By automating file management, workflows, and grievance redress, the initiative promotes real-time communication and transparency.  Another initiative is the transition of procurement processes to the online sphere, with platforms like the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) playing a crucial role. Challenges in Digital Governance Resistance to Change: Government workforce segments exhibit varying levels of readiness and enthusiasm for adopting new technologies. Lack of Incentives: The lack of incentives raises concerns that initiatives such as the iGOT Karmayogi platform could become merely attendance trackers. It is worth considering whether trainings lead to meaningful outcomes — such as opportunities to apply new skills through relevant job postings. Digital Divide: Limited access to high-speed Internet and digital tools, especially in rural areas. Cybersecurity Concerns: Increased risks of data breaches and cyberattacks with online operations. Continuous Learning Needs: Rapid technological evolution demands ongoing training and upskilling

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) TASHKENT DECLARATION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – HISTORY Context: Lal Bahadur Shastri, India’s second Prime Minister, died in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on January 11, 1966 after he signed the Tashkent Declaration, ending the 1965 India-Pakistan War. Background: – The official cause of death was a heart attack. However, the circumstances surrounding his death remain a mystery, with persistent rumors of poisoning. Key takeaways The 1965 war started when the Pakistan Army began to wage an undeclared war in Jammu and Kashmir in August of that year, believing India would not be able to fight back after its 1962 loss to China. On September 1, Pakistan launched an attack in the Akhnoor sector near Jammu. In retaliation, the Indian Army launched an attack across the International Border in Punjab after Lal Bahadur Shastri gave a go-ahead for it. The Tashkent Declaration is the peace agreement signed between India and Pakistan on January 10, 1966, marking the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Mediation: The Tashkent Declaration was facilitated by the Soviet Union, with Premier Alexei Kosygin acting as the mediator. The summit was held in Tashkent, then part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, from January 4 to January 10, 1966. The declaration was signed by Lal Bahadur Shastri (Prime Minister of India) and Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan). Provisions of the Declaration Restoration of Peace: Both nations agreed to restore pre-war positions by withdrawing troops to positions held before 5 August 1965. Non-Interference: Agreed not to interfere in each other’s internal affairs. Improved Relations: Commitments were made to restore economic and diplomatic relations, including communications, trade, and cultural exchanges. Respect for Sovereignty: Pledged to work towards maintaining international peace and respecting each other’s territorial integrity. Resolution of Disputes: Both sides agreed to resolve disputes through peaceful means, avoiding the use of force. Repatriation of Prisoners of War: Ensured the humane treatment and repatriation of all prisoners of war. Source: Indian Express Z-MORH TUNNEL Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to visit Sonamarg on Monday to inaugurate the Z-Morh Tunnel. Background: – The Z-Morh will lead towards the Zojila tunnel, which is being constructed nearby. The Zojila, Asia’s longest tunnel, will cut through the Himalayan range at Zojila Pass to reach the Kargil district in Ladakh. Key takeaways The Z-Morh Tunnel is a significant infrastructure project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, aimed at enhancing connectivity between the Kashmir Valley and the strategically important region of Ladakh. Length: The main tunnel is approximately 6.4 kilometers long. Location: The tunnel connects Gagangir and Sonamarg in the Ganderbal district along the Srinagar-Leh highway. It is situated at an altitude of around 8,652 feet (2,637 meters). Structure: The project also includes an escape tunnel for emergencies and approach roads, bringing the total project length to about 12 kilometers. Strategic and Economic Importance All-weather Access: The tunnel provides year-round connectivity to Sonamarg, a popular tourist destination, which was previously cut off during winter months due to heavy snowfall and avalanches. Military Logistics: Z-Morh Tunnel plays a crucial role in enhancing strategic military logistics, ensuring uninterrupted access to Ladakh, an area of significant strategic importance for India’s defense. Future Prospects The Z-Morh Tunnel is a crucial part of the broader Zojila Tunnel project, which aims to establish uninterrupted connectivity between Srinagar and Ladakh.  While the Z-Morh Tunnel connects Sonamarg to the rest of Kashmir year-round, the Zojila Tunnel—under construction at an altitude of approximately 12,000 feet—will connect Sonamarg with Drass in Ladakh.  The Zojila Tunnel, which is expected to be completed by December 2026, will provide all-weather access to Ladakh’s strategic border regions, including Kargil and Leh. Source: Indian Express GADDI DOG Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBAGR) has recognised the Gaddi, an indigenous dog breed from the Himalayas. Background: The Gaddi will be joining the Rajapalayam, Chippiparai and Mudhol breeds that have already been recognised by the ICAR-NBAGR. The move by the government body is expected to help in conserving the Gaddi, a species that is not recognised by any kennel club at the moment. Key takeaways The Gaddi Dog, also known as the Gaddi Kutta or Himalayan Sheepdog, is a native breed from the Himalayan regions of India, particularly in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttarakhand. The breed is named after the Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh and has been used by them to guard their flocks of sheep and goats from predators. Its ability to fight and fend off carnivores such as the Snow Leopard has also earned it the nickname of the ‘Indian Panther Hound’ or ‘Indian leopard Hound’. Size: Gaddi Dogs are medium to large-sized dogs, typically standing around 28 inches tall and weighing about 40 kg. Coat: They have a thick, weather-resistant double coat, predominantly black with some white markings on their feet, chest, and neck. This coat is suited for the harsh, cold environments of the Himalayas. Source: Down To Earth POLAR VORTEX Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: At least five people have died in the United States after a winter storm hit a large swathe of the country over the weekend. The extreme weather has been caused by the expansion of the polar vortex southwards. Background: – Some 60 million people are under weather alerts across 30 states. Seven of them have declared emergencies. The National Weather Service has warned that severe thunderstorms, with the possibility of tornadoes and hail, would also take place in some regions over the next few days. Key takeaways The polar vortex is a large area of low-pressure and cold air that swirls like a wheel around both of the Earth’s polar regions. There are two types of polar vortex: tropospheric and stratospheric. The tropospheric polar vortex occurs at the lowest layer of the atmosphere — it extends from the surface up to about 10 km to 15 km — where most weather phenomena occur. The stratospheric polar vortex occurs at

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) APPOINTMENT OF CHIEF ELECTION COMMISSIONER Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Traditionally, the senior-most Election Commissioner has been appointed as the next Chief Election Commissioner (CEC). However, for the first time, the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023, allows for a wider range of candidates to be considered for the role. Background: – This comes against the backdrop of the EC facing the heat from the Opposition parties over a range of issues. Key takeaways As per Section 5 of the Chief Election Commissioner And Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service And Term of Office) Act, 2023, the candidates for the post would be current or former Secretary-level officers. According to Sections 6 and 7 of the Act, the Ministry of Law will set up a Search Committee chaired by the Law Minister to prepare a panel of five names for the Selection Committee. Section 6 states, “A Search Committee headed by the Minister of Law and Justice and comprising two other members not below the rank of Secretary to the Government of India, shall prepare a panel of five persons for consideration of the Selection Committee, for appointment as the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners.” The Selection Committee, comprising the Prime Minister, a Cabinet minister and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, can select from this panel or consider “any other person” from outside. This Act was brought after an intervention from the Supreme Court, following a clutch of petitions filed challenging the Centre’s exclusive powers in picking the Election Commissioners. The court had noted that the Constitution’s founders never intended to give the Executive exclusive appointment powers. In March 2023, the Court ruled that the appointment of the CEC and ECs would be done by the President on the advice of a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition and the Chief Justice of India. This arrangement was to prevail until the Parliament enacted a law for the appointments. The Union government eventually brought a law in December 2023, which made it mandatory to appoint the CEC and ECs by way of a shortlist panel and a selection committee. However, the Chief Justice of India was dropped as a member of the Selection Committee. Source: Indian Express COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA (CAG) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) is again in the spotlight amid a political row triggered by its report on the cost of renovation at the office and residence of former Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal. Background: – The CAG has submitted a dozen audit reports to the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi in recent years. But the AAP government has not laid them in the Assembly, triggering a backlash from the BJP whose MLAs have approached the High Court. Key takeaways Articles 148 to 151 in part 5 of the Constitution are on the appointment, duties, and audit reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General , who is appointed by the President. The Comptroller and Auditor General’s (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971, determines the CAG’s service conditions and prescribes the duties and powers of their office. The CAG conducts three kinds of audits: compliance audit, or an assessment of whether the provisions of the applicable laws, rules, and regulations, and various orders and instructions issued by the competent authority are being followed; performance audit, or an assessment of the implementation of schemes or programmes; and financial audit, or certification of government’s accounts and the accounts of Public Sector Undertakings. How does the CAG select audit subjects? Before finalising a subject, it follows a risk assessment procedure that accounts for various factors such as the size of the outlay of a project, what is being written in newspapers about the issue, and its own inspection reports over the years. It also consults the guidelines laid down by the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions, that spell out what is of relevance to citizens. Based on these criteria, the CAG’s office approves an annual audit plan that is implemented in the field offices. There is also an Audit Advisory Board that meets twice a year and suggests subjects and methodologies for audit. The government or courts can also recommend CAG audits. What happens after the CAG selects a subject? Once a subject is chosen, the CAG holds an entry conference with the department or organisation that is being audited. At this conference, CAG officials inform the body concerned about matters such as their plans for the audit, the methodology to be followed, and a tentative timeline. After the audit, the officials from the auditor general’s office hold an exit conference to share their findings with the department or organisation and seek their reply. The entry and exit conferences are held for every performance and compliance audit. The CAG shares a draft report with the department audited. Normally, the department has to respond within six weeks. Thereafter, the CAG signs the report and sends it to the government (the President or the Governor). Then the government lays the report before the legislature. Tabling of a CAG report Article 151 provides for laying CAG reports in Parliament or state legislatures but no time limit is specified. This is why governments often do not lay CAG audit reports on time. A CAG report becomes public only after it is laid in the House. The Public Accounts Committee examines the selected reports and seeks a response from the government. The PAC also asks the government to take action on the recommendations and submit an Action Taken Report. Do CAG reports have any impact ? The audit reports highlight losses to the exchequer and procedural losses and also provide recommendations that play a key role in changing rules and procedures. For instance, the Telangana government made changes in the Engineering Procurement Contract mode a few years ago after a CAG audit.  Among

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) ELECTORAL ROLLS Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have accused each other of manipulating electoral rolls before the Delhi elections. This has reignited the debate about linking voter IDs/Election Photo Identity Card (EPIC) with respective Aadhaar numbers. Background: – EPIC linkage with the respective Aadhaar number would definitely help in weeding out duplicate entries; but there are concerns. Key takeaways The Election Commission (EC) launched the National Electoral Rolls Purification and Authentication Program (NERPAP) to address the issue of duplicate entries in the electoral roll.  In order to achieve this, the EC began authenticating EPIC data by linking it with the Aadhaar. However, the Supreme Court in an interim order, in August 2015, held that the mandatory use of Aadhaar should only be for welfare schemes and PAN linking. Following this, the NERPAP was discontinued. After the Supreme Court’s final order in Puttaswamy in September 2018, that upheld the constitutional validity of the Aadhaar Act, the EC sought amendments to the Representation of the People Act, 1950 (RP Act, 1950).  The Parliament amended the RP Act, 1950 and The Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 in December 2021 to enable the linking of EPIC with Aadhaar. However, in order to keep these amendments voluntary in nature, the word ‘may’ have been used in the amendments.  Further, the amendment also specifies that no application for inclusion in the electoral roll shall be denied and no entries shall be deleted due to the inability to furnish or intimate the Aadhaar number due to ‘sufficient cause.’ Such individuals may furnish alternate documents like PAN card, Driving Licence, Passport, Bank passbook etc. Pros and cons of linking Aadhar Firstly, the errors in the Aadhaar database, may result in wrongful rejection or deletion of entries from the electoral roll.  Secondly, Aadhaar is only a proof of residence and not a proof of citizenship. Thus, it may not help in removing voters who are not citizens from the electoral roll. Finally, while the linkage is to happen at the back end and a mere mention of the Aadhaar number on the EPIC/electoral roll may not by itself be a violation of right to privacy, it may still result in misuse as the electoral rolls are widely circulated. Way forward There must be wide publicity about the benefits of linking EPIC and Aadhaar to clean up the electoral roll of duplicate entries, which in turn strengthens the electoral process.  Any misplaced concern amongst voters about the secrecy of their vote being compromised because of this linking should be assuaged. Source: The Hindu GENOME INDIA PROJECT Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: After completing India’s baseline map by sequencing 10,000 genomes, the Genome India project is set to move into its second phase during which samples of individuals with specific diseases would also be sequenced. Background: – Launched in 2020, 10,000 sequences from healthy individuals were collected in the first phase of the project. Key takeaways Genome India is a visionary national project funded by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India. It is aimed at decoding the genetic blueprint of the diverse Indian population. More than 20 prominent research institutions across India are involved, including the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences. Goals and impact of genome India Develop a reference set of genetic variations for Indians by carrying out whole genome sequencing of 10000 samples from 99 communities. Develop a biobank of 20000 blood samples for future genome analyses. Make available genomic data for public access (digital public goods) for research purposes through IBDC (Indian Biological Data Center). Design genome-wide and disease-specific genetic chips for low-cost diagnostics and research. First big step towards developing genome-based precision medicine in India. An inspiration for India’s young minds and young researchers to explore the exciting area of genomics research and innovation for the health of Indian population. 2nd Phase of Genome India The second phase seeks to expand the database to one million sequences, including genetic information of people with specific diseases. A comparison of the healthy and diseased genome can help researchers identify targets for developing treatments and diagnostic tests. It is a step towards personalised treatment and medicine. The diseases that would most likely be included in the list would be different types of cancers, chronic conditions such as diabetes, and various neurological or neurodegenerative diseases.  Rare diseases that are found in Indian populations are also likely to be included in the list of diseases to be studied for the next phase of Genome India project. Source: Indian Express GENERATION BETA Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The year 2025 marks a generational shift: children born between January 1, 2025, and December 31, 2039, will comprise Generation Beta.  Background: This generation succeeds Generation Alpha, also dubbed the iPad Generation, with its members born between 2010 and 2024. Key takeaways How are different generations named? Before embracing the Greek alphabet, generations were grouped in periods of 15-20 years and named after defining societal events.  Baby boomers were named after the baby boom post-World War II, Generation X which succeeded them were named for their anti-establishmentarian mindset, and millennials for those who became adults at the turn of the millennium. Baby Boomers (1946 – 1964) This generation is usually associated with idealism and a mistrust of authority. In India, this is a generation that largely grew up in independent India and saw the country embrace a socialist economic model. The country fought wars and witnessed the nationalisation. This generation grew up watching the impact of the Green Revolution and a decade later, the Emergency. Gen X (1964 – 1979) This generation in the US internalised the idea that many of the long-standing institutions could be challenged, with the X representing a mistrust of the establishment, be it marriage or corporate employment. Known as the “sandwich generation,” balancing care for both parents and children.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INDIA BANGLADESH BORDER Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) summoned the Head of Mission at the High Commission of Bangladesh to convey that fencing works on the India-Bangladesh border was being carried out in accordance with “all protocols and agreements”. Background: – The conversation took place a day after Bangladesh Foreign Secretary expressed deep concern to Indian High Commissioner in Dhaka about the construction works by the Border Security Force (BSF) along the border. Key takeaways The India-Bangladesh border is approximately 4,096.7 km, making it the longest international border that India shares with any country. States Sharing the Border: West Bengal (2,216.7 km), Assam (263 km), Meghalaya (443 km), Tripura (856 km), Mizoram (318 km) Geography: The border passes through plains, rivers, hills, and densely populated areas. Major rivers like the Ganga, Brahmaputra flow across this region. The border was drawn during the partition of India, based on the Radcliffe Line, dividing Bengal into West Bengal (India) and East Bengal (later East Pakistan, now Bangladesh). The current issue Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB) attempted to obstruct the construction of a barbed wire fence on the international border in West Bengal’s Malda and Cooch Bihar ditsrict. According to the 1975 Joint India-Bangladesh Guidelines for Border Authorities, no defence structure can be constructed within 150 yards from the zero line or the international boundary by either side. India does not consider wire fencing as a defense structure, but Bangladesh and Pakistan do. Bangladesh’s objections to single row fencing (SRF) are essentially two pronged: the first argument, which is most commonly cited, is the 1975 agreement on no fencing within 150 yards of the international border. The second argument is that fencing causes inconvenience to residents along the international border. Source: Indian Express MAKAR SANKRANTI Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Makar Sankranti was celebrated on January 14. Background: – This festival marks the arrival of the harvest season and the end of winter. It is also associated with different traditions like flying kites and taking holy dip in rivers. Key takeaways When the Sun begins its northward journey after reaching its southernmost point, it is said to enter Uttarayan. Conversely, when the Sun started travelling southward from its northernmost position, it is said to enter Daksinayana. Considered one of the most ancient Hindu festivals, Uttarayan is celebrated in north India as Makar Sankranti, and is dedicated to the sun god.  In the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Rajasthan, Makar Sankranti is observed. In West Bengal and North-east region, Makar Sankranti is observed as Poush Sankranti. Tamil Nadu observes Pongal on this day, while Kerala observes this day as Makara Vilakku.  In Assam, Makar Sankranti is observed as Magh Bihu. In Punjab, Maghi is celebrated on this day. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL LIVESTOCK MISSION (NLM) Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, hosted an Entrepreneurship Development Conclave in Pune, Maharashtra, themed “Empowering Entrepreneurs: Transforming Livestock Economies.” Background: Government is implementing flagship schemes such as the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF) and National Livestock Mission (NLM). By showcasing opportunities under NLM and AHIDF, the conclave aimed to drive inclusive growth and empower rural farmers and small enterprises. Key takeaways The National Livestock Mission (NLM), launched in 2014–15 by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India, aims to ensure comprehensive development of the livestock sector, focusing on improving feed and fodder, breed development, and increasing per animal productivity. Objectives of NLM: Employment Generation: Through entrepreneurship development in small ruminant (sheep, goats), poultry, piggery, and fodder sectors. Increasing Productivity: Enhancement of per animal productivity through breed improvement. Production Increase: Upscaling the production of meat, eggs, goat milk, wool, and fodder. Fodder and Feed Availability: Strengthening the fodder seed supply chain and increasing the availability of certified fodder seeds. Fodder Processing Units: Encouraging the establishment of fodder processing units (e.g., hay bailing, silage making) to decrease the demand-supply gap. Risk Management: Promotion of livestock insurance and other risk management measures. Applied Research: Supporting research in prioritized areas like poultry, sheep, goat, feed, and fodder. Capacity Building: Strengthening the extension machinery to provide quality extension services to farmers and training livestock owners in skill-based practices. Sub-Missions under NLM: Breed Development of Livestock & Poultry: Support entrepreneurship and breed improvement in poultry, sheep, goat, and piggery sectors. Activities include establishing breed development farms and genetic improvement programs.  Feed and Fodder Development: Enhance the availability of quality fodder seeds and promote entrepreneurial activities in feed production. Focus on establishing fodder block units, hay bailing, and silage making units.  Innovation and Extension: Encourage research in livestock sectors, extension activities, livestock insurance, and innovative practices. Implementation and Funding: NLM is implemented through both Central Sector (CS) and Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS), with financial assistance provided to individuals, Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), Self-Help Groups (SHGs), and State Governments. Source: PIB NANKAI TROUGH Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Southern Japan was hit by a strong earthquake on Monday.  Background: – The Nankai Trough produces massive earthquakes about every 100-150 years. Strong quakes nearby are seen as a potential indication that a megaquake could be more likely. Key takeaways The Nankai Trough is an undersea subduction zone located off coast of Japan. It extends approximately 900 kilometers (559 miles), running parallel to Honshu, Japan’s main island. Nankai Trough is where the Philippine Sea Plate is slipping under the Eurasia Plate at the bottom of the sea off the southwest coast of Japan. The accumulating tectonic strains could result in earthquakes. The Nankai Trough is known for generating megathrust earthquakes, some of the most powerful types of quakes. The most recent notable event was in 1946, with a magnitude 8.0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami. It is part of the larger Pacific “Ring of Fire.” Additional Information The magnitude of an earthquake is related to the length of the fault on which it occurs, according to

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) INDIAN ARMY DAY 2025 Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Indian Army Day is observed every year on January 15. Background: – Army Day is celebrated to mark the occasion when General (later Field Marshal) K M Cariappa took over the command of the Indian Army from General Sir F R R Bucher, the last British Commander-in-Chief, in 1949 and became the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of Independent India. Key takeaways Pune is hosting the Army Day parade for the first time, marking a historical event.  This will be the third occasion on which a city other than New Delhi will host the Army Day Parade, keeping in line with the Union government’s decision to hold events of national importance outside the national capital. This is the second occasion when the Pune-headquartered Southern Command is hosting the event in its area of responsibility after Bengaluru, where it was held in 2023. In addition to being home to the strategically significant Southern Command, Pune is also home to some major defence establishments. The over-200-year-old Bombay Engineer Group and Centre, which will coincidently host the Army Day Parade, stands as a major centre of military engineering. Premier defence training establishments like the National Defence Academy, Armed Forces Medical College, College of Military Engineering, Military Intelligence Training School and Depot, and INS Shivaji put Pune on the global map of military training. Additional Information – Year of Defence Reforms India has declared 2025 the year of defence reforms. The focus will be on rolling out integrated theatre commands to boost tri-services synergy and ensure simpler and time-sensitive military procurement, with a broader aim of transforming the military into a technologically advanced force. Source: Indian Express INTERNAL MIGRATION Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: According to the 2011 Census, 37% of India’s population comprises internal migrants, up from 31% in 2001. The Periodic Labour Force Survey 2020-21 estimated a migration rate of 28.9%. Recent report from Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) shows slowing domestic migration. Background: – Understanding India’s migration story requires a deeper engagement with data that captures its various dimensions. Key takeaways Rural-urban migration is the most dominant form of migration in India, often attributed to better employment opportunities, especially in the informal sector. At the same time, agricultural issues, poverty, unemployment, and environmental degradation in rural areas are also seen as drivers of rural-urban migration. Studies have found that in–migration in India is more prevalent in states with higher per capita Net State Domestic Product like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab.  In contrast, states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, and Odisha send a large number of migrants to the economically advanced states.  Regional stories of migration Kerala has emerged as a “new Gulf of India” as internal migrants from the Northern, Eastern, and North-Eastern parts of the country come to the state for livelihood opportunities.  Interestingly, Kerala is also known for its high out-migration overseas. This outward migration is driven by the state’s high education and skill levels along with the reluctance of its youth to take up non-white collar jobs. The resulting labour gap in sectors like construction and blue-collar work is filled by in-migration from other states.  The example of Uttarakhand can also be noted to understand how migration patterns differ across regions. The 2011 Census data reveals a stark contrast in population growth between hill districts (0.7%) and plain districts (2.8%). A key reason behind this disparity can be attributed to the large-scale emigration from the hill districts, driven by dependence on the subsistence economy, lack of employment opportunities, and the impact of climate and natural disasters.  This has led to significant depopulation of villages and given rise to “ghost villages” –  villages that are not inhabited by a single person but still retain their land and houses. The paradox of internal migration For migrant-sending states, studies have also highlighted the role of remittances in improving the lives of those left behind.  It has been found that age has been a crucial determinant of both migration and remittance patterns. Around 25-60% of the total remittances in India are sent by individuals aged 15-45 years.  Furthermore, studies have also focussed on the experiences of left-behind women in migrant households and the emerging processes of “feminisation of agriculture” or “feminisation of labour”.  For migrant-receiving states, there is a need to understand how increasing in-migration places rising pressure on housing, water availability, sanitation, health, and education. The risks of urban poverty, the rise in urban slums, and the expansion of the urban informal economy need to be addressed more actively.  Why upward mobility remains elusive for migrant workers Studies have highlighted that caste and class hierarchies, along with landlessness and debt – factors that shape migrant’s political and socio-economic status in source areas – often accompany them to their destination areas. Therefore, upward mobility for migrants from marginalised groups becomes very difficult, with only a small fraction able to marginally improve their condition after settling in urban areas.  Migrant workers often become a “footloose” labour force, with little to no access to social protection mechanisms and social security benefits.  However, there are policies that aim to address the challenges faced by informal workers. These include the Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Act 2008, Maternity Benefits Act 1961 (Amendment 2017), Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana, the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulations of Street Vending) Act, 2014, the Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers Act, and the Karnataka State Gig Workers Insurance Scheme.  Effective implementation of such policies can ensure that migrant-receiving states provide better opportunities and protection to their migrant informal workers.  Source: Indian Express RUPEE DEPRECIATION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The rupee weakened to its all-time low on Tuesday, hitting a record low of 86.6475 before closing at 86.63 against the US dollar. Background: In the last three months, the Indian rupee has depreciated by around 3.2 percent against the US dollar. Key takeaways Rupee depreciation refers to a decline in the value of the Indian Rupee (₹) relative to foreign currencies, for example to the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) BHARAT RANBHOOMI DARSHAN Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: In a historic move to showcase India’s military heritage, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh unveiled the Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan on January 15, 2025, during the 77th Army Day celebrations in Pune. Background: – This initiative is a joint effort between the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Tourism to highlight India’s rich military heritage and honor the sacrifices made by the armed forces Key Aspects of Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan: Historical Battlefield Sites: The initiative includes iconic war zones like Siachen (the world’s highest battlefield), Galwan (site of the 2020 India-China clash), and Longewala (highlighted in the 1971 India-Pakistan war), Kibithoo and Bum La Pass (locations in Arunachal Pradesh from the 1962 war with China) among others. Digital Tools: A dedicated app and website provide detailed insights into the historical significance of these sites, including virtual tours, historical narratives, and multimedia content. For those planning visits, the platform offers comprehensive travel information. Economic and Educational Benefits: By opening these regions to tourism, the initiative aims to boost local economies, provide educational opportunities, and inspire patriotism among visitors. The program aligns with the broader “Incredible India” campaign, merging tourism with educational experiences. Additional Information Most of these sites fall along India’s borders with China (Line of Actual Control) and Pakistan (Line of Control) that have had a history of wars after independence and other clashes in recent times. What is the Line of Actual Control? The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km. It is divided into three sectors: the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, and the western sector in Ladakh. How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan? The LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War. It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement. The LAC, in contrast, is only a concept – it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground. Source: Indian Express EVOLUTION OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE Syllabus: Mains – GS 3  Context: As one of the oldest agrarian societies in the world, India’s farming practices have evolved over the years. However, agriculture today stands at a crossroads, with farmers grappling with challenges like climate change, shrinking arable land, depleting freshwater reserves, and rising input costs. Background: – While there has been a major shift in agriculture’s contribution to the Gross Value Added in the economy from 61.7% in 1950 to 16.3% in 2020, the proportion of the workforce engaged in agriculture remains high at 46.5% as of 2020 compared to 69.2% in 1950-51. From subsistence farming to market-oriented practices In subsistence farming, farmers usually raise crops or livestock to fulfil the needs of their families.  Subsistence agriculture can be broadly classified into two types – Primitive subsistence agriculture and Intensive subsistence agriculture.  Primitive subsistence agriculture or shifting cultivation involves clearing vegetation by fire and cultivating the land for 4-5 years before abandoning it. This practice is common in the northeastern states, where it is known as Jhuming, and Odisha and Telangana, where it is called Podu.  Intensive subsistence agriculture is prevalent in densely populated regions with monsoon climates. Subsistence farming is labour-intensive as it lacks mechanization due to the small size of holdings. Organic manure is commonly used and fertilizers and pesticides are rare, resulting in low productivity. In addition, there is a high dependence on the monsoon. Predominance of small and marginal land holdings and monsoon dependence According to the Agricultural Census 2015-16, small( 1-2 hectares) and marginal (<1 hectare) land holdings make up over 86% of the total agricultural land holdings in India. The average land holding size is just 0.38 hectares for marginal farmers and 1.4 hectares for small farmers.   As per NITI Aayog, 55% of the net cropped area in India is under irrigation, while the rest is dependent on the monsoon for irrigation. There are various issues associated with the dependence on the monsoon. These include insufficient rainfall in the events of El Nino, excess rainfall (La Nina) causing destruction of crops and flooding, untimely rainfall, and dry spells during the monsoon season.  Shift to profit-driven agricultural practices Over time, there has been a gradual shift towards market-oriented agricultural practices, including diversification and the cultivation of high-value crops.  Farmers are increasingly moving away from traditional food crops to non-food crops that offer higher returns, such as horticulture, floriculture, sericulture, viniculture, and apiculture. This shift reflects a structural change in the demand for high-value agricultural products like fruits, vegetables, and meat. Commercial farming in India is characterised by capital-intensive practices, the use of inorganic and modern inputs, advanced irrigation techniques, and larger landholdings. These trends indicate a move towards more specialised, profit-driven agricultural practices. Challenges and the way forward The evolving nature of Indian Agriculture presents it with various challenges, such as the need for modern techniques, greater awareness, and better access to extension services.  Overuse of fertilisers and inadequate soil conservation has resulted in soil degradation, underlining the potential and need for organic farming. Furthermore, the lack of adequate infrastructure, including storage facilities, cold chains, and poor road networks, causes substantial post-harvest losses.  Another pressing issue is the lack of credit to small and marginal farmers, which limits their ability to invest. The government has introduced various measures to improve agriculture. Some of the initiatives are PM-KISAN, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, the formation and promotion of 10,000 FPOs scheme, the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund, the Soil Health Card scheme, the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana, Market Intervention Scheme, Micro Irrigation Fund, and Namo Drone Didi. Source: Indian Express MISSION MAUSAM Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: During the inaugural event

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) PAY COMMISSION Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: On 16 January, the Union government announced the constitution of the 8th Pay Commission. Background: – Since 1947, seven Pay Commissions have been constituted, with the last one constituted in 2014 and implemented on January 1, 2016. The 7th pay commission saw an expenditure increase of Rs 1 lakh crore for fiscal 2016-17. Key takeaways  A Pay Commission, set up by the government of India, decides the salary and compensation of Central government staffers and allowances of pensioners. Pay commissions consult with central and state governments, along with other stakeholders, before recommending salary structures, benefits, and allowances for government employees. The commission also suggests formulas for revising dearness allowance and dearness relief for central government employees and pensioners, aiming to offset the impact of inflation.  The recommendations are suggestive, there is no obligation on the government to accept the recommendations of the pay commission. There are over 49 lakh central government employees and nearly 65 lakh pensioners who will benefit.  Generally, every 10 years, the central government implements a pay commission to revise employee remuneration. As the 7th Pay Commission’s term concludes in 2026, initiating the process now ensures sufficient time to receive and review recommendations before its completion. Source: Indian Express RIVER INTERLINKING Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: India, with 17% of the world’s population but only 4% of its freshwater resources, faces uneven water distribution. The river interlinking project aims to address challenges from topography, climate, natural disasters, and water inequality. Background: – The idea of interlinking rivers goes back to 1858 when Captain Arthur Cotton, a British Army engineer, first proposed linking rivers through canals, mainly for inland navigation. River interlinking in India River interlinking is a large-scale water management strategy involving human-induced water redistribution from surplus areas to areas experiencing shortages. The strategy involves connecting two or more basins through a network of canals, reservoirs, pipelines, etc. In 1980, the Ministry of Irrigation (Now the Ministry of Water Resources) framed the National Perspective Plan (NPP) for inter-basin water transfer. The plan identified 30 link projects divided into two components:14 Himalayan and 16 Peninsular link projects.  Subsequently, in 1982, The National Water Development Agency (NWDA) was set up to study and implement river interlinking projects.  In 2002, in response to a Public Interest Litigation or PIL, the Supreme Court ordered the government to complete all river links within 12 years, bringing the issue to the forefront. Ken-Betwa Link Project On December 25, 2024, Prime Minister laid the foundation stone of the Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP) in Madhya Pradesh. The project aims to provide irrigation to Bundelkhand.  In this project, surplus water from the Ken River in Madhya Pradesh will be transferred to the Betwa River in Uttar Pradesh. Both of these rivers are right-bank tributaries of the Yamuna River.  The project will irrigate 10.62 lakh hectares (8.11 lakh ha in MP and 2.51 lakh ha in UP) of land annually and supply drinking water to about 62 lakh people. This project will generate 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar energy. The project passes through Panna Tiger Reserve.  KBLP is the first project under the National Perspective Plan that is currently being implemented. Significance of river interlinking The scheme aims to transfer about 200 billion Cubic Meters (BCM) of water annually from water-rich to drought-prone regions. It will irrigate 34 million hectares of agricultural land and generate 34,000 MW of substantial hydropower. It will ensure continuous and reliable water supply for irrigation, which can hugely increase the country’s agricultural productivity. Additionally, interlinking projects will lead to equitable access to water resources for drinking and industrial uses by reducing regional imbalances in current water availability. Equitable and reliable water supply will also support industries and help in employment generation.  They will also help mitigate floods’ impacts by storing excess water in reservoirs. Simultaneously, this stored water can be used to provide relief during droughts. Environmental and social concerns  The inter-basin water transfer will change the river morphology and also have an impact on the physical and chemical composition of the sediment load. Subsequently, it will also affect the water quality and ecosystem of the region. The large-scale diversion of water can disrupt the river’s natural ecosystem and affect the habitat of the various species. Canals and reservoirs can alter the migratory routes of fish and other species, which, as a result, will decline, eventually leading to biodiversity loss. Water transfer may also disturb the inter-relationship between rivers and climatic attributes such as temperature, precipitation and Humidity.  The construction activities will cause significant social disruptions mainly due to the displacement of populations. Water is a state subject, and conflicts exist among states regarding water-sharing. Moreover, these projects are excessively expensive. Also, such large-scale projects often suffer from time and cost overruns, diminishing their economic viability. Therefore, the economic feasibility of these projects needs to be assessed against more cost-effective, sustainable, and environment-friendly alternatives such as rainwater harvesting, local water conservation, and efficient irrigation. It may be more suitable to explore localised solutions alongside these large-scale projects. Source: Indian Express KASHI TAMIL SANGAMAM Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan announced that the main theme of the third edition of Kashi Tamil Sangamam, a cultural exchange programme scheduled to be held from February 14 to 25, will be Rishi Agastya. Background: The first edition of the programme was held in 2022. Key takeaways  Kashi Tamil Sangamam is an annual month-long programme organized by the Ministry of Education, Government of India to celebrate, reaffirm and rediscover the age-old links between Tamil Nadu and Varanasi. The event underscores the connections between these two ancient centers of learning and spirituality. The most recent third edition of the Kashi Tamil Sangamam is scheduled from February 15 to 24, 2025.  The main theme in this year’s event is highlighting the significant contributions of Sage Agasthyar to the Siddha System of Medicine (Bharatiya Chikitsa), Classical Tamil Literature, and also his contributions in the cultural unity of the Nation. In this edition, around 1000 people under 5 categories (Students, Teachers, Farmers & Artisans, Professionals and small Entrepreneurs,