Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) IMPEACHMENT OF HIGH COURT JUDGE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: The Opposition has started efforts to move an impeachment motion against Allahabad High Court judge Shekhar Kumar Yadav for his controversial statements at a recent Vishwa Hindu Parishad event. Background: – No High Court judge has been impeached in India so far. Constitutional Provisions Article 217: Deals with the appointment and conditions of service of High Court judges. Specifies that judges hold office until the age of 62 unless they resign, are impeached, or are removed. Article 218: The process of impeachment of a judge of the Supreme Court is laid down in Article 124(4) of the Constitution of India. Article 218 says the same provisions shall apply in relation to a judge of the High Court as well. Grounds for Removal: Proved misbehavior or incapacity. The procedure to be followed for impeachment of a judge is laid down in the Judges Inquiry Act, 1968. Procedure for Impeachment Initiation of Motion – A removal motion must be signed by: At least 100 members in the Lok Sabha, or At least 50 members in the Rajya Sabha.  Upon admission of the motion, an inquiry committee is formed. A three-member      committee is constituted, comprising: A Supreme Court judge. A Chief Justice of a High Court. An eminent jurist. The committee investigates the charges and submits its report. Parliamentary Approval: If the committee finds the judge guilty, both Houses of Parliament must pass the motion with a two-thirds majority of members present and voting, and the majority must be no less than 50% of the total membership of the House. President’s Order: Upon approval by both Houses, the President orders the removal of the judge. Important Points High Threshold: The impeachment process is deliberately complex to ensure judicial independence. Significant Cases: Justice Soumitra Sen of the Calcutta High Court faced impeachment proceedings but resigned before the process was concluded. Justice V. Ramaswami of the Supreme Court faced impeachment, but the motion failed in the Lok Sabha. Source: The Hindu   MALARIA Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: According to the World Malaria Report 2024 by WHO, the South East Asia Region contributes about 1.5% of global malaria cases, with India accounting for nearly half of all estimated cases in the region in 2023.   Background: – New data from the WHO revealed that an estimated 2.2 billion cases of malaria and 12.7 million deaths have been averted since 2000, but the disease remains a serious global health threat, particularly in the WHO African Region. About Malaria Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Not all Anopheles mosquitoes have malaria, but if they bite a person with malaria, they can become infectious. People do not spread malaria to other people, like the common cold or the flu. Also, malaria is not sexually transmitted. Because the parasites that cause malaria affect red blood cells, people can acatch malaria from exposure to infected blood, including: From mother to unborn child Through blood transfusions By sharing needles used to inject drugs Symptoms Fever, chills, headaches, muscle pain, vomiting. Severe cases: Organ failure, cerebral malaria, or death. Global Initiatives: WHO’s Global Technical Strategy for Malaria (2016-2030) aims to reduce global malaria cases by 90% by 2030. India’s Measures: National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP): Aims to eliminate malaria by 2030. National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP): Comprehensive approach to combat mosquito-borne diseases. Use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Vaccination: RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix): First malaria vaccine approved by WHO in 2021 for pilot projects in high-burden regions. Source: The Hindu CLIMATE IMPACT OF EXPLORING SPACE Syllabus: Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: As the world becomes more reliant on space technology for vital functions like climate monitoring, the environmental consequences of space activities need more attention.  The rapid growth of the number of satellites in orbit has led to concerns about interference with climate monitoring systems and the accumulation of orbital debris.  Background: Space activities currently fall outside international sustainability instruments like the Paris Agreement. Key Concerns: Climate Change: Rocket emissions (CO2, black carbon, water vapor) contribute to global warming.    Chlorine-based propellants deplete the ozone layer.    Satellite re-entry and burn up releases metallic ash, potentially altering the atmosphere.    Energy-intensive satellite production and mining activities have significant carbon footprints.    Orbital Debris: Rapid growth of satellites and debris poses collision risks to functional satellites.    Debris interferes with scientific observations and communication systems.    Increases the cost and complexity of space missions.    Poses a threat to human-crewed missions. Challenges to Space Sustainability: Lack of International Regulation: No specific international regulations address space debris and environmental impact. Technological Limitations: Reusable rockets have limitations in terms of payload capacity and fuel efficiency.    Cleaner fuels like hydrogen and biofuels face challenges in production and storage. Biodegradable satellite materials lack durability for space environments. Autonomous debris removal technologies are expensive and require legal clarity. International Cooperation: Data sharing and coordination among nations are hindered by security and commercial concerns. Path Towards Space Sustainability: International Cooperation: International cooperation through bodies like the Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS) is necessary to create enforceable standards. Standardize emission limits, debris mitigation, and data-sharing practices. Technological Innovation: Invest in research and development of cleaner fuels, biodegradable materials, and autonomous debris removal technologies.    Policy and Incentives: Implement strict regulations and incentives for sustainable space practices. Encourage public-private partnerships to accelerate technological advancements. Establish a global space traffic management system to monitor and coordinate satellite activities. Source: The Hindu EXPANSION OF UNIVERSE Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Two years of data from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has corroborated the observation by Hubble Telescope that the universe is expanding more rapidly than expected.  Background: – The observations by Webb, the most capable space telescope ever deployed, appear to rule out the notion that

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) PRINCIPLES OF JUDICIAL CONDUCT Syllabus: Mains – POLITY & ETHICS Context: The comments made by Allahabad High Court judge, Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav, against the Muslim community at an event organised by the legal cell of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad has drawn public flak. Background: – The “Restatement of Values of Judicial Life” and “Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct 2002” presents ethical framework for  judicial conduct. Key takeaways The ‘Restatement of Values of Judicial Life’ is the primary code of ethics governing judicial behaviour adopted by the Supreme Court in 1997. The code comprises 16 points: Justice must not merely be done but it must also be seen to be done. Members of the judiciary must reaffirm the people’s faith in the impartiality of the judiciary. Accordingly, any act of a judge of the Supreme Court or a high court, whether in official or personal capacity, which erodes the credibility of this perception, has to be avoided. A judge should not contest the election to any office of a club, society or other association. Close association with individual members of the bar, particularly those who practice in the same court, shall be eschewed. A judge should not permit any member of his immediate family, if a member of the Bar, to appear before him or even be associated in any manner with a cause to be dealt with by him. No member of his family, who is a member of the Bar, shall be permitted to use the residence in which the judge actually resides or other facilities for professional work. A judge should practice a degree of aloofness consistent with the dignity of his office. A judge shall not hear and decide a matter in which a member of his family, a close relation or a friend is concerned. A judge shall not enter into public debate or express his views in public on political matters or on matters that are pending or are likely to arise for judicial determination. A judge is expected to let his judgments speak for themselves. He shall not give interviews to the media. A judge shall not accept gifts or hospitality except from his family, close relations and friends. A judge shall not hear and decide a matter in which a company in which he holds shares is concerned unless he has disclosed his interest and no objection to his hearing and deciding the matter is raised. A judge shall not speculate in shares, stocks or the like. A judge should not engage directly or indirectly in trade or business, either by himself or in association with any other person. A judge should not ask for, accept contributions or otherwise actively associate himself with the raising of any fund for any purpose. A judge should not seek any financial benefit in the form of a perquisite or privilege attached to his office unless it is clearly available.  Every judge must at all times be conscious that he is under the public gaze and there should be no act or omission by him which is unbecoming of the high office he occupies and the public esteem in which that office is held. About the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, 2002 Adoption: Drafted under the guidance of the United Nations, the principles were formally adopted at a judicial colloquium in Bangalore, India, in 2002. It is a set of universal principles and not legally binding but serves as a reference guide for judiciaries worldwide. Six Core Values: Independence: Judges must ensure independence from executive, legislative, and other external influences. Judicial independence is a precondition for the rule of law. Impartiality: Judges must remain unbiased in all cases, both in conduct and perception. They must avoid conflicts of interest or favoritism. Integrity: Upholding honesty and moral uprightness is fundamental for judicial trustworthiness. Propriety: Judges must maintain propriety in personal and professional conduct, avoiding behavior that diminishes public confidence. Equality: Fair treatment must be ensured regardless of race, gender, religion, or socio-economic background. Competence and Diligence: Judges must continuously update their legal knowledge and ensure efficient case management. Source: The Hindu   VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan and his Tamil Nadu counterpart, M.K. Stalin, came together at Vaikom in Kottayam district of Kerala to inaugurate the renovated memorial to Tamil reformist leader E.V. Ramasamy Naicker, fondly known as Thanthai Periyar. Background: – The programme marks the valedictory function of the centenary celebrations of the Vaikom Satyagraha in which Periyar E V Ramasamy Naicker actively participated. Key takeaways The Vaikom Satyagraha was a significant social reform movement in Kerala that aimed to challenge the practice of untouchability and secure temple entry rights for all, irrespective of caste.  Location: Vaikom, a town in present-day Kottayam district, Kerala. Issue: The temple roads around the Vaikom Mahadeva Temple were restricted for use by upper-caste Hindus, denying access to lower-caste communities. Larger Aim: Address caste-based discrimination and ensure equal rights in public spaces. Key Events: Start of the Movement (March 30, 1924): Led by leaders of the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) movement inspired by Sree Narayana Guru’s philosophy of “One Caste, One Religion, One God for Man.” Organized by leaders such as T.K. Madhavan, K. Kelappan, and A.K. Gopalan with support from the Indian National Congress. Participation of Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhi advised the satyagrahis to adopt non-violence and resolve the issue through negotiations and public awareness. Resolution: After prolonged protests, dialogues, and arrests of satyagrahis, partial success was achieved in 1925, with the opening of three out of four roads  (except the eastern road) surrounding the temple to people of all castes. Only in 1936, after the Temple Entry Proclamation, was access to the eastern road and entry into the temple allowed to the lower castes. Source: Statesman DISEASE X Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The recent outbreak reported in the first week of December 2024 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which has claimed over 400 lives and remains unclassified, has raised concerns

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NINE YEARS OF PARIS AGREEMENT Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: The Paris Agreement was supposed to save the world from the worst impacts of climate change. But nine years after it was finalised — on December 12, 2015 — it is perhaps more fragile than ever, appearing increasingly ineffective and helpless  in containing worsening climate situation. Background: – The main goal of the Paris Agreement — holding global annual average temperatures within 1.5 degree Celsius of pre-industrial averages, two degrees Celsius in the worst case scenario — seems more distant than ever. Key takeaways In the nine years, annual global emissions have grown 8% from about 49 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent to 53 billion tonnes. Average annual global temperatures have increased from 1.1 degree Celsius above the pre-industrial average to 1.45 degree Celsius above that level. Erosion of Trust Among Developing Nations Unmet Financial Obligations: Developed countries failed to meet the $100 billion annual climate finance goal by 2020. A finance deal in Baku only proposed increasing this to $300 billion by 2035, which is grossly inadequate given the trillions needed annually by developing nations. Equity Concerns: The Paris Agreement replaced the Kyoto Protocol, which held developed countries primarily accountable for emissions reductions. The Kyoto Protocol had assigned specific emissions reduction targets on developed countries, but placed virtually no responsibilities on the rest of the world. The Paris Agreement mandated everyone to take climate actions, but only in a “nationally-determined” manner, essentially freeing developed countries of their assigned responsibilities. Geopolitical Dimensions Role of Developed Nations: Developed nations have consistently resisted stringent climate obligations, fearing economic repercussions. The United States’ potential withdrawal under Donald Trump’s presidency could further weaken global climate action. Emerging Economies: The growing economic power of countries like China has shifted the climate narrative, with developed nations demanding greater contributions from such nations while ignoring their historical emissions. Alternative Strategies by Developing Nations Vanuatu’s Initiative: The resolution passed by the UN General Assembly to seek the ICJ’s advice on defining countries’ climate obligations is a significant step by vulnerable nations. Small island nations aim to establish clearer legal consequences for failing to meet climate commitments. Source: Indian Express   SOCIAL DIALOGUE REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Social Dialogue Report of the International Labour Organisation (ILO), released recently, has recommended the governments to uphold fundamental principles and rights at work, especially freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining. Background: – Report found that countries’ compliance with freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining had deteriorated by 7% between 2015 and 2022.  Key takeaways What is Social Dialogue? Definition: Social dialogue refers to discussions, consultations, negotiations, and other interactions between governments, employers, and workers on issues related to economic and social policy. Purpose: To promote consensus-building, resolve workplace conflicts, and ensure equitable economic and social development. The International Labour Organisation (ILO), a United Nations agency, champions social dialogue as one of its four strategic objectives under the Decent Work Agenda. The Social Dialogue Report provides a global perspective on: The effectiveness of social dialogue in different countries. The role of tripartite structures (governments, employers, and workers) in promoting decent work. Best practices and challenges in achieving workplace harmony. Highlights of the Latest Social Dialogue Report: The report has highlighted the experience of Rajasthan that brought in the Platform Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill to provide for the establishment of the Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers Welfare Board. The report argues that social dialogue can enable countries to pursue economic development alongside social progress, while ensuring fair and inclusive low-carbon and digital transitions.  The ILO has also recommended the national social dialogue institutions (NSDIs) of various countries to expand their outreach to under-represented groups. Source: The Hindu PORT OF LATAKIA Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has attacked Syria’s naval fleet at the ports of Al-Bayda and Latakia. Background: Attacks are part of Israel’s effort to neutralise military assets in the country after the fall of the Assad regime. Key Concerns: The Port of Latakia is a significant seaport located on the Mediterranean coast in the city of Latakia, Syria. When Syria became independent in 1945 it was the only seaport in the country.  Since 2019, Iran leases parts of the port of Latakia for civilian and military use. This was followed closely by Russia, which operates its only naval base in the Mediterranean in nearby Tartus. Source: BBC SCHENGEN AREA Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Romania and Bulgaria will become full members of Europe’s Schengen free-travel area from next month. Background: – Although the Schengen agreements guarantee free travel, several members including Germany and the Netherlands have recently increased controls to stem illegal immigration. About Schengen Area The Schengen Area is a zone comprising 29 European countries that have officially abolished border controls at their mutual borders. Establishment: The Schengen Area was established on March 26, 1995. Member Countries: The Schengen Area includes 25 EU member states and 4 non-EU countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland). Key Features: Free Movement: Citizens of Schengen countries can travel freely within the area without needing to show a passport or go through border checks. Common Visa Policy: The Schengen Area has a common visa policy, allowing travelers to use a single visa to visit multiple Schengen countries. External Borders: Schengen countries have harmonized controls at their external borders, ensuring security while allowing free movement within the area Significance: Economic Benefits: The Schengen Area facilitates trade and tourism, benefiting the economies of member states. Cultural Exchange: It promotes cultural exchange and strengthens ties between European countries. Security: Harmonized external border controls enhance security while maintaining the freedom of movement within the area. Source: Reuters JAL JEEVAN MISSION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Prime Minister recently emphasised that Jal Jeevan Mission was furthering women empowerment, especially in rural areas. Background: – PM Modi pointed out that

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) CARBON MARKET Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: COP29, held at Azerbaijan’s capital Baku, has given a fillip to the idea of using carbon markets to curb carbon emissions by approving standards that can help in the setting up of an international carbon market as soon as the coming year. Background: – Carbon credits were first used in the 1990s in the U.S. What is a carbon market? A carbon market allows the buying and selling of the right to emit carbon. Suppose a government wants to limit the amount of carbon emitted. It can issue certificates called carbon credits that allow certificate holders to emit a certain amount of carbon. One carbon credit is equivalent to 1,000 kilograms of carbon dioxide. By limiting the number of carbon credits that are issued, governments can control how much carbon is released into the environment. It should be noted that anyone who doesn’t hold carbon credits would not be allowed to emit any carbon into the atmosphere. Individuals and firms that hold carbon credits but don’t actually need them for any reason can sell their credits to interested buyers. The price is determined by market forces, which in this case are the supply of carbon credits and the demand for these certificates. A carbon market can also include the trading of carbon offsets. In this case, a business that pollutes the environment for example, can purchase carbon offsets sold by a NGO that promises to plant trees that suck a certain amount of carbon emissions out of the atmosphere for each offset that it sells. What is Good about Carbon Markets? Addresses Externalities: Carbon emissions are a negative externality where the cost of pollution is not accounted for in market prices. Carbon markets impose a financial cost on polluters, incentivizing firms to reduce emissions. Monetary Incentive to Reduce Pollution: Firms must purchase the right to pollute, encouraging them to minimize emissions to save costs. Improved Carbon Accounting: Technological advancements and standardized accounting frameworks have enhanced the ability of corporations to monitor and report emissions. Flexibility for Firms: Firms can purchase credits from others that don’t need them, optimizing resource allocation. What Can Go Wrong with Carbon Markets? Manipulation by Governments:  Governments disinterested in reducing emissions may flood the market with carbon credits, reducing their price and effectiveness. Conversely, excessive restrictions on carbon credits may unnecessarily slow economic growth. Cheating and Non-Compliance: Firms may find ways to cheat the system and emit carbon illegally without purchasing credits. Enforcement of compliance is critical for market success. Ineffective Carbon Offsets: Firms may invest in carbon offsets as a form of virtue signaling without ensuring they truly reduce emissions. Limited Incentives for Small Businesses: Small businesses, particularly in developing nations, face challenges in accurately monitoring emissions. Varied Production Processes: Diverse supply chains and production methods make it difficult to establish uniform carbon budgets for all facilities. Source: The Hindu   GOLAN HEIGHTS Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Israel is set to double its population on the occupied Golan Heights while saying threats from Syria remained despite the moderate tone of rebel leaders who ousted President Bashar al-Assad a week ago. Background: – Israel captured most of the strategic plateau from Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War, annexing it in 1981. Key takeaways The Golan Heights is a strategically significant plateau located in southwestern Syria, bordered by Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan.  The Golan Heights covers an area of approximately 1,800 km². It is characterized by its hilly terrain and basaltic rock formations. The Golan Heights offers a vantage point overlooking the Jordan River valley and the Sea of Galilee. It is bordered by the Yarmouk river in the south and the Sea of Galilee in the west.  The hilly land is fertile, and the volcanic soil grows apple and cherry orchards as well as vineyards. The region has vital water sources that feed the Jordan River, including the Hasbani River, which flows from Lebanon and through the Golan. Population: The region has a population of around 55,000 people, including 24,000 Druze who identify as Syrians. Highest Point: The highest elevation is Mount Hermon, which stands at 2,814 meters (9,232 feet). Ottoman Rule: The Golan Heights came under Ottoman control in the 16th century and later became part of the French Mandate in Syria. Modern History: During the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel captured the Golan HeDuring the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Syria attempted to take back the Golan Heights but failed to do so. In 1974, the UN got involved, deploying peacekeeping forces in the area after Israel and Syria signed an armistice. The Security Council established the UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) the same year as it tried to maintain a ceasefire and creating a ceasefire buffer zone in the area. As of April, 1,274 UN personnel are deployed in the Golan Heights. In 1981, Israel formally declared its annexation of the Golan Heights. In 2019, the US, under then-President Donald Trump, recognised Israeli sovreignty over the Golan Heights. The recognition still stands, even under President Joe Biden’s administration. Source: The Hindu OLIVE RIDLEY TURTLES Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Carcasses of Olive Ridley turtles, which are currently in their breeding season, continue to wash ashore along the Visakhapatnam coast. Background: Environmental experts say that a majority of the deaths are due to marine pollution and trawling activities for catching fish. Key takeaways: The Olive Ridley Turtle (scientific name: Lepidochelys olivacea) is the smallest and most abundant sea turtle species in the world. Size: Olive Ridley turtles grow to about 2 feet in length and weigh around 50 kg. Habitat: They inhabit warm and tropical waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Appearance: They get their name from their olive-colored carapace (shell), which is heart-shaped and rounded. Carnivorous: Olive Ridley turtles are carnivores, feeding mainly on jellyfish, shrimp, snails, crabs, mollusks, and various fish and their eggs. Unique Behavior: Arribada: Olive Ridley turtles are best known for their unique mass nesting behavior called arribada, where thousands of females

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION (EFTA) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: India said that its double taxation treaty with Switzerland may require renegotiation in view of its trade pact with the member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Background: – The remarks from the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) came after the Swiss government suspended the most favoured nation status (MFN) clause in the India-Switzerland Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA). About European Free Trade Association (EFTA) EFTA is an intergovernmental organization of four member countries that are not part of the European Union (EU): Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. The organization operates in parallel with the European Union (EU), and all four member states participate in the European single market and are part of the Schengen Area. EFTA vs. EU: While EFTA countries are not part of the EU, three of them (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) are part of the European Economic Area (EEA), which gives them access to the EU’s single market. Switzerland has bilateral agreements with the EU but is not in the EEA. India and EFTA recently signed a landmark trade agreement, the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA), on March 10, 2024. This agreement aims to boost trade and investment between the two sides.   Key Features of the TEPA: Tariff Reductions: EFTA will eliminate tariffs on 92.2% of its tariff lines, covering 99.6% of India’s exports. India will eliminate tariffs on 82.7% of its tariff lines, covering 95.3% of EFTA exports.   Investment Promotion: EFTA is unique for its inclusion of a binding $100 billion investment commitment by companies in those countries into India over the next 15 years, with one million direct jobs to be created. Market Access: The agreement improves market access for both sides in various sectors, including industrial products, fish and marine products, processed agricultural products, and services.    Intellectual Property Rights: The agreement includes provisions for the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights.    Sustainable Development: The agreement also addresses issues related to sustainable development, including environmental protection and labor rights. Source: Indian Express   LA NIÑA AND INDIA’S CLIMATE Syllabus: Prelims &  Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: La Nina conditions are likely to develop in the next three months but the phase is expected to be relatively weak and short-lived, the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) said recently. Background: – Latest forecasts from WMO indicate a 55% likelihood of a transition from the current neutral conditions (neither El Niño nor La Niña) to La Nina conditions during December 2024 to February 2025. Key takeaways La Niña, a phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), occurs when the region of the Pacific Ocean between Indonesia and South America is cooler than usual. Its counterpart, El Niño, represents a warming of the same region.  This decade began with three consecutive La Niña events (2020-2022), a rare occurrence known as Triple Dip La Niña, followed by an El Niño in 2023. Historically, the La Niña has usually formed during the monsoon or the pre-monsoon period, and it has formed only twice between October and December since 1950. La Niña and its affect on India’s climate and environment North India experiences  colder winter than usual during La Niña. Analysis of meteorological data by researchers at the Council on Energy Environment and Water, New Delhi, has revealed that while La Niña winters feature colder nights compared to El Niño, daytime temperatures tend to be higher.  Meteorological parameters like wind speed and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) — the lowest atmospheric layer directly influenced by land-atmosphere interactions — also vary during ENSO phases, affecting air quality. The researchers found the average wind speed is higher throughout the day during La Niña winters. Faster winds help reduce air pollution by transporting pollutants away. They also found that the average PBLH is slightly lower during La Niña winters. If La Niña sets in, lower temperatures in north India may lead people to burn more biomass for heating, worsening pollution. A lower PBLH could also trap more pollutants near the ground. But higher wind speeds could disperse the pollutants, potentially leading to better air quality. A La Niña promotes robust monsoons as evidenced by the “normal” or “above-normal” rainfall in the La Niña years of 2020, 2021, and 2022.  Source: The Hindu POLAVARAM PROJECT Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Andhra Pradesh government has prepared an action plan and set a broad milestones for various works, including completing the first phase of the Polavaram Irrigation Project by October 2026. Background: The Polavaram project, considered the lifeline of Andhra Pradesh, has witnessed multiple delays over the last few years. Key takeaways: The Polavaram Project is a significant multi-purpose irrigation project on the Godavari River in the Eluru District and East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh. Also known as the Indira Sagar Project. The project aims to provide irrigation, drinking water, and hydroelectric power. Project was approved initially in 2004 and declared a national project under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. Key Features Dam Type: Earth-cum-rock fill dam. Reservoir Capacity: Gross storage capacity of 194.6 TMC. Irrigation Potential: 4.36 lakh hectares in Andhra Pradesh. Hydroelectric Power: Generation of 960 MW. In this project, Godavari-Krishna inter-linking will be implemented under the inter-linking of rivers project. The project envisages transfer of 80 TMC of surplus water of Godavari river to Krishna river.  Source: The Hindu MAYOTTE Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Rescuers raced against time to reach survivors and supply urgent aid after the devastating cyclone Chido ripped through the French Indian Ocean territory of Mayotte. Background: – Mayotte is France’s poorest region with an estimated third of the population living in shanty towns. About Mayotte Mayotte is an overseas department and region and single territorial collectivity of France.  It is located in the northern part of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeastern Africa, between Northwestern Madagascar and Northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte consists of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Maore), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), as well as several islets around these two. It is an outermost region of the European Union and, as an overseas department of

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) CARNATIC MUSIC Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ART & CULTURE Context: The Supreme Court in an interim order said that musician T M Krishna should not be recognised as a recipient of the Sangita Kalanidhi M S Subbulakshmi award and also restrained him from projecting himself as a recipient of the honour till it decides an appeal challenging the grant of the same to him. Background: – The top court’s order came a day after Mr. Krishna was conferred the award instituted by The Hindu and awarded by the Music Academy at the inauguration of its 98th annual Conference and Concerts in Chennai. About Carnatic music Carnatic music is a classical music tradition from Southern India, deeply rooted in the cultural and religious practices of the region. Origins and History: Ancient Roots: Carnatic music has ancient origins, with influences from the Sama Veda, one of the four Vedas containing hymns set to music. Temple Traditions: Temples played a significant role in the development and preservation of Carnatic music, with musical performances being integral to temple rituals. Bhakti Movement: The Bhakti movement, which gained prominence between the 6th and 17th centuries, contributed to the development of devotional music. Medieval Composers: Composers like Purandaradasa (1480-1564) systematized Carnatic music methods and authored numerous compositions. The Trinity: The 18th century saw the emergence of the Trinity of Carnatic music—Thyagaraja, Shama Shastri, and Muthuswami Dikshitar—who compiled compositions that define the Carnatic music repertoire. Key Concepts: Raga (Rāga): A melodic framework for improvisation and composition. Tala (Tāḷa): The rhythmic aspect of music, marked by mathematical precision. Bhava (Bhāva): The expression of emotions and thoughts through music. Instruments: Vocal: The human voice is the primary instrument in Carnatic music. Melody Instruments: Violin, Veena, Nadaswaram, and Flute are commonly used. Percussion Instruments: Mridangam, Ghatam, Kanjira, and Thavil are essential for rhythm. Performance Structure: Kriti (Kṛti): A structured composition that includes a pallavi (refrain), anupallavi (second verse), and charanam (final verse). Ragam Tanam Pallavi (Rāgam Tāṇam Pāḷavi): A complex and highly improvisational section showcasing the performer’s skill. Thillana (Tillāṇa): A rhythmic piece that concludes the performance. Notable Composers: Purandaradasa: Known as the father of Carnatic music. The Trinity: Thyagaraja, Shama Shastri, and Muthuswami Dikshitar Source: The Hindu   PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs) Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Scientists conducted a 10-year study on orcas in the North Atlantic Ocean. Despite these orcas living far from human settlements, researchers found high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in their blubber (the fat layer under their skin). Background: – One of the POPs found were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Used as coolants and lubricants in electrical components, they were banned in the US and Canada 50 years ago. The blubber samples also contained several other categories of POPs, whose “production, use, and/or release” were to be reduced or eliminated under Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, signed in 2001. Key takeaways Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are a group of toxic chemicals that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Characteristics: Persistence: POPs remain in the environment for extended periods without breaking down. Bioaccumulation: These pollutants accumulate in the fatty tissues of living organisms. Lipophilicity: POPs are highly soluble in fats and oils, leading to their accumulation in the food chain. Toxicity: They are toxic to both humans and wildlife, causing adverse health effects. Long-range Transport: Can be carried by wind and water to regions far from their source. Sources: Pesticides: Many POPs are pesticides or insecticides, such as DDT and aldrin. Industrial Chemicals: Some POPs are industrial chemicals like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Unintentional By-products: POPs can also be unintentional by-products of waste burning and industrial processes, such as dioxins and furans. International Regulation: Stockholm Convention: The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is a global treaty aimed at eliminating or restricting the production and use of POPs. It was adopted in 2001 and became effective in 2004. India is a signatory and has ratified the convention. Control Measures: The convention includes measures to prohibit or restrict the production, use, and release of POPs, as well as to ensure their safe disposal. Examples of POPs: The Dirty Dozen: The initial list of POPs identified by the Stockholm Convention includes aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene, PCBs, DDT, dioxins, and furans. New Additions: Over time, additional POPs have been added to the list, such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). Source: Down To Earth KERCH STRAIT Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Two Russian oil tankers have been badly damaged in the Black Sea, causing an oil spill. The incident took place in the Kerch Strait, which separates Russia from Crimea – the Ukrainian peninsula illegally annexed by Moscow in 2014. Background: The Kerch Strait is a key route for exports of Russian grain and it is also used for exports of crude oil, fuel oil and liquefied natural gas. Key takeaways: The Kerch Strait is a narrow waterway in Eastern Europe that connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Azov. Location: The strait separates the Kerch Peninsula of Crimea (part of the Russian-occupied Crimean Peninsula) to the west from the Taman Peninsula of Russia’s Krasnodar Krai to the east. Dimensions: The strait is approximately 35 kilometers long and varies in width from 3.1 kilometers to 15 kilometers. The average depth of the strait is around 18 meters. Historical Significance: Ancient Names: In ancient times, the strait was known as the Cimmerian Bosporus or Cimmerian Strait, named after the Cimmerians, a group of steppe nomads. Roman Era: The Romans referred to it as the Strait of Cimmerian Bosphorus. World War II: The strait was a significant site during World War II, witnessing naval battles and strategic operations. Modern Developments: Crimean Bridge: The Crimean Bridge, also known as the Kerch Strait Bridge, was completed in 2018. It is the longest bridge in Europe, spanning 19 kilometers (12 miles) and includes both road and rail connections. Conflict: The strait has been a point of conflict, especially after Russia’s

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) CRIME AND CRIMINAL TRACKING NETWORK AND SYSTEMS (CCTNS) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Nearly 15 years after it was launched, all 17,130 police stations in the country have been linked through the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS). Background: – Launched in 2009, the CCTNS has also become key to the implementation of the three new criminal laws that were rolled out on July 1. About CCTNS The Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) is a flagship project under the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) aimed at creating a comprehensive and integrated system for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of policing through technology. Objective: To provide a nationwide integrated platform for investigation, detection, and prevention of crimes. To enhance citizen services like online registration of complaints and tracking case status. Scope: Link all police stations across India through a unified network. Enable seamless sharing of information on crimes and criminals among law enforcement agencies. Components: Core Application Software (CAS): Provides a standardized platform for data entry, retrieval, and sharing. National Database: Centralized repository of criminal records, FIRs, and investigation reports. Integration with Other Systems: Links with databases such as Fingerprint Identification Systems, Vehicle Registration, and Passport Verification. Some of the Citizen-Centric Services: Filing complaints online. Viewing the status of registered complaints and FIRs. Searching for missing persons or stolen vehicles. Integrated Criminal Justice System (ICJS) :  The scope of the CCTNS has been enhanced over the years to integrate the police data with other pillars of the criminal justice system namely courts, prisons, prosecution, forensics and finger prints, and accordingly a new system called the Integrated Criminal Justice System (ICJS) has been developed. Source: The Hindu   HINDU KUSH HIMALAYA FACES RISKS AMID RECORD GLACIER MELTING Syllabus: Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: The State of the Cryosphere 2024 report, presented at the UN Climate Change Conference in Baku, warns that rising carbon emissions could increase global temperatures by over 3°C by century’s end, causing unprecedented glacier melting, including in the Indian Himalayan Region. Background: – The glaciers of the HKH region, also known as the “Third Pole” or the “Water Tower of the Earth”, are the source of some of the world’s major river systems like the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra. Key takeaways Cryosphere refers to the frozen water part of the Earth’s surface. Its components include snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, sea ice and permafrost. These elements are primarily found in polar regions, high latitudes and high-altitude areas of the Earth’s surface. Rising temperatures are affecting every part of the Cryosphere. This year’s summer is the third in a row when sea ice in Antarctica was reduced to less than 2 million square kilometers. If the current warming trend continues to grow, there is a possibility of complete sea ice loss around Antarctica during the summer months. This would cause the warming of water and further melting of Antarctica’s ice sheet.  Also, it is estimated that exceeding the 1.5°C limit could cause a rise above 10 meters in sea level in the coming centuries. Venezuela lost its last glacier, ‘Humboldt,’ this year, while Indonesia’s ‘Eternity Glacier’ will likely melt completely within the next two years.  As the temperature increases, there will be less solid precipitation (snow) and more liquid precipitation, even at higher altitudes, resulting in less seasonal snow occurrence overall.  Additionally, thawing permafrost will lead to increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Hindu Kush Himalayan region The HKH region witnessed record-low snowfall during the winter of 2023-2024. This decline in seasonal snow availability will also have an impact on food, energy and water security for both the country and the region.  The Indian Himalayan Region, which spans 13 states and Union Territories, will be directly affected by these changes. It is projected that even a 2°C rise in global temperatures could result in a 50 per cent loss of ice from High Mountain Asian glaciers. This will intensify catastrophic hazards, such as the Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), already occurring in High Mountain Asia, particularly in India. Recent GLOF at South Lhonak Lake in Sikkim (October 2023), led to the loss of human lives and extensive damage to infrastructure.  Source: Indian Express ARCTIC TUNDRA IS EMITTING MORE CARBON THAN IT IS ABSORBING Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Arctic tundra, which has stored carbon for thousands of years, has now become a source of greenhouse gases (GHGs), according to a new analysis report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA). Background: The analysis, ‘Arctic Report Card’, is a yearly report on the polar region and was published last week. How does the Arctic tundra store carbon? In a typical ecosystem, plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. These plants grow, die, or are eaten by animals which also grow and die. When they die, the carbon in their corpse feeds microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi which break down larger molecules and return CO2 to the atmosphere, thereby completing the carbon cycle. However, in the case of Arctic tundra, the decomposition of organic matter is dramatically slowed down due to the cold climate. Plant and animal remains can stay trapped for thousands of years in permafrost thwarting CO2 from getting released back into the atmosphere.  Scientists estimate that Arctic soils store more than 1.6 trillion metric tonnes of carbon across the region. That is about double the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Why is the Arctic tundra emitting more carbon than absorbing it? In recent years, however, the Arctic tundra’s ability to emit less and absorb more carbon has taken a hit. The new analysis confirmed that the ecosystem has now become a source of CO2 and methane (CH4) emissions. That has happened for two main reasons. One is rising temperatures. The report said the Arctic is warming four times the global rate. As a result, the Arctic’s permafrost is thawing, meaning microbes in the soil are becoming active

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) SC DIRECTS CENTRE TO FORMULATE POLICY TO MANAGE SACRED GROVES Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Supreme Court asked the Centre to create a comprehensive policy for the governance and management of sacred groves across the country while underlining their ecological importance. Background: – The Supreme Court judgment came on applications dealing with the protection of sacred groves of Rajasthan. Key takeaways Sacred groves are patches of forest that are preserved by local communities due to their religious, cultural, or spiritual significance. Distribution in India: Found across India, particularly in states with tribal or indigenous populations. Rajasthan: Orans, associated with folk deities. Maharashtra and Karnataka: Devarakadu (God’s forests). Northeast India: Sacred forests of Meghalaya (e.g., Mawphlang). Kerala: Sarpa Kavu (Snake groves). SC directed that as part of the policy on sacred groves, the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change must develop a plan for a nationwide survey of sacred groves, by whatever name they are identified in each State.  The survey should identify their area, location, and extent, and clearly mark their boundaries. These boundaries should remain flexible to accommodate the natural growth and expansion of these forests while ensuring strict protection against any reduction in size. Highlighting the ecological and cultural importance of the sacred groves, the top court recommended their protection under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, particularly through Section 36-C, which allows for declaration of “community reserves”. Piplantri model lauded in the judgement SC lauded the Piplantri village in Rajasthan’s Rajsamand district, which under the leadership of its Sarpanch Shyam Sundar Paliwal, started the initiative to plant 111 trees for every girl child born.  The tragic passing of a girl child of the sarpanch Shyam Sundar Paliwal prompted the movement in the village which had until then witnessed environmental damages due to excessive marble mining. The mining activity led to acute water shortages, deforestation and economic decline. The Piplantri model has had many positive effects.  Environmentally, over 40 lakh trees have been planted, which has helped raise the water table by 800-900 feet and cooled the climate by 3-4°C. These efforts have improved local biodiversity and protected the land from soil erosion and desertification.  Economically, the planting of indigenous species of trees like gooseberry, aloe vera, and bamboo has created sustainable jobs. Aloe vera processing, furniture making, and other businesses have increased local incomes, providing work, especially for women, through self-help groups. The Supreme Court bench also pointed out that the model has helped eliminate harmful practices like female foeticide. Piplantri model demonstrates how community-driven initiatives can effectively address social, economic, and environmental challenges in a cohesive manner. Source: Indian Express   HINDON RIVER Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Once a lifeline for communities settled along its banks, the Hindon River in Western Uttar Pradesh, often called India’s Sugar Bowl, has been reduced to a drain carrying domestic and industrial waste. Background: – Since the 1970s, experts have warned about industries and untreated domestic waste polluting the river. In Saharanpur district alone, over 45 industries discharge waste into the Hindon, with 12 drains carrying effluents directly into the river. This pollution seeps into groundwater, affecting health & agriculture. Key takeaways The Hindon River is a significant tributary of the Yamuna River in northern India. Origin: The Hindon River originates from the Shakumbhari Devi Range (Upper Sivaliks) in the Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. Course: It flows through several districts, including Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, and Gautam Buddh Nagar, before joining the Yamuna River in Noida. Length: The river spans approximately 400 kilometers (about 250 miles). Catchment Area: The Hindon River has a catchment area of around 7,083 square kilometers. Key Features: Tributaries: The Kali River is a major tributary of the Hindon River. The Kali River merges with the Hindon near Sardhana. Rainfed River: The Hindon River is entirely rainfed, relying on monsoon rains for its water supply. Pollution: The river faces significant pollution challenges due to urban, agricultural, and industrial waste. In 2015, it was declared a ‘dead river’ by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Historical Significance: Indus Valley Civilization: An Indus Valley civilization site, Alamgirpur, is located along the Hindon River, about 28 kilometers from Delhi. 1857 Revolt: The Hindon River was a site of several skirmishes during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, including the Battle of Badli-ki-Serai. Source: Down To Earth INFRARED RADIATION Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Scientists from the Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bengaluru, an autonomous institute of Department of Science and Technology have come up with a novel strategy to control and regulate Infrared (IR) radiation. Background: The strategy uses 2-dimensional nanosheets of a chemical called hexagonal boron nitride and has potential for deployment as radiative heat barrier, thermal camouflage and in thermal management applications. Key takeaways: Infrared (IR) radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than visible light but shorter than microwaves. Infrared radiation has wavelengths ranging from 700 nanometers (nm) to 1 millimeter (mm). This range is further divided into three main categories: Near Infrared (NIR): 700 nm to 1,400 nm Mid Infrared (MIR): 1,400 nm to 3,000 nm Far Infrared (FIR): 3,000 nm to 1 mm Natural Sources: The primary natural source of infrared radiation is the Sun, which emits IR as part of its overall spectrum. Thermal radiation from warm objects, such as humans and animals, also contributes to natural IR. Artificial Sources: Infrared radiation is also generated by electrical appliances, heaters, lasers, and LEDs. Properties of Infrared Radiation: Invisible to the human eye but can be felt as heat. Travels in straight lines at the speed of light in a vacuum. Easily absorbed and emitted by matter, especially water and carbon-based materials. Applications of Infrared Radiation: Communication: Used in remote controls, IR sensors, and optical fiber communication. Astronomy: Infrared telescopes help study celestial objects obscured by cosmic dust. Medical:  Infrared imaging in diagnostics (e.g., thermography for detecting inflammation). Used in physiotherapy to relieve muscle pain. Military and Security:

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) THE BRIDGE TO MOSCOW Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: India-Russia relationship is set to be the most consequential bilateral engagement of the year 2025. Background: – The India-Russia relationship serves not just the two countries in question, but the world. Key takeaways The strength of ties between New Delhi and Moscow matters to both countries. It touches core mutual areas: Trade in energy, technological co-development, and strategic interests.  Russia remains India’s most accommodating partner when it comes to high-tech supplies. While the West — France and the US in particular — are relaxing rules for trade with India in dual-use tech, there is still a long way to go before Delhi’s undersea and long-range requirements are satisfied by the West. This is where Moscow steps in. Apart from being mutually beneficial to India and Russia, the relationship is a vital global public good : First, it serves as a bridge between the rest of the world and a Russian polity that has been alienated by, and has set out to further alienate, the West. India’s commitment to multilateralism and the global order anchors Russia, to a system that it otherwise seeks to disrupt. Second, the India-Russia relationship prevents the Russian bear from totally entering the dragon’s den. A Russia locked into servitude to Beijing’s interests would be profoundly inimical for the world order, the West in particular. India’s outstretched hand grants Russia the ability to manoeuvre and allows it to avoid capitulating completely to China. Third, trade between India and Russia in fossil fuels is designed to be compliant with sanctions meant to limit Russian profits. This too provides broader benefits to the world. It brings valuable price stability and predictability to energy markets, which is vital for the West and for Europe in particular. Fourth, the relationship allows for new possibilities in the crucial Arctic region. Without India’s increasing strategic presence in the Arctic, in partnership not just with Russia but also with European and Nordic friends, a new Russia-China axis would have shaped the region’s future. This would have spelt disaster for the ecology and security of global supply chains. Finally, India’s presence in groupings like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ensures that these are not weaponised against the West. As External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar has put it, India is non-Western, it is not anti-Western. This moderate and reasonable attitude shapes the actions and positions of such groupings. The entry of New Delhi’s candidates — and Western friends — such as the UAE, Egypt and Vietnam into BRICS as either members or partners has further moderated that grouping. The ability to partner with nations that are deeply divided by geopolitics has been a feature of Indian diplomacy since Independence. The India-Russia relationship serves not just the two countries in question, but the world. Source: Indian Express   STARLINK SATELLITE INTERNET Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Elon Musk has denied claims that his space company SpaceX’s satellite internet technology Starlink is being used by militants in Manipur. Background: – This came after the Indian Army and police seized weapons and what looked like a Starlink-branded satellite router and antenna. Starlink is still pending regulatory approval in India, though it will be starting in neighbouring Bangladesh and Bhutan in 2025 What is Starlink and how does it work? Starlink uses an extensive low Earth orbit satellite constellation to deliver broadband internet that has high speeds and low latency.  It is a popular choice for users worldwide in remote areas, sea vessels, disaster-struck regions, or places where oppressive regimes have throttled access to more mainstream internet services. There are thousands of satellites in the Starlink system, and they orbit Earth at around 550 km. Though they cover the entire globe, per SpaceX, the company is not authorised to provide its services to users in some regions. What is the controversy surrounding Starlink? Indian army on December 16 shared photos of guns, ammunition, and country-made mortars seized from Manipur in X. X users spotted a small satellite device and router, with the latter bearing the SpaceX logo sparkling speculation that Musk’s technology was being used by terrorists. Elon Muk responded that Starlink satellite beams are turned off over India. This is not the first time SpaceX has become embroiled in controversy in India. Last month, smugglers originating from Myanmar were caught by the Andaman and Nicobar islands police with over 6,000 kg of meth and a Starlink device that was allegedly used for navigation and communication, despite service being prohibited in Indian waters. Furthermore, in August this year, Starlink equipment was seen being sold on the B2B platform IndiaMART. Can Starlink satellite internet be controlled ? International borders are not solid and it is not easy to refine satellite internet coverage to such a precise degree that service is activated or halted exactly in line with a nation’s border. An additional complication is that many international borders are contested or unclear More information is needed from SpaceX to understand how the company ensures that Starlink satellite internet does not reach the countries yet to allow Starlink, while enabling service for neighbouring countries or waters that do allow Starlink service. What does Indian law say? India strictly regulates and restricts the use of satellite-based communication devices. Everyday gadget users within the country would have noticed that even key satellite-based emergency features on premium phones that are easily available for users overseas are not enabled for use in India. Under section 6 of the Indian Wireless Act and Section 20 of the Indian Telegraph Act, the use of thuraya/iridium satellite phones is illegal in the country. Indian embassies worldwide warn both Indian and foreign travellers that they cannot carry satellite phones into the country and may face confiscation and legal action if they do so without permission. These restrictions are in place largely to combat militancy and terrorism. In 2022, Indian officials reported that evidence of iridium satellite phone usage was discovered in the Kashmir

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NEXUS REPORT Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), a global group of scientific experts, has released an Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health – known as the Nexus Report.  Background: – This is a first-of-a-kind report looking at the interconnections between the multiple crises. The group examined five major challenges — climate change, biodiversity loss, food insecurity, water scarcity, and health risks — and found that they were strongly interconnected. What is IPBES? IPBES is to biodiversity and natural ecosystems what Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is to climate change. It periodically examines all the existing scientific knowledge on biodiversity and nature to make an assessment of their current state.  Just like IPCC, IPBES too does not produce new science. It only evaluates the existing knowledge to make consolidated assessments. IPBES, set up in 2012, informs several multilateral environmental processes, including the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Convention on Combating Desertification (CCD), the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. IPBES produced its first report in 2019 in which it assessed the threat to global biodiversity. The information in this report became the basis for the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. What does the latest report say? Nexus Report has highlighted the strong interlinkages between the five identified global challenges. Its key takeaway is that responses to all these challenges need to be harmonised so that positive actions taken on any one of these does not result in negative impacts on others. For example, an attempt to scale up food production, a positive action to deal with hunger and malnutrition, could have the unintended consequence of increasing stress on land and water resources and biodiversity. Exclusive focus on climate change could also go down on the same pathway. The report, therefore, argues that it was important to adopt synergistic approaches that deliver benefits across the spectrum. Report identified over 70 synergetic approach response options that produced positive outcomes across the five elements. Examples of such response measures included restoration of carbon-rich ecosystems such as forests, soils and mangroves, effective management of biodiversity to reduce risks of diseases spreading from animals to humans, promotion of sustainable healthy diets, and reliance on nature-based solutions wherever possible. The report pointed out that more than half of the global GDP — was moderately to highly dependent on nature. Transformative Change Report In another report released simultaneously, IPBES called for fundamental and transformative shifts in the way people view and interact with the natural world in pursuit of its well-being. This report, being called the Transformative Change Report, said current, and previous, approaches to deal with ecological decline had failed, and a new and different approach was needed. This new and transformative approach, it said, must be based on four fundamental principles — equity and justice, pluralism and inclusion, respectful and reciprocal human-nature relationships, and adaptive learning and action. It said the world needed to act immediately on new approaches because the cost of delaying action would increase the costs. There were also benefits to be had from immediate action. It said recent estimates suggested that more than 10 trillion dollars in business opportunities, and about 400 million jobs, could be generated by 2030 through sustainable economic approaches that rely on nature-positive economic models. Source: Indian Express   INDIA, KUWAIT LIFT TIES TO ‘STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 Context: Kuwait and India elevated their relationship to a “strategic partnership” and signalled that trade and defence cooperation would form the key pillars of their ties. Background: – PM Modi arrived in Kuwait on Saturday for a two-day visit — the first by an Indian PM in 43 years. The last Indian PM to visit Kuwait was Indira Gandhi in 1981. Key takeaways Defence Cooperation The two sides institutionalised defence cooperation through an overarching agreement that includes training, exchange of personnel and experts, joint exercises, supply of defence equipment, and collaboration in research and development, among others. Cooperation in Other Sectors Besides defence, three other MoUs (Memoranda of Understanding) were inked to facilitate cooperation in the areas of: Sports, Culture and Solar energy. India-GCC Cooperation India showed keen interest in intensifying its cooperation with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) through Kuwait’s presidency of the influential grouping, which includes the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Qatar. The total volume of India’s trade with GCC countries stood at US$ 184.46 billion in the financial year 2022-23. Both sides also stressed the importance of early conclusion of the India-GCC Free Trade Agreement. India-Kuwait Relations Kuwait is among India’s top trading partners, with bilateral trade valued at US$ 10.47 billion in 2023-24. The Indian community forms the largest expatriate group in Kuwait. Source: The Hindu SPADEX MISSION Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The satellites for the SpaDeX mission are set to launch onboard the PSLV C60 mission on December 30, 2024. Background: If the SpaDeX test is successful, India will become the fourth country in the world to have a space programme capable of docking in space. Key takeaways: The SpaDeX mission (Space Docking Experiment) is an ambitious project by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) aimed at demonstrating in-space docking technology. The primary goal of the SpaDeX mission is to develop and demonstrate the technology required for rendezvous, docking, and undocking of two small spacecraft in low-Earth orbit. ISRO needs to master in-space docking so that satellites launched in separate rocket launches can link up to perform more sophisticated tasks. The technology will be essential for the ‘Bharatiya Antariksh Station,’ a new India-made space station ISRO has begun work on. Mission Details: Spacecraft: The mission involves two small spacecraft, SDX01 (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target), each weighing approximately 220 kg. Launch: The spacecraft will be launched aboard the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C60) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Orbit: Both spacecraft will