Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) GREENWASHING Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), under the Consumer Affairs Ministry, has issued guidelines for ‘Prevention and Regulation of Greenwashing and Misleading Environmental Claims’ to address greenwashing and misleading environmental claims. Background: – The move is part of the government’s crackdown on misleading advertisements. Key takeaways Greenwashing refers to the growing tendency of companies, organisations, or even countries to make dubious or unverifiable claims about their activities, products, or services being environment-friendly or climate-friendly.  Greenwashing presents a false picture of the progress being made on the climate change front while at the same time rewarding entities for irresponsible behaviour. The 2015 Volkswagen scandal, in which the German car company was found to have been cheating in emissions testing of its supposedly green diesel vehicles, is one of the headline-grabbing examples of greenwashing. Several other big corporations, including Shell, BP, and Coca Cola have faced accusations of greenwashing. Countries too, are sometimes accused of greenwashing, for example, when they exaggerate the impact of  new regulation on carbon emissions. Guidelines on preventing greenwashing Use of misleading words, symbols, or imagery, emphasizing positive environmental attributes while downplaying or concealing negative aspects would constitute greenwashing. If a company, for example, makes the statement that its growth is based on “sustainable principles”, it would not be treated as a misleading environmental claim for the purposes of these guidelines. However, if the company claims that all its products are manufactured sustainably, then it will be examined for greenwashing. The Generic terms like “clean”, “green”, “eco-friendly”, “good for the planet”, “cruelty-free”,  “carbon neutral”, “natural”, “organic”, “sustainable”, or similar other descriptions for a product would be allowed only if the company is able to substantiate these with evidence. The company will also have to use “adequate and accurate” qualifiers and disclosures while advertising such descriptions. When more technical terms such as “environment impact assessment”, “greenhouse gas emissions”, or “ecological footprint”, are used to advertise a product or service, the companies would be mandated to explain their meaning and implications in a “consumer-friendly” language. The guidelines will apply to all environmental claims made by manufacturers, service providers, or traders whose goods, products, or services are the subject of an advertisement, or to an advertising agency or endorser whose service is availed for the advertisement of such goods, products, or services. Types of Greenwashing Greenhushing: When a company or firms underreport or withhold information about their sustainability goals and progress. Green-crowding: It involves hiding in a group or crowd to avoid their unsustainable practices to be spotted. Greenshifting: It is an act of the company to shift the responsibility of adopting sustainable measures on consumers or individuals rather than having to take meaningful action at the corporate or brand level. Greenlighting: It occurs when a company spotlights a specific sustainability initiative undertaken by it to distract attention away from damaging activities. Greenlabelling: It is a marketing tactic adopted by companies to label their products something green or sustainable, but closer examination reveals this to be misleading. Source: Indian Express   AUSTRALIA PASSES SOCIAL MEDIA BAN FOR CHILDREN UNDER 16 Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENET EVENT Context: A social media ban for children under 16 passed the Australian Senate recently and is set to become a world-first law. Background: – Countries including France and some U.S. states have passed laws to restrict access for minors without a parent’s permission, but the Australian ban is absolute. Key takeaways The online safety amendment (social media minimum age) bill will make platforms such as TikTok, Facebook, Snapchat, Reddit, X, and Instagram liable for fines of up to 50 million Australian dollars (£26 million) if they fail to prevent children under 16 from creating accounts. A trial of enforcement methods will start in January, with the ban to take effect in a year. Critics argue the government is using the policy to convince parents that it is protecting their children ahead of the general election. The government hopes voters will reward it for responding to concerns about children’s addiction to social media. Critics of the law fear that banning children under 16 from social media may negatively impact the privacy of users who must prove they are older than 16. Academics, politicians and advocacy groups have warned that the ban could backfire, driving teenagers to the dark web, or making them feel more isolated. Additional Information One of the biggest challenges in implementing such bans is age verification. While platforms like Instagram have age limits at present, they simply ask users about their date of birth and do not require verification. As a result, many children enter false information to access platforms.  Country-specific age requirements can also be bypassed through Virtual Private Networks (VPN), which can show the Internet being accessed from a different domicile. Source: Reuters DIGITAL BHARAT NIDHI Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: Minister of State for Communications, Dr. Pemmasani Chandra Sekhar addressed question regarding Digital Bharat Nidhi in Lok Sabha. Background: Of the more than ₹1.6 lakh crore collected by the central government under the Digital Bharat Nidhi (earlier known as the Universal Service Obligation Fund) until March 31 this year, only 51.4% allocated by the finance ministry has been fully utilised until September 30 this year. About Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) The Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) is an initiative by the Indian government aimed at enhancing telecom connectivity across rural and underserved areas in the country. Background: Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF): DBN replaces the erstwhile USOF, which was established to provide telecom services in remote and rural areas at affordable prices through a universal access levy. Telecommunications Act, 2023: The DBN was established under this act, which replaced the Indian Telegraph Act. Objectives: Enhanced Connectivity: To provide widespread and non-discriminatory access to quality ICT services at affordable prices in rural and remote areas. Targeted Access: To ensure equitable access to telecommunication services for underserved groups such as women, persons with disabilities, and economically and socially weaker sections. Research and Development:

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) HORNBILL FESTIVAL Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Nagaland government is all set to organise the popular Hornbill festival, which will take place from December 1 to December 10, 2024. Background: – Referred to as the “Festival of Festivals,” the Hornbill Festival is one of the most iconic cultural events in Nagaland. Key takeaways The Government of Nagaland organises the Hornbill Festival every year, usually between 1st and 10th December. The first festival was held in December 2000. The main venue is at the Kisama Heritage Village located in the Southern Angami region of Kohima District which is about 12 km from Kohima. Named after the revered Hornbill bird, the festival showcases the culture, heritage, food and customs of Naga tribes and people from these tribes come together to celebrate their traditions with colourful dance performances. The annual programme brings all the 17 tribes of the state on a platform. The festival is vibrant with warriors dressed in full ceremonial attire performing traditional dances and war cries. Each performance tells a story—of victories, harvests, love, and tribal legends. The warriors, adorned with distinctive headgear decorated with hornbill feathers, boar tusks, and colorful woven sashes, create an unforgettable spectacle. Source: Indian Express   HUMAN-LION CO-EXISTENCE IN GUJARAT Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Asiatic Lions – whose entire population numbering 674 is in Gujarat – co-exist with humans through mutual adaptation, enforced legal protection, economic drivers, and government compensation for livestock, among others, revealed new research.  Background: – Analysing data on over 14,000 livestock depredations and 11,000 compensation claims, attacks on humans, and surveys across 277 villages, the research attempted to find out the reasons behind human-lion co-existence. Key takeaways It was found that economic drivers, such as earnings from regulated and unregulated wildlife tourism on private lands, and sociocultural acceptance, were key drivers for higher tolerance of the predator among humans.  As per the study, regulated tourism happens in and around protected areas such as Gir National Park while there is unregulated tourism on private land and this also includes offering livestock as bait, illegally. Lions, on the other hand, have benefitted on two key counts. With greater human acceptance, they can move around outside Gir’s protected areas. Second, owing to legal and cultural practices, old cattle are abandoned, which forms a big chunk of the big cat’s diet in the form of old livestock or carrion. The co-existence comes in the backdrop of the geographic range of lions rising by 36 per cent between 2015 and 2020 and population increasing at 6 per cent per annum. Since economic drivers played an important role in co-existence, the researchers recommended that the livestock compensation scheme should be revised regularly and said that a livestock insurance scheme should be explored. To reduce attacks on humans and livestock, the study prescribed that lion prides in risk hotspots should be monitored proactively, using radio collars that have virtual geofences that can trigger warning signals. Source: Indian Express LOTHAL Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: Recently, near the Harappan site of Lothal, a 23-year-old researcher from IIT Delhi lost her life while trying to collect soil samples from a trench that collapsed. She was part of ongoing research on the impact of climate change on the Indus Civilisation. Background: Lothal stands out for its engineering marvels, including the world’s oldest dockyard, with an innovative water-locking mechanism. Artefacts such as bead necklaces, axes and fish-hooks of copper or bronze point to maritime trade with ancient civilisations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persia. Key takeaways Lothal was one of the southernmost sites of the Indus Valley civilization, located in the Bhāl region of what is now the state of Gujarat. It is situated between the Sabarmati and Bhogavo rivers in Saurashtra region. The port city is believed to have been built in 2,200 BC. The meaning of Lothal in Gujarati is “the mound of the dead”. Incidentally, the name of the city of Mohenjo-daro (also part of Indus Civilisation, now in Pakistan) means the same in Sindhi. Lothal was first discovered in 1954 by Archaeologist SR Rao, who discovered over 30 Harappan sites. It is he who identified the excavated Lothal structure as a dockyard. According to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Lothal had the world’s earliest known dock, connecting the city to an ancient course of the Sabarmati River. Other evidence that Lothal served as a hub for maritime commerce came from the presence of seals — that were likely used to seal documents or mark packages, the discovery of various items that were likely traded, a warehouse, and what Rao referred to as stone anchors for ships. But not everyone was convinced. In 1968, anthropologist Lawrence S Leshnik posited the “port” was actually a reservoir for drinking water and irrigating crops. He held that the dimensions of the inlet for ships to dock were inadequate to support seafaring vessels. As was the depth of the “dock”. He also questioned the inlet’s orientation. These doubts have been addressed by a study by the Indian Institute of Technology-Gandhinagar that has found fresh evidence that can confirm the dockyard’s existence. The study has revealed that the Sabarmati River used to flow by Lothal (currently, it flows 20 km away from the location) during the Harappan Civilisation. Lothal’s archaeological record indicates its settlements were rebuilt multiple times. Rao identified five distinct phases in the site’s stratigraphic record dated circa 2400-1900 BCE. At its peak, late 3rd millennium BCE, Lothal may have been home to 15,000 people. The decline, and eventual destruction of Lothal, occurred due to catastrophic flooding, and the Sabarmati changing course. Source: Indian Express GDP GROWTH RATE SLUMPS TO NEAR TWO-YEAR LOW OF 5.4% IN JULY-SEP Syllabus: Prelims & Mains  – ECONOMY Context: India’s Real Gross Domestic Product growth slumped to a seven-quarter low of 5.4 per cent in July-September 2024. Background: – A 5.4% growth rate in Q2 has set alarm bells ringing in the government. The key question going forward is, has India entered a cyclical growth slowdown phase. Key takeaways GDP was pulled down by “sluggish growth” in manufacturing and a deceleration in mining and quarrying. Manufacturing, which accounts for over

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) TRUMP THREAT TO BRICS: GIVE UP IDEA OF REPLACING DOLLAR OR FACE 100% TARIFFS Syllabus: Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Setting the stage to counter any challenge to the dollar’s domination in global trade, US President-elect Donald Trump has threatened the BRICS grouping with “100 per cent tariffs” if they moved to create a new currency or back any other option as the world’s reserve. Background: – BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, the original five members. This year, the group admitted four new members — Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and UAE — and now represents almost half the world’s population and almost one quarter of its economy. Key takeaways USD accounts for over 90 per cent of global transactions. Trump’s latest remarks come amid divergent views on the issue at the BRICS summit in October. Russian President Vladimir Putin had warned that the “dollar is being used as a weapon”. But Prime Minister Modi had cautioned that the grouping should not acquire the image of one that is trying to replace global institutions. Several countries have been looking at other “mechanisms” after the US “weaponised the global financial infrastructure” by throwing Iran and Russia out of the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), which is the key to international transactions. IMF’s Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER) has pointed to a gradual decline in the dollar’s share of central bank and government foreign reserves. But the reduced role of the US dollar over the past two decades has not been matched by corresponding increases in the shares of the other “big four” currencies, the euro, yen and pound. Rather, this has been accompanied by a rise in the share of what we refer to as non-traditional reserve currencies, including the Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, Chinese renminbi, South Korean won, Singaporean dollar, and the Nordic currencies. Significantly, the IMF also said that one non-traditional reserve currency gaining market share is the Chinese renminbi, whose gains match a quarter of the decline in the dollar’s share.  The Chinese government has been advancing policies on multiple fronts to promote renminbi internationalization, including the development of a cross-border payment system, the extension of swap lines, and piloting a central bank digital currency. In India, an effort to reduce reliance on the US dollar and internationalise the rupee saw the RBI allowing invoicing and payments for global trade in rupees in 2022 after sanctions were imposed on Russia amid the Ukraine war. According to the BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey 2022, foreign exchange market turnover — daily averages — shows that the US dollar accounted for 88 per cent of the global forex turnover while the rupee accounted for 1.6 per cent. The survey stated that if rupee turnover rises to equal the share of non-US, non-Euro currencies in global forex turnover of 4 per cent, it will be regarded as an international currency. Source: Indian Express   THE TOXINS OF THE BHOPAL DISASTER Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Forty years after the Bhopal disaster on December 2-3, 1984, several hundred tonnes of toxic waste still remain around the ill-fated Union Carbide plant. Background: – Despite pleas from locals and activists — bolstered over the years by orders from the National Green Tribunal and the Supreme Court — to dispose of the waste, the Madhya Pradesh government has only been able to get rid of a small fraction. Key takeaways Union Carbide India, Ltd. (UCIL) built the Bhopal plant in the 1960s to manufacture an insecticide called carbaryl using a reaction of methyl isocyanate (MIC) with 1-naphthol.  MIC is a highly toxic compound. It reacts with water at high temperatures and its reaction with water also releases heat. On the night of December 2, 1984, a large quantity of water entered a tank storing MIC at the plant such that the MIC was soon boiling. Facilities at the plant to cool the tank were otherwise diverted, leaving MIC vapours to escape to the environment and spread. MIC doesn’t have a particular smell at concentrations at which other gases may become noticeable but it can irritate the eyes. However, given the hours, most of the people exposed to the gas were asleep. The Union Carbide Corporation has never officially specified which gases were leaked from the plant, including MIC. This decision also compromised health workers’ ability to respond effectively to the hordes of people who showed up in clinics and hospitals in Bhopal that night and the next day.  Some visual cues, including the blood-red colour of the viscera of those who died, also raised concerns that hydrogen cyanide was present in the fumes. What are the toxins at the plant? A report by Greenpeace released in 1999, based on analyses of samples collected at the site reported the presence of mercury, chromium, copper, nickel, and lead. The report also noted the presence of hexachlorobutadiene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and trichlorobenzene, among other compounds. How toxic are heavy metals? Chromium, copper, lead, mercury, and nickel are classified as heavy metals because their density is at least 5x that of water.  Mercury has been known to damage multiple organs even at low concentrations by accumulating in soft tissue and preventing normal cellular function. There is evidence for arsenic and its compounds being able to cause cancers of the urinary bladder and the lungs; for hexavalent chromium to cause cancers of the lungs; and for nickel and its mixtures to cause cancers of the lungs, nose, nasal cavity, and the paranasal sinuses. Chromium is an essential nutrient required by the human body to promote the action of insulin for the utilisation of sugars, proteins and fats. But high doses of chromium and long exposure can give rise to various cytotoxic and genotoxic reactions that affect the immune system of the body. Lead is capable of damaging chlorophyll and disrupting photosynthesis in plants and rendering structural damage to cells and hampering their ability to produce energy in animals. How are organic compounds harmful? Hexachlorobutadiene is a possible carcinogen. When inhaled, ingested, or

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) NANDALAL BOSE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ART & CULTURE Context: 3rd December marked the birth anniversary of Nandalal Bose, who is recognized as one of the pioneers of modern Indian art and a prominent figure in the neo-Bengal school. Background: – Bose played a significant role in training generations of artists. He was greatly admired by his contemporaries and inspired his students to draw inspiration from both nature and various art traditions, just as he did. Key takeaways Born in Munger, Bihar, on December 3, 1882, Bose was one of the greatest exponents of modern art.  He was mentored by Abanindranath Tagore and was renowned for his distinctive “Indian style” of painting. In 1922, he became the principal of Kala Bhavan in Santiniketan. His influences encompassed many styles, including Japanese Nihonga traditions, Mughal and Rajasthani miniatures, palm-leaf manuscripts, and murals found in the Ajanta Caves. Notable Works: Some of his famous works include “Yama and Savitri” (1913) and “Kirat-Arjuna”. During a period when India’s artistic traditions had significantly diminished due to years of British colonial rule, Nandalal Bose played a pivotal role in the cultural regeneration and independence of the nation through his contributions in art and education. Nandalal Bose passed away in 1966, in Santiniketan, West Bengal. He received numerous accolades including the Padma Vibhushan. The National Gallery of Modern Art houses over 6,800 of his works in its collection. Archaeological Survey of India has recognised the works of Nandalal Bose as “art treasures” under the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972.  Source: Indian Express   RATAPANI TIGER RESERVE Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: The Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh was declared a tiger reserve following in-principle approval from the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change through the National Tiger Conservation Authority. Background: – This development comes against the backdrop of Madhav National Park (Madhya Pradesh) also receiving approval to be declared a tiger reserve.  Ratapani is the 57th tiger reserve in India, marking a significant step in tiger conservation efforts Key takeaways The notification delineates the core and buffer areas, making Ratapani the eighth tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh.  The core area spans 763.8 square kilometers, while the buffer area covers 507.6 square kilometers, making the total area of the Ratapani Tiger Reserve 1,271.4 square kilometers. The notification was issued under Section 38V of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, acknowledging the core area as a critical tiger habitat.  Sitting in the lap of the Vindhya hills, the sanctuary encompasses a World Heritage Site – the Bhimbetka Rock Shelters – and many historical and religious destinations. The reserve is home to a rich variety of flora and fauna, including teak forests, bamboo, and a diverse range of wildlife. Source: Indian Express LAND DEGRADATION IS THREATENING EARTH’S CAPACITY TO SUSTAIN HUMANITY Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Land degradation is undermining Earth’s capacity to sustain humanity, and failure to reverse it will pose challenges for generations to come, a new United Nations report found. Background: The analysis has been carried out by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) — a legally binding framework to address desertification — in collaboration with Germany’s Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Key takeaways According to UNCCD, land degradation is the reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rainfed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest and woodlands resulting from a combination of pressures, including land use and management practices. A million sq km of land is getting degraded each year, with an estimated 15 million sq km already impacted — more than the entire continent of Antarctica — by land degradation, the report titled Stepping back from the precipice: Transforming land management to stay within planetary boundaries said. What is causing land degradation? Unsustainable agricultural practices such as the heavy use of chemical inputs, pesticides, and water diversion are the foremost drivers of land degradation, the report said. That is because such practices lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and pollution. Another factor is climate change. Global warming has worsened land degradation by increasing frequency, intensity and/ or amount of heavy precipitation, and increased heat stress. Then there is rapid urbanisation, which has intensified land degradation by contributing to habitat destruction, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Impacts of Land Degradation Human Health and Nutrition Reduces the quality and quantity of food production, increasing the risk of malnutrition. Contributes to water- and food-borne diseases due to poor hygiene and scarcity of clean water. Causes respiratory diseases from soil erosion. Impact on Marine and Freshwater Systems Eroded soil carrying fertilizers and pesticides contaminates water bodies. Harms aquatic fauna and affects local communities dependent on these ecosystems. Contribution to Climate Change Degraded soil releases carbon (CO2 and nitrous oxide), intensifying global warming. Soil, a major terrestrial carbon sink, loses its ability to sequester carbon. Reduced Carbon Absorption by Ecosystems Land ecosystems’ capacity to absorb human-caused CO2 has declined by 20% in the last decade. Previously, these ecosystems absorbed nearly one-third of human-caused emissions. Source: Indian Express WORLD WILDLIFE CONSERVATION DAY Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: Let’s have a look at India’s wildlife on World Wildlife Conservation Day. Background: – World Wildlife Conservation Day is observed annually on December 4th. The day highlights the critical challenges facing wildlife populations, including extinction, endangerment, and illegal wildlife trade. Key takeaways Despite possessing only 2.4% of the world’s land area, India accounts for 7-8% of all recorded species, which includes 45,000 species of plants and 91,000 of animals. This rich biodiversity is one of the reasons that it has been identified as a megadiverse country. India has 10 biogeographic zones and is home to 8.58% of the mammalian species documented so far, with the corresponding figures for avian species being 13.66%, for reptiles 7.91%, for amphibians 4.66%, for fish 11.72% and for plants 11.8%. Four of the 34 globally identified biodiversity hotspots, namely the Himalayas, Indo-Burma, the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka and Sundaland, are located in India. Risk

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) PRODUCTION-LINKED INCENTIVE (PLI) AND JOB CREATION Syllabus: Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Government’s flagship Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to boost domestic manufacturing has been a mixed bag so far in terms of job creation. Background: – Data obtained through RTI reveals that sectors such as textiles and advanced chemical cells are yet to make a mark, some others such as mobile phones, food processing and pharma have done very well, and some like auto, IT hardware and specialty steel are slow to gain momentum. Key takeaways The PLI scheme aims to boost domestic manufacturing and generate employment across 14 sectors, including textiles, advanced chemical cells (ACC), solar modules, auto and auto components, IT hardware, specialty steel, mobile phones, telecom, medical devices, white goods, pharmaceuticals, food processing, drones, and drug intermediates. Job Creation under PLI Scheme Overall Performance: The scheme has created 5.84 lakh direct jobs till June 2024. This constitutes 36% of the total 16.2 lakh direct jobs targeted over the next five years or so across the 14 sectors. Sector-Wise Contribution: Just three sectors – food processing, pharmaceuticals, and mobile phones (large-scale electronics manufacturing) – accounted for over 75% (4.47 lakh) of the total jobs created. Performance of sectors under PLI: Mobile Phones (Large-Scale Electronics Manufacturing): Created 1.22 lakh jobs, establishing a strong assembly base in India. Companies like Apple have contributed significantly via contract assemblers such as Foxconn, shifting production from China to India. Food Processing Sector: Created 2.45 lakh jobs (against a target of 2.5 lakh jobs by 2026-27). Pharmaceuticals Sector: Performed well, contributing significantly to job creation. Underperforming Sectors an slow moving sectors: Automobiles and Auto Components: Created 32,081 jobs against a five-year target of 1.45 lakh jobs. Solar Modules: Created 9,521 jobs against a target of 1.95 lakh over five years. Textiles: Target: 2.5 lakh jobs by 2026. Actual: Only 12,607 jobs created over two years and three months till June 2024. Stakeholders cite difficult eligibility criteria for smaller entities. Advanced Chemical Cell (ACC) Battery Storage: Aims to establish giga-scale battery facilities. Actual: Only 802 jobs created as production has not yet commenced. Selected Bidders: Ola, Reliance Industries, etc. Specialty Steel and IT Hardware: Progress is slow, with employment targets yet to be met. Source: Indian Express   ICJ BEGINS HEARING ON CLIMATE CHANGE CASE Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) began hearings in a landmark climate change case, examining what countries worldwide are legally required to do to combat climate change and help vulnerable nations fight its devastating impact. Background: – Lawyers and representatives from more than 100 countries and organisations will make submissions before the ICJ in The Hague. What are the hearings about? The two central questions asked of the Court are as follows:  What are the obligations of States under international law to ensure the protection of the climate system and other parts of the environment from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases for States and for present and future generations; What are the legal consequences under these obligations for States where they, by their acts and omissions, have caused significant harm to the climate system and other parts of the environment, with respect to: States, including, in particular, small island developing States, which due to their geographical circumstances and level of development, are injured or specifically affected by, or are particularly vulnerable to, the adverse effects of climate change? Peoples and individuals of the present and future generations affected by the adverse effects of climate change?  How did this case come to the ICJ?  In September 2021, the Pacific island of Vanuatu announced its intention to seek an advisory opinion from the ICJ on climate change. Vanuatu then lobbied other countries and formed the core group of UN Member States to take the initiative forward. The discussions within the core group led to resolution A/RES/77/276, which was adopted by the General Assembly on 29 March 2023. The resolution drew upon “particular regard” to the UN Charter, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Paris Agreement, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and rights recognised in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, “the principle of prevention of significant harm to the environment and the duty to protect and preserve the marine environment”.  Who is authorised to request advisory opinions ?  Advisory proceedings are only open to five organs of the United Nations and 16 specialised agencies of the UN.  While the UN General Assembly and Security Council may request advisory opinions on “any legal question”, the other UN organs and specialised agencies can only do so with respect to “legal questions arising within the scope of their activities”.  Why is this case so significant? This case is the largest ever seen by the world court. Significantly, they are taking place a week after developing nations criticised a deal at COP29 to provide $300 billion a year in climate finance by 2035, calling the agreement “insulting” and arguing it did not give them the resources they require to address the climate crisis. With small island developing states already facing impacts of climate change, these hearings are vital to establish a stronger framework of accountability that sets clear international legal obligations for climate action. What effect can an advisory opinion have?  Court’s advisory opinions are not binding. They clarify legal questions. The requesting organ, agency or organization – the General Assembly in this particular case – remains free to decide, as it sees fit, what effect to give to these opinions.   Advisory opinions carry great moral authority by what is considered the world’s highest court and the principal judicial body of the UN.  This opinion on climate change can help inform subsequent judicial proceedings such as domestic cases, influence the diplomatic process and will likely be cited in thousands of climate-driven lawsuits around the world. Source: UN News ARAVALI GREEN WALL PROJECT (AGWP) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: At United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) CoP16, India

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) AFRICA IN THE SPOTLIGHT Syllabus: Mains – GS 1 & GS 2 Context: During his recent visit to Nigeria, Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasised India’s increasing engagement with the African continent. Background: – The Prime Minister highlighted Nigeria’s potential as a major hub for Africa’s development. He also noted that in the last five years, India has opened 18 new embassies across Africa, reflecting its commitment to fostering deeper ties. Key takeaways Africa is the world’s second-largest continent, covering about 20 per cent of Earth’s land area and 6 per cent of its total surface area.  As the second-most-populous continent, Africa’s population of approximately 1.52 billion accounts for about 18 per cent of the world’s population. Algeria is Africa’s largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. Notably, Africa’s population is the youngest, with a median age of 19.2 years, in comparison to the global average of 30.6 years.  Moreover, urbanisation is occurring at a rapid rate in Africa, reflecting on the trend of urban migration driven by economic opportunities and population growth.  Several factors such as geographic challenges, climate change, colonialism, the Cold War’s lingering impacts, neocolonialism and corruption contribute to Africa’s economic miseries. Despite challenges, Africa hosts some of the fastest-growing economies such as Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Ghana.  Economic expansion, vast natural resources (like oil, gas, minerals, and arable land), and the young population make Africa a vital region for the world.   Africa is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world. However, this rich biodiversity is under threat due to various environmental issues such as desertification, deforestation, water scarcity, and pollution. Climate change further amplifies these concerns.  The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has identified Africa as the most vulnerable continent due to its low adaptive capacity, economic reliance on climate-sensitive sectors, and widespread poverty. Scramble for Africa The transatlantic slave trade between 15th and 19th centuries transported an estimated 7–12 million Africans to the New World (the Americas). Africans were primarily transported to work as laborers in mines or fields or on plantations (sugar, tobacco, and cotton).  Driven largely by the economic demands of the Second Industrial Revolution during the 19th and 20th centuries, rapid conquest and colonisation of most of the African continent by seven Western European powers occurred, often referred to as the “Scramble for Africa”.  The phenomenon resulted in nearly 90 per cent of Africa falling under European control by 1914, drastically reshaping the continent’s political, economic, and social landscapes. In 1870, only about 10 per cent of the continent was formally under European control (primarily coastal regions). The 1884 Berlin Conference, organised by Otto von Bismarck, regulated European colonisation and resulted in the “scramble” by dividing African territories among European powers and drawing arbitrary borders. Current challenges The continent currently faces multiple challenges like poverty, deprivation, epidemics, control of natural resources, conflict, civil strife and insurgencies. It is also becoming a battleground for global power struggle.  Almost every global and emerging power has established institutional mechanisms to regularly engage the continent, like FOCOC (Forum on China-Africa Cooperation) by China, TICAD (Tokyo International Conference on African Development) by Japan and IAFS (India-Africa Forum Summit) by India.  Source: Indian Express   MAURYAN EMPIRE Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has resumed excavations at Kumhrar Park in Patna. It hides an ancient architectural marvel – stumps and pits where 80 sandstone pillars once stood, holding up what was possibly a Buddhist assembly hall from the Mauryan era. Background: – In 2004-2005, ASI had covered up the area with soil after the rising water table submerged the pillar stumps. Now, 20 years later, the ASI has decided to uncover the pillars that are a key part of the evidence linking Pataliputra, the seat of the Mauryan empire, to present-day Patna. Historians believe that it was here, in this open-air hall, with its 80 pillars standing on a wooden floor and holding up a wooden ceiling, that Emperor Ashoka, who ruled between 268 and 280 BCE, called a decisive meeting of the third Buddhist Council to unify the faction-ridden Buddhist sangha. Key Milestones and Rulers of Mauryan Empire Chandragupta Maurya (322 BCE – 297 BCE) Established the Mauryan Empire after overthrowing the Nanda Dynasty with the help of Chanakya (Kautilya). United most of India under one centralized administration, creating the first pan-Indian empire. Defeated Seleucus Nicator (305 BCE) in the northwest and signed a treaty, receiving territories like Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Retired and became a Jain monk in his later years. Bindusara (297 BCE – 273 BCE) Expanded the empire further into southern India (except Tamil Nadu and Kerala). Maintained diplomatic relations with the Hellenistic world. Known as Amitraghata (Slayer of Enemies) in Greek accounts. Ashoka the Great (268 BCE – 232 BCE) Consolidated and expanded the empire to its greatest extent, covering almost all of the Indian subcontinent. Famous for the Kalinga War (261 BCE), after which he embraced Buddhism due to its horrors. Promoted Buddhism across Asia and sent missionaries to Sri Lanka, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. Convened the Third Buddhist Council at Pataliputra. Issued Edicts of Ashoka inscribed on pillars and rocks, spreading messages of Dhamma (righteousness). Administrative and Economic Features Capital: Pataliputra (modern-day Patna). Centralized Administration: A highly organized bureaucracy with provincial governors. Revenue System: Land revenue as the main source of income. Army: A large standing army and a well-organized spy system. Economic Growth: Encouraged trade and commerce; the empire had a well-maintained road system like the Grand Trunk Road. Decline of the Mauryan Empire Weak successors after Ashoka led to decentralization. The empire collapsed in 185 BCE after the assassination of the last ruler, Brihadratha, by his general Pushyamitra Shunga, who established the Shunga Dynasty. Source: Indian Express AKAL TAKHT Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: President of the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) Sukhbir Singh Badal faced an attempt on life at the entrance of the Golden Temple where he was on guard duty (as punishment). Background: The former Deputy

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) OILFIELDS (REGULATION AND DEVELOPMENT) AMENDMENT BILL, 2024 Syllabus: Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Rajya Sabha recently passed the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024. Background: – The Bill amends the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act of 1948. It draws a clear line between the law governing the mining of “minerals” — defined under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 — and the Oilfields Act. What is the Oilfields Bill? When the Oilfields Act was first passed it was known as the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948. This sole legislation governed and regulated oilfields, mines and minerals until 1957, when the present-day Mines and Minerals Act came into force. To demarcate the spheres in which the two Acts would operate, the 1948 legislation was renamed the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948, and its language was amended to replace references to “minerals” with “mineral oils”. However, the Act does not define “mineral oil”, an oversight that the current Oilfields Bill aims to correct. Key provisions of the bill Expanded Definition of Mineral Oils: Includes unconventional hydrocarbons: coal bed methane, oil shale, shale gas, shale oil, tight gas, tight oil, and gas hydrates. Excludes coal, lignite, and helium occurring in the petroleum process. Petroleum Lease: It has been defined as a lease granted for “prospecting, exploration, development, production, making merchantable, carrying away or disposing of mineral oils”. Expanded Regulatory Powers of the Centre: Includes emission reduction, oilfield usage for green technologies (e.g., hydrogen production, carbon capture), lease mergers, and dispute resolution. Decriminalization of Offences: Shifts focus from criminal penalties to administrative fines for lease-related infractions. Raises fines  to ensure compliance. Opening No-Go Areas for Exploration: Allows exploration in previously restricted areas, such as near missile testing sites. Significance and Impact Boost to Domestic Output: Enhances exploration and production of both conventional and unconventional resources. Reduces reliance on oil imports, which currently outpace exports by threefold. Policy Stability for Producers: Enables efficient operations by reducing redundant approvals and providing a predictable regulatory environment. Green Energy Integration: Encourages use of oilfields for green initiatives like hydrogen production and carbon capture. Lays groundwork for future incentives to make decarbonization projects viable. Economic Implications: Streamlined processes improve private sector participation. Supports long-term goals of energy security and reduced import dependency. Source: Indian Express   LAKE EFFECT SNOW Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: Recently, parts of US north-east saw substantial snowfall thanks to a phenomenon known as “lake-effect snow”. Background: – Western New York state was hit particularly hard, with nearly 4ft (1.22m) of snow accumulating in just four days. In response to the heavy snowfall, New York and Pennsylvania declared states of emergency. Key takeaways Lake-effect snow is a weather phenomenon that occurs when cold air moves over relatively warmer lake waters. This process can lead to significant snowfall, especially in regions downwind of the lakes. Formation: Cold Air: Cold air moves over the warmer waters of large lakes. Moisture Uplift: The warm lake water heats the lower layer of air, causing it to rise. As the moist air rises, it cools and condenses, forming clouds. Snowfall: These clouds can produce heavy snowfall, often in narrow bands. The snowfall rates can exceed several inches per hour. Key Factors: Temperature Difference: A significant temperature difference between the lake surface and the air above is crucial for lake-effect snow formation. Wind Direction: The direction and speed of the wind determine where the snow bands will form and how far they will travel inland. Lake Size: Larger lakes, like the Great Lakes in North America, can produce more intense lake-effect snow. Examples: Great Lakes Region: The areas around the Great Lakes, such as Buffalo, New York, and parts of Michigan, often experience significant lake-effect snow. Other Locations: Similar phenomena can occur near other large lakes, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah and Lake Baikal in Russia. Source: Guardian MAHAPARINIRVAN DIWAS Syllabus: Prelims – HISTORY Context: Mahaparinirvan Diwas is observed annually on December 6 to commemorate the death anniversary of Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar. Background: According to Buddhist texts, Lord Buddha’s death is considered to be Mahaparinirvan, the Sanskrit term for ‘nirvana after death’. Parinirvan is considered liberation from Samara, karma, and the cycle of death and birth. Ambedkar’s followers believe he was as influential as Lord Buddha, which is why his death anniversary is observed as Mahaparinirvan Divas.  Key takeaways Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, born on April 14, 1891, in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh, dedicated his life to uplifting marginalized communities who faced systemic social discrimination. He proposed revolutionary steps to empower the oppressed, including reservations in education, employment, and politics.  He launched the newspaper Mooknayaka (Leader of the Silent) to amplify the voices of the downtrodden. He established the Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha (Outcastes Welfare Association) in 1923 to spread education, improve economic conditions, and address societal inequalities.  His leadership in historic movements such as the Mahad March (1927) for access to public water and the temple entry movement at Kalaram Temple (1930) challenged caste hierarchies and priestly dominance. Dr. B R Ambedkar’s pivotal role in the Poona Pact of 1932, which replaced separate electorates with reserved seats for Dalits, marked a turning point in India’s fight for social justice. Ambedkar’s doctoral thesis inspired the establishment of the Finance Commission of India. At the same time, his ideas were instrumental in framing the guidelines for the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act, 1934. He was one of the founders of Employment Exchanges in our country.  He championed systemic advancements such as the foundation of Employment Exchanges, the establishment of the National Power Grid System, and pivotal projects like the Damodar Valley Project, Hirakud Dam Project, and Sone River Project, showcasing his foresight in infrastructure and resource management. As Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, Ambedkar played a pivotal role in crafting the Indian Constitution, presenting a draft in 1948 that was adopted with minimal changes. Dr. BR Ambedkar’s multifaceted contributions from economic policy and infrastructure to constitutional law cemented his legacy as a nation-builder, committed to fostering a just and equitable India. Source:

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) COPYRIGHT ACT Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Recently, Dhanush sent a legal notice to Nayanthara, demanding Rs. 10 crore for allegedly infringing the copyright over a movie. Background: – The Copyright Act, 1957 is a comprehensive legal framework in India that governs copyright protection and enforcement. The Act has been amended multiple times, with significant amendments in 1983, 1984, 1992, 1994, 1999, and 2012. Key provisions of the Copyright Act Copyright grants exclusive rights to the creator of original works such as literary, artistic, musical, or dramatic works, including films, computer programs, and sound recordings. The Act provides the owner with economic and moral rights: Economic Rights: Right to reproduce, distribute, communicate to the public, and adapt the work. Moral Rights: Right to claim authorship and object to distortion or mutilation of the work. Duration of Copyright Protection: Literary, Artistic, Dramatic, and Musical Works: Life of the author + 60 years. Cinematograph Films, Sound Recordings, and Anonymous Works: 60 years from the year of publication. The law provides protection to the transformative work which is a creative/ artistic work that takes existing material (text, music, art) and significantly modifies, reinterprets, or builds upon it to create something new and distinct. For example, the comedy group AIB’s 2015 spoof video ‘Every Bollywood Party song’ starring the late actor Irrfan, was a parody of rapper Yo Yo Honey Singh’s ‘Party all night’, and it would not amount to infringement as it can be termed as inspired work. According to the copyright law, no exclusive intellectual property rights apply to creative works in the public domain. So, the Old Testament and New Testament, or the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible, one of the most widely used translations of the Bible, are not protected by copyright. Similarly, the Ramayana and Mahabharata are not protected by copyright, but the television series Ramayana created by Ramanand Sagar or B R Chopra’s Mahabharata are “transformative works” that are protected. Copyright infringement: A copyrighted work will be considered “infringed” only if a substantial part is made use of without authorisation. Section 52 lists acts that don’t constitute infringement, even in cases where one has a copyright over the work. Section 52(1)(a) exempts “a fair dealing with any work” from being termed “infringement” if it’s for private or personal use, like research, criticism or review, or reporting of current events and affairs. Source: Indian Express   MARBURG VIRUS DISEASE (MVD) Syllabus: Prelims – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: The World Health Organisation (WHO) has issued a warning for the Marburg virus disease. Background: – An outbreak of deadly Marburg virus disease (MVD), often referred to as the ‘bleeding eye virus’, has killed at least 15 people, and infected at least 66 in Rwanda. Key takeaways The Marburg virus is a highly infectious pathogen that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. Causative Agents: The Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV) are the causative agents of Marburg virus disease (MVD). Family: Both viruses belong to the Filoviridae family, which also includes the Ebola virus. First Detection: The virus was first identified in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany, and in Belgrade, Serbia, during laboratory work with African green monkeys imported from Uganda. Transmission: Natural Host: The natural host of the Marburg virus is the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Animal to Human: Direct contact with bat feces, saliva, or tissues of infected animals. Human-to-Human Transmission: The virus spreads among humans through direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs, or other bodily fluids of infected individuals. High-Risk Activities: Transmission can occur through close contact with infected individuals, contaminated objects, and during burial ceremonies involving direct contact with the body of the deceased. Symptoms: Initial Symptoms: High fever, severe headache, chills, muscle aches, and a rash with flat and raised bumps. Severe Symptoms: As the disease progresses, symptoms can include liver failure, delirium, shock, bleeding (hemorrhaging), and multi-organ dysfunction. Fatality Rate: The average case fatality rate is around 50%, but it can vary from 24% to 88% depending on the virus strain and case management. Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis: MVD is diagnosed through blood tests such as ELISA or RT-PCR. Treatment: There is no specific antiviral treatment for MVD. Supportive care, including rehydration therapy and symptomatic management, improves survival. Preventive Measures: Preventive measures include avoiding contact with bats in mines or caves, using protective clothing, and isolating infected individuals. Source: Hindustan Times PM SURYA GHAR MUFT BIJLI YOJANA Syllabus: Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Around 1.45 crore registrations have been made under the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana and 6.34 lakh installations completed, Parliament was informed recently. Background: As per official data, Gujarat has seen the maximum solar installations under the scheme at 2,86,545, followed by Maharashtra with 1,26,344 installations and Uttar Pradesh at 53,423. Key takeaways The PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana is a Central Sector Scheme.  Launch Date: February 15, 2024. Objective: PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana targets to achieve 1 crore rooftop solar installations in residential sector by FY27 with an outlay of Rs 75,021 crore. Key Features: Subsidy: The scheme offers a subsidy of 60% for systems up to 2 kW capacity and 40% for systems between 2 to 3 kW capacity. Free Electricity: Eligible households will receive up to 300 units of free electricity every month. Eligibility: Indian citizens who own a house with a suitable roof and have a valid electricity connection. Application Process: Interested households can register on the national portal, select their state and electricity distribution company, and apply for the rooftop solar system. Benefits: Financial Relief: Reduces electricity costs for households. Sustainable Energy: Promotes the use of renewable energy and reduces carbon emissions. Energy Independence: Enhances energy security by reducing reliance on traditional power sources. Model Solar Village Under the “Model Solar Village” component of the scheme, the focus is on establishing one Model Solar Village per district throughout India.  This initiative aims to promote solar energy adoption and empower village communities to achieve energy

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) DIGITAL AGRICULTURE MISSION Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Gujarat became the first State in the country to generate Farmer IDs for 25% of the targeted number of farmers in the State. The Farmer ID is part of  Digital Agriculture Mission. Background: – A Farmer ID is a unique digital identity of farmers based on Aadhaar, linked dynamically to the State’s land records system, which means the Farmer ID gets automatically updated with the changes in the land record details of an individual farmer. Key provisions of the Copyright Act The Digital Agriculture Mission is designed as an umbrella scheme to support various digital agriculture initiatives. These include creating Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), implementing the Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES), and supporting IT initiatives by the Central Government, State Governments, and Academic and Research Institutions. The scheme is built on two foundational pillars: Agri Stack Krishi Decision Support System. Additionally, the mission includes ‘Soil Profile Mapping’ and aims to enable farmer-centric digital services to provide timely and reliable information for the agriculture sector. AgriStack: Kisan ki Pehchaan AgriStack is designed as a farmer-centric Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) to streamline services and scheme delivery to farmers. It comprises three key components: 1. Farmers’ Registry 2. Geo-referenced village maps 3. Crop Sown Registry A crucial feature of AgriStack is the introduction of a ‘Farmer ID’, similar to Aadhaar card, serving as a trusted digital identity for farmers.  Krishi Decision Support System The Krishi Decision Support System (DSS) will integrate remote sensing data on crops, soil, weather, and water resources into a comprehensive geospatial system.  Soil Profile Mapping Under the mission, detailed soil profile maps on a 1:10,000 scale for approximately 142 million hectares of agricultural land have been envisaged, with 29 million hectares of soil profile inventory already being mapped. The Digital Agriculture Mission focuses on grassroots implementation, targeting farmers as the primary beneficiaries. Some of the key benefits of the mission include: Digital authentication for accessing services and benefits, reducing paperwork and the need for physical visits. Enhanced efficiency and transparency in government schemes, crop insurance, and loan systems through accurate data on crop area and yield. Crop map generation and monitoring for better disaster response and insurance claims. Development of digital infrastructure to optimize value chains and provide tailored advisory services for crop planning, health, pest management, and irrigation. Source: PIB   MARKHOR Syllabus: Prelims – ENVIRONMENT Context: A male markhor, one of the most elusive large mammals in India, was rescued by wildlife authorities after straying into Noorkhah village near Baramulla in north Kashmir.  Background: – The village, located close to the Kazinag National Park and the Line of Control, forms part of the species. Key takeaways The Markhor (Capra falconeri) is a large wild goat species native to the mountainous regions of South Asia and Central Asia, particularly in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and parts of India (Jammu and Kashmir). Conservation Status: Listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List since 2015. CITES: Listed under Appendix I, prohibiting international trade of the species. National Animal: The national animal of Pakistan, where it is also known as the “screw-horned goat” due to its distinctive corkscrew-shaped horns. Etymology: The name “Markhor” comes from the Pashto and Persian words meaning “snake-eater,” referencing an ancient belief that the Markhor would consume snakes. Physical Characteristics: Horns: Both males and females have tightly curled, corkscrew-like horns, with males’ horns growing up to 160 cm (63 in) long. Coat: The coat is grizzled, light brown to black in color, and varies in length and thickness with the seasons. Habitat: Elevation: They inhabit mountainous terrain between 600 and 3,600 meters (2,000 and 11,800 feet) in elevation. Environment: They are typically found in shrub forests with oaks, pines, and junipers. Behavior: Activity: Diurnal, with peak activity in the early morning and late afternoon. Diet: Herbivorous, grazing on grasses in spring and summer, and browsing on leaves and shoots in winter. Reproduction: Mating season occurs in winter, with males engaging in horn-locking fights to establish dominance. Threats: Habitat Loss: Deforestation and land conversion for agriculture. Illegal Wildlife Trade: Poaching for meat and prized horns. Predation: Natural predators include snow leopards, brown bears, lynxes, jackals, and golden eagle. Source: Times of India LONAR LAKE Syllabus: Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: The Maharashtra government plans to submit a proposal to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to include the famous Lonar Lake in Buldhana district in the Unesco World Heritage Sites list. Background: After reaching ASI, the proposal will undergo a detailed review before being submitted to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. If accepted, Lonar Lake will become India’s 41st Unesco World Heritage Site, alongside iconic places like the Ajanta and Ellora Caves, Elephanta Caves, and Mumbai’s Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus. Key takeaways Lonar Lake is a geological and ecological marvel located in the Buldhana district of Maharashtra. Formation: Lonar Lake is a meteor crater lake formed approximately 50,000 years ago by a high-velocity meteor impact. Geological Significance: It is one of only four known hyper-velocity impact craters in basaltic rock on Earth. The other three basaltic impact structures are in southern Brazil. It is a notified National Geo-heritage Monument. National Geological Monuments are geographical areas of national importance and heritage, as notified by Geological Survey of India (GSI), for their maintenance, protection, promotion and enhancement of geotourism. Dimensions: The lake has a diameter of 1.2 kilometers (3,900 feet) and a depth of 150 meters (490 feet). Physical Characteristics: Water Composition: The lake’s water is both saline and alkaline, making it unique. It is seven times saltier than seawater. Color Variations: The lake’s color changes from green to pink depending on the season and water conditions, caused by microorganisms thriving in its saline and alkaline environment. Ramsar Site: Declared a Ramsar Wetland in November 2020, highlighting its ecological importance. Cultural Significance: Temples: The lake is surrounded by over 15 ancient temples, some dating back 1,200 years. The most significant temple is the Daitya Sudan temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Local

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) OPPOSITION SET TO SUBMIT NOTICE FOR RESOLUTION TO IMPEACH DHANKHAR Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: In an unprecedented move, about 60 Opposition MPs belonging to the INDIA bloc submitted a notice in New Delhi on Tuesday at the Rajya Sabha Secretary General P.C. Mody’s office, seeking the removal of the Chairperson of the Upper House, Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar.  Background: – Alleging that Mr. Dhankhar, since assuming the office of Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, had conducted the proceedings in an “extremely biased” manner, the Opposition members also presented a six-point “charge-sheet” against him in the notice. Key takeaways The Vice President of India can be removed from office through a resolution passed by Parliament under Article 67(b) of the Constitution. While often referred to as “impeachment,” the process for the Vice President’s removal is distinct from the impeachment process for the President. Constitutional Provisions Article 63: Establishes the office of the Vice President. Article 64: States that the Vice President is also the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Article 67(b): Outlines the removal procedure of the Vice President. Procedure for Removal Initiation: The removal resolution must be moved in the Rajya Sabha. The motion must be signed by at least one-fourth of the total members of the Rajya Sabha. Notice Period: A 14-day prior notice is required before the motion is taken up for consideration. Special Majority: The resolution must be passed by a majority of all members of the Rajya Sabha  whose seats are not vacant and agreed to by the Lok Sabha through a simple majority (majority of members present and voting). Grounds for Removal The Constitution does not specify the grounds for the removal of the Vice President. It is left to the discretion of Parliament, making the process political rather than judicial. Comparison with Presidential Impeachment Impeachment of the President (Article 61) involves: Judicial Inquiry: Charges of violation of the Constitution. Special Procedure: A more stringent process requiring two-thirds majority in both Houses. In contrast, the removal of the Vice President is simpler and purely a parliamentary procedure. Key Point to Note The process has never been invoked in Indian history, reflecting the stability of the office and its largely ceremonial nature. Source: The Hindu   EXTENT OF THE GLOBAL SOLAR Syllabus: Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: The World Solar Report 2024 by the International Solar Alliance (ISA) was released recently. Background: – From 1.22 GW in 2000, the world’s solar capacity has surged to 1,419 GW in 2023, charting a CAGR of about 36%. Today, solar capacity represents three-quarters of all renewable capacity additions worldwide. What are new solar technologies? Quantum dot solar cells have achieved a record-breaking efficiency of 18.1%. Researchers are creating self-healing solar panels to extend the lifespan and reduce the maintenance of existing solar cell technologies.  Solar-powered phyto-mining uses solar energy to power the extraction of valuable metals from soil-using plants, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional mining practices.  Solar paver blocks integrated with building infrastructure and BIPV (Building Integrated PV), like transparent solar panels, allow light transmission and visibility. The development of these alternative technologies will reduce reliance on critical materials like lithium and rare earth elements.  The solar sector is also prioritising recycling panels and implementing circular economy practices to minimise environmental impact. Have reducing costs helped? The 2024 World Solar Report shows that the average auction prices for utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) projects have consistently decreased across all regions. Utility-scale solar PV costs averaged $40/MWh in 2024.  India topped the global charts in solar PV capacity granted through auctions, securing a notable auction price of $34/MWh. As of 2023, China dominates solar PV as 43% (609 GW) of the cumulative capacity of solar panels installed globally is from China. The U.S. contributes 10% (137.73 GW). Japan, Germany, and India each captured a 5-6% share.  Has solar impacted other industries? Employment in the solar PV sector rose to 7.1 million jobs in 2023, up from 4.9 million in 2022 worldwide, underscoring the sector’s role in job creation and economic development.  Solar-powered irrigation systems are transforming agriculture. Agrivoltaics systems are being used in livestock management, with solar panels installed in pastures to provide shade for animals while simultaneously generating electricity.  One of the key factors driving the adoption of solar systems has been the introduction of pay-as-you-go business models, allowing users to pay for their systems in small, regular instalments. Technological advancements have made solar energy more affordable, while new applications are further driving adoption. Source: The Hindu UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD) Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Indigenous peoples of the world have a very important role to play in combating desertification, the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) recognised in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Background: Other COPs which resulted from the 1992 Earth Summit – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Convention on Biodiversity – have already recognised indigenous communities’ traditional wisdom. Key takeaways The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is a global agreement aimed at addressing desertification, land degradation, and drought (DLDD), with a focus on sustainable land management and ecosystem restoration. Established: Adopted in 1994 and came into force in 1996. Objective: To combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs (NAPs) that incorporate a bottom-up approach. Secretariat Headquarters: Bonn, Germany. It is one of the Rio Conventions, alongside the UNFCCC (Climate Change) and CBD (Biodiversity), adopted during the Earth Summit in 1992. Focus Areas: Prevention of desertification in drylands (arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas). Land degradation neutrality (LDN). Community participation and sustainable land management practices. Binding Treaty: It is the only legally binding international agreement linking environment, development, and land management. Strategic Framework: Current framework (2018–2030) aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 15.3, which targets achieving a land degradation-neutral world. India and UNCCD India ratified the convention in 1996. Hosted the 14th Conference of Parties (COP