Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   U.S. PRESIDENT ELECTION  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The United States is all set to elect the country’s next President in its 2024 general election, scheduled for November 5, 2024. Background: – The U.S. votes for its President on the first Tuesday of November, every four years. The candidates are required to meet certain criteria to be eligible to contest, and the process itself starts months, or even years in advance. Key takeaways According to the U.S. Constitution, a candidate must be a natural-born citizen, 35 years of age or older, and a resident of the U.S. for 14 years to be eligible to contest. The U.S. Presidential election process is a complex and multi-step system that involves several stages, including primaries, caucuses, national conventions, general elections, and the final decision through the Electoral College. Step 1: Primaries and Caucuses Primaries and Caucuses — help in the selection of delegates who will represent the people at the upcoming conventions. These are simply two ways that people help states and political parties choose presidential nominees. Caucuses: It’s a stage at which party members select the best candidate through a series of discussions and votes. It’s a meeting of local members of a political party to select delegates to the national party convention. A caucus is said to be a substitute for primary elections. A delegate is defined as a person authorised to represent others as an elected representative to a political party conference. Primary: In this, party members vote for the best candidate that will represent them in the general election. Most states hold primaries six to nine months before a presidential election. Primary voters choose their preferred candidate anonymously by casting secret ballots. Step 2: National Conventions National Party Conventions: After the primaries and caucuses, each party holds a National Convention where delegates formally nominate their candidate for president. During the convention, the candidate who has secured a majority of delegates through the primaries and caucuses is officially declared the party’s nominee. The nominee then selects a vice-presidential running mate. Step 3: Presidential general election In general elections, people in every state across the US vote for one President and Vice President. The candidates’ names will be listed on the general election ballot. When people cast their vote, they are actually voting for a group of people known as electors. Each candidate running for President in your State has their own group of electors (known as a slate). When you vote for a Presidential candidate you are actually voting for your candidate’s preferred electors. Step 4 : The electoral college The electoral college is the last step in the election of the President. The President is not elected through the popular vote cast by citizens, but through the electoral college process. There are 538 electors in the electoral college who indirectly choose the U.S. President. Each State gets the same number of electors as its members of Congress, both House and Senate. Selecting electors is a two- step process: first, the parties choose potential electors in States before the election. Then, voters in each State select their electors by casting ballots during the general election. However, this happens even though the names of potential electors may or may not appear on the ballot alongside the name of the presidential candidate. So, a voter is actually picking an elector and not the President directly when they cast their vote in the general election. The way the Electoral College works is that whoever wins the popular vote in a state uaually gets all the Electoral College votes from that state. So if Trump wins the popular vote in North Carolina, for example, he’ll get all of the Electoral College votes from that state, which is 15 electoral votes. A candidate needs at least 270 electors’ votes to win the presidential election. While the general election takes place in November and a projected winner is announced soon after, the electoral college casts their votes in mid-December. The U.S. Congress counts the electoral votes in early January. The new President’s term begins January 20, which is also called Inauguration Day. Source: The Hindu GONDWANAX PARAISENSIS  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Scientists have discovered a fossil of a reptile species called Gondwanax paraisensis in southern Brazil. Background: – The fossils of this newly discovered reptile species could provide insights into the emergence of dinosaurs. Gondwanax paraisensis is about 237 million years old, making it one of the oldest reptile fossils ever found. Key takeaways The Gondwanax paraisensis was a small, four-legged reptile, roughly the size of a small dog. This reptile likely lived in what is now southern Brazil during the Triassic period, a time when the Earth was much hotter. The discovered fossil belongs to a group of extinct reptiles called silesaurids. There is no consensus among scientists on whether silesaurids were true dinosaurs or a species that came before them. A study of this newly discovered species could help in understanding what traits made dinosaurs so successful. The name Gondwanax means “lord of Gondwana,” referring to the southern part of the supercontinent Pangaea. The species name paraisensis honors the town of Paraiso do Sul where the fossil was found. In the Paleozoic era, Gondwana and Laurasia formed the supercontinent of Pangaea. Here many dinosaurs lived and went extinct, and their remains were ensconced in lava. Gondwanaland got cracked up at the end of the Jurassic era to create all our southern continents, Africa, Australia, and South America, as well as New Zealand, the Indian subcontinent, and the island of Madagascar, which has long been an area of study. India has been a hotspot for finding dinosaur fossils for decades. Records show that dinosaurs in India existed from the Late Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous — or between 200 million years and 65 million years ago. Dinosaur remains have been found over the years in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. One of the most famous dinosaurs in the country is Rajasaurus. Its fossils were first found by GSI geologist Suresh Srivastava in the 1980s. Source: Indian Express

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   THE INDO-PACIFIC: A STRATEGIC ARENA FOR INDIA’S GLOBAL INFLUENCE  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: The Indo-Pacific has emerged as a key geopolitical and strategic space, with India reaffirming its steadfast commitment to a free, open, inclusive, and resilient Indo-Pacific region. Background: – The Indo-Pacific is a geographical area that encompasses the regions of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, along with the countries surrounding them and the crucial waterways and marine resources. It also includes critical maritime chokepoints such as the Strait of Malacca, Taiwan Strait, the Bab-al-Mandeb, Straits of Lombok and Sunda, the South China Sea, etc. What is the Indo-Pacific? The extent of Indo-Pacific varies from state to state. India’s conception of the Indo-Pacific ranges “from the shores of Africa to that of the Americas” to be more inclusive as laid out by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The National Security Strategy (NSS), published under former US President Trump, defined the Indo-Pacific as “the region, which stretches from the west coast of India to the western shores of the USA”. The 2017 Foreign Policy White Paper of Australia defined the region as “ranging from the eastern Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean” including India, Southeast Asia, North Asia and the US. From Asia-Pacific to Indo-Pacific A cursory look at various strategy documents, speeches and Defence White papers of different nations reveals that the idea of the Indo-Pacific as a geopolitical construct has evolved and institutionalised in the first two decades of the 21st century and more so in the last decade. This also represented a shift in the usage of terminology, i.e. from Asia-Pacific to Indo-Pacific by major powers in the region. Shinzo Abe, the former Prime Minister of Japan, was one of the early proponents of viewing the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean together to form a “broader Asia”. Abe articulated the idea in his landmark speech at the Indian Parliament titled “Confluence of the Two Seas”. The “Pivot to Asia” policy unveiled by former US President Obama dwelled upon the signs of a major shift in the policy towards the Pacific from the Middle East as it coincided with the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan. Shifting and converging strategic interests In the past decade, shifting national interests have necessitated a shift in policy from the Asia-Pacific to the Indo-Pacific. This shift is essential to address the aggression of China, increasing threats to critical sea lanes and non-traditional security challenges. It was also important for the inclusion of India – a growing major power – into the policy frameworks of key global actors. A primary factor contributing to this transition was the convergence of strategic interests between India and the US. During Trump’s presidency, the US prioritised a “Free and Open Indo-Pacific,”. Trump even adopted a National Security Strategy for the Indo-Pacific region and renamed the U.S. Pacific Command to the US Indo-Pacific Command in 2018, formalising the concept of Indo-Pacific. This formalisation led to resource allocation and diplomatic attention to the region. India and Indo Pacific India’s strategic position in the Indian Ocean afforded it a crucial role in counterbalancing China. India’s strategic alignment with the US has further reinforced the Indo-Pacific notion. India, through its “Act East” policy is aiming to enhance collaboration with Southeast Asia, East Asia, and the Pacific, while mitigating Beijing’s influence. For the US the ‘Indo-Pacific” was primarily a strategic initiative and a way of responding to the rise of China. New Delhi’s transformation of “Look East” policy to “Act East Policy” under Modi along with India’s Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) policy is a key part of India’s vision for the Indo-Pacific. India’s approach to the region is rooted in its economic and strategic importance. The Indo-Pacific contributes 62 per cent of the global GDP and accounts for 50 per cent of global trade. In addition, about 40 per cent of global oil shipments pass through maritime routes in the Indo-Pacific. 90 per cent of India’s trade and 80 per cent of its critical freight transit through these waters. To sum up, the Indo-Pacific is not an exclusive region for addressing only traditional security concerns like military competition or territorial disputes. It holds immense potential to tackle a range of non-traditional security threats, such as climate change, maritime piracy, illegal fishing, natural disasters, and cybersecurity threats. Indo-Pacific is emerging as a space for bilateral and multilateral groupings addressing economic, political, and security issues. Organisations like ASEAN, the quad, and mechanisms such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) show the region’s role as a space for economic integration, technology cooperation, and infrastructure development. By engaging deeply in Indo-Pacific affairs, India not only secures its interests but also contributes to the creation of an inclusive, cooperative, and sustainable regional order. Source: Indian Express KARTARPUR SAHIB CORRIDOR  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: India and Pakistan agreed to renew their pact on the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor for another five years. The pact was due to lapse on October 24. Background: – The development comes after Jaishankar went to Pakistan recently to attend the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) meeting. Key takeaways The 4 km-long Kartarpur Corridor provides visa-free access to Indian Sikh pilgrims to visit Gurdwara Darbar Sahib, the final resting place of Sikhism founder Guru Nanak Dev. While the Corridor was opened in November 2019, movement was suspended in March 2020 after the pandemic struck. It was reopened later. The Agreement, signed on 24 October 2019 to facilitate the visit of pilgrims from India to Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur, Narowal, Pakistan through the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor, was valid for a period of five years. Extension of the validity of Agreement will ensure uninterrupted operation of the Corridor. Additional Information Kartarpur marks the most significant phase in the life of Guru Nanak Dev. It was here on the banks of the river Ravi that he laid the foundations of a new faith in a commune he set up. Guru Nanak came to the town between 1520 and 1522. He

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE (PAC)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Chairperson Madhabi Puri Buch, summoned by Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee (PAC) as part of its review of financial regulators, skipped its meeting on Thursday, citing personal reasons. Background: – PAC Chairman and Congress leader K.C. Venugopal adjourned the meeting after reading out a letter from Ms. Buch, received less than two hours before the meeting was due to begin, conveying her inability to appear before the committee. Key takeaways The PAC is not a constitutional body; it was established in 1921 under the Government of India Act, 1919. Its formation and functions are governed by Parliamentary procedures and Rules of Business. Composition: The committee has 22 members: 15 from the Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya Sabha. Members are elected annually from both houses by proportional representation to ensure representation of various political parties. The Chairperson is traditionally a member of the Opposition from the Lok Sabha. Functions: Examines the annual audit reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) submitted to Parliament. Reviews public expenditure to ensure it aligns with parliamentary grants and approvals. Investigates cases of wasteful expenditure, losses, and irregularities in government spending. Ensures that money is used efficiently, effectively, and economically. Limitations: PAC cannot look into policy matters or day-to-day administration. It cannot investigate issues already under judicial scrutiny. The committee’s recommendations are not binding, though they hold significant moral and ethical value. Source: The Hindu CENTRAL GOVT. SANCTION A 50% HIKE IN PRICES OF EIGHT DRUGS  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority of India (NPPA) increased the ceiling prices of eight drugs, comprising medication for common diseases including asthma, tuberculosis, bipolar disorder, and glaucoma, among others. Background: – The Central Government passed the order, citing “extraordinary circumstances” and “public interest.” Key takeaways The NPPA, constituted in 1997, regulates ceiling prices of drugs and has the power to fix costs under what is known as a ‘Drug Price Control Order’ (DPCO) issued by the government under the Essential Commodities Act. NPPA comes under the department of pharmaceuticals under the Union Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. The NPPA approved an increase in ceiling prices of eleven scheduled formulations of eight drugs by 50% of their current ceiling prices, in the larger public interest. NPPA invoked extraordinary powers under Para 19 of the DPCO, 2013. Section 19 of the DPCO allows the government to revise the ceiling cost in extraordinary circumstances. Section 19 states: “Notwithstanding anything contained in this order, the Government may, in case of extraordinary circumstances, if it considers it necessary to do so in public interest, fix the ceiling price or retail price of any drug for such period, as it may deem fit and where the ceiling price or retail price of the drug is already fixed and notified, the government may allow an increase or decrease in the ceiling price or the retail price, as the case may be, irrespective of annual wholesale price index for that year.” Every financial year starting April 1, the NPPA increases ceiling prices of drugs based on Wholesale Price Index (WPI) of the preceding year. Pricing of drugs in India is strictly controlled by the Central government. Action is taken against companies found selling at higher prices. Source: The Hindu STATE CONTINGENT DEBT INSTRUMENTS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The recent cascade of countries defaulting on their debt has brought back into vogue complex securities called State Contingent Debt Instruments. Background: – State Contingent Debt Instruments has helped nations from Ukraine to Sri Lanka resolve difficult debt negotiations. Key takeaways State Contingent Debt Instruments (SCDIs) are financial instruments whose repayment terms are linked to certain economic variables or outcomes, like GDP growth, commodity prices, or revenue collection. SCDIs differ from the bulk of sovereign bonds which pay a predetermined amount in interest before a final repayment. Purpose: To provide fiscal flexibility to states by reducing debt servicing pressure during economic downturns. Helps manage debt burden effectively by aligning repayment with state revenue performance. Mechanism: Unlike traditional fixed debt instruments, SCDIs allow variation in repayment based on the agreed-upon economic indicators. When a state faces a downturn, repayments may be reduced; conversely, in a strong economic period, repayments could increase. Benefits: Counter-Cyclical Support: Helps states manage debt better during economic stress by lowering repayment obligations. Debt Sustainability: Reduces the likelihood of debt distress, aiding long-term fiscal health. Fiscal Stability: Supports better planning and stability by managing repayment according to economic performance. Recent Example Ukraine used SCDIs as part of a package to convince investors in August to swap their defaulted bonds for newer instruments — including a GDP-linked bond, which would pay investors more if the economy grows faster than anticipated. Source: The Hindu GEO ENGINEERING: SPRAYING DIAMOND DUST TO COOL EARTH  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: A new study has argued that spraying millions of tonnes of diamond dust in the Earth’s upper atmosphere every year could help cool down the Earth and combat global warming. Background: Previously, several other compounds, such as sulphur, calcium, aluminium, and silicon, have been suggested. The idea here is to scatter material that can reflect solar radiation into Space and prevent it from reaching Earth. Such solutions, called geo-engineering (more specifically solar radiation management), have been under study for quite some time. Key takeaways Geo engineering refers to any large-scale attempt to alter the Earth’s natural climate system to counter the adverse impacts of global warming. Solar Radiation Management (SRM), in which materials are deployed in Space to reflect incoming solar rays and prevent them from reaching Earth, is one of the two broad geoengineering options being explored. Then there are Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies, which include Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS). The only method being tried out in practice is CCS. Carbon dioxide emitted, from industry or power plants, is “captured” at source and deposited deep

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   EUTHANASIA  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Union Health Ministry has released draft guidelines on withdrawing or withholding medical treatment in terminally ill patients. Background: – The draft guidelines have not gone down well among a section of the medical fraternity, citing concerns that it exposes doctors to legal scrutiny and puts them under stress. Key takeaways Euthanasia refers to the practice of an individual deliberately ending their life, oftentimes to get relief from an incurable condition, or intolerable pain and suffering. Euthanasia, which can be administered only by a physician, can be either ‘active’ or ‘passive’. Active euthanasia involves an active intervention to end a person’s life with substances or external force, such as administering a lethal injection. Passive euthanasia refers to withdrawing life support or treatment that is essential to keep a terminally ill person alive. In 2011, the Supreme Court for the first time recognised the legality of passive euthanasia in the case of Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug v Union of India. After being sexually assaulted by a ward attendant of Mumbai’s KEM Hospital in 1973 and suffering a brain injury in the process, nurse Aruna Shanbaug was left in a ‘persistent vegetative state’. A petition was filed in SC in 2009, seeking an end to the life-supporting treatment the hospital was providing to Shanbaug, arguing that she should be allowed to die peacefully. The court, while ruling out passive euthanasia in this case, held that Shanbaug was still alive as she did not require life support. However, the court recognised the legality of passive euthanasia. In 2018, the Supreme Court recognised the legality of ‘passive euthanasia’ for terminally-ill patients, holding that the ‘right to die with dignity’ forms a part of the right to life under Article 21. The court also laid down guidelines for passive euthanasia, both in cases where the patient left an ‘advance directive’ or a ‘living will’ and in cases where no such directive was left behind. For long there was no dedicated legislation in India on withholding/ withdrawing life-sustaining treatment. However, the Supreme Court’s judgment, and now the draft guidelines, make it clear that withholding/ withdrawing life-sustaining treatment is legal in India under a defined framework. Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment refers to discontinuing life-sustaining medical interventions such as ventilators and feeding tubes, etc., when these no longer help the condition of the patient or prolong their suffering.  The withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment also includes ‘do-not-attempt-resuscitation’ orders. It is crucial to note that when a do-not-attempt-resuscitation order is in place, every effort should be made to continue treating the underlying condition of the patient. The order is limited to not initiating resuscitation efforts. Life-sustaining treatments are medical treatments that artificially replace bodily functions essential to the life of the person. These interventions are withheld or withdrawn with the intention of providing comfort care, allowing the underlying illness to take its course while providing symptomatic relief. Source: Indian Express CENSUS NEXT YEAR, DELIMITATION SOON AFTER  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The government is set to conduct the much-delayed Census next year, and to complete the process by 2026. Following the completion of the Census, the government will go ahead with delimitation, for redrafting of constituencies. Background: – Delimitation would have its own share of problems, with the South worried about the impact on its political share in a Parliament where a disproportionate number of seats will be from the North due to its heavily populated states. Key takeaways In 2002, the Atal Bihari Vajpayee govt had delayed delimitation by 25 years via the 84th Amendment, saying this would be carried out only after “the relevant figures for the first Census taken after the year 2026 have been published”. This meant delimitation to be carried out after the 2031 Census. However, as per sources, the government now plans to begin the delimitation process by 2027 and finish it within a year, so that the next Lok Sabha elections (in 2029) can be done post-delimitation. Although there is demand by various quarters that caste enumeration be included in the Census, the government has not been able to finalise a formula for it. The amendments required for a delimitation process include changes to Article 81 (which defines the composition of the Lok Sabha), Article 170 (composition of Legislative Assemblies), Article 82, Article 55 (deals with the presidential election process for which value of each vote in the electoral college is decided on the population basis), Articles 330 and 332 (covering reservation of seats for the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies, respectively). Source: Indian Express INDIA CANNOT PHASE OUT COAL LIKE THE UK  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: UK’s last coal-based generation plant at Ratcliffe-on-Soar was taken off the grid. Background: – The UK has made some progress in the decarbonisation of the power sector though it hasn’t got rid of carbon footprints completely. It is highly dependent on gas which is half as dirty as coal. Key takeaways The UK government has been pursuing a policy of closing down coal mines since the 1990s for reasons other than climate change — mainly political. In 2015, the government decided to completely phase out all coal-based plants by 2025 — the deadline was later advanced to 2024. To get rid of coal-based generation, the government relied on market drivers and regulatory interventions. UK have increased the cost of carbon dioxide emissions. The government also introduced mandatory use of carbon capture and storage for all new coal-based plants. These measures ensured that coal-based generation became unprofitable. UK also had cheap gas as an alternative to coal. Equally important is the fact that UK has already peaked its electricity generation and is now on the way down, both in terms of total generation and also in per capita terms. Generation in 2000 was 377 billion units (BUs) and it was down to 286 BUs in 2023. Similarly, per capita electricity consumption came down from 6 megawatt hours

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   REMEMBERING THE ‘IRON MAN OF INDIA’  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: National Unity Day is celebrated in India on 31st October. It was introduced by the Government of India in 2014. The day is celebrated to mark the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Background: – Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel, famously known as Sardar Patel was the first Deputy Prime Minister and Home minister of India. Patel was a leader of the Indian National Congress and played a significant role in India’s struggle for freedom. Key takeaways Early Life and Role in the Freedom Movement Born on October 31, 1875, in Nadiad, Gujarat, Patel initially pursued a career in law. Inspired by Gandhi, he joined the independence movement. Notably, his leadership in the Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, where farmers protested against increased taxes, earned him the title “Sardar” (leader). Sardar Patel’s contribution to uniting India As the first Home Minister of independent India, Sardar Patel played a crucial role in unifying and shaping the nation. At the time of independence, the British presented the challenge of declaring the Indian princely states as independent under the Indian Independence Act of 1947. The issue of the princely states was complex and challenging to resolve. When the British announced their departure, many princes believed it was the perfect moment to declare their independence. Additionally, there were others who found themselves in a struggle between India and Pakistan. However, through his diplomatic efforts, Patel secured the accession of the princely states, aligning these regions with the nation’s constitutional framework. Patel adopted various approaches based on the situation; he offered friendly advice in some cases, persuaded rulers to see reason in others, and even used force in the case of Hyderabad. He was valued for his political astuteness and pragmatic skills, which were essential in bringing together the more than 500 royal territories into the fold of the Indian union. Sardar Patel’s contribution to administration Along with the monumental task of unifying India, the Iron Man of India, Patel also played a crucial role in reinforcing the steel frame of India — the All India Services. He was instrumental in the establishment of the modern all-India services system. For this he is remembered as the “patron saint of India’s civil servants”. Sardar Patel’s Contribution to Constitution As the chairman of the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities, and Tribal and Excluded Areas of the Constituent Assembly, Patel played a key role in shaping important sections of the Constitution concerning fundamental and minority rights. Source: Indian Express ‘PINK TICKET’ REPORT  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: A recent report on the free public bus transport for women in Delhi shows a positive picture. Background: – Titled ‘Riding The Justice Route’, the report was released by Greenpeace India on Tuesday, the fifth anniversary of the Delhi government’s ‘pink ticket’ policy that made commuting on public buses free for women, after surveying the participants and assessing the impact of the scheme on their lives. Key takeaways As per the report, one in four women have started using buses after travel was made fare-free. After the scheme’s introduction, 23 per cent of women have started using buses at least four times a week, and 15 per cent of women, who rarely or never used buses before the scheme, now use them regularly. When it comes to challenges faced by women, the survey says that a little less than 50 per cent of women bus users feel “mostly safe” while travelling to the bus stop, waiting there, and riding a bus. The survey also suggests that 77 per cent of women feel unsafe while travelling by bus after 5 pm and two in three women find the lighting at the bus stop inadequate. Frequency also remains a challenge as 87 per cent of the women reported waiting more than 10 minutes, while a good 13 per cent waited more than 30 minutes for the bus. The impact of the scheme on the perception of women towards public transport across income groups is noteworthy. After the ‘pink ticket’ was introduced, 88 per cent of women surveyed perceived the scheme as impactful in promoting bus use among women. Source: Indian Express UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR PALESTINE REFUGEES IN THE NEAR EAST (UNRWA)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT AFFAIRS Context: Israel’s parliament passed two Bills to ban the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees In The Near East (UNRWA) from operating in Israel and the Palestinian territories. The Knesset also voted to designate UNRWA a terrorist organisation, cutting all ties with the agency. Background: – The UNRWA was established in 1949 to provide aid to Palestinians who were forced to leave their homes during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Israel has argued that the UNRWA’s role is obsolete, and its work is an impediment to a peace settlement. However, critics have blamed Israel’s own actions, such as not meaningfully recognising the foundation of a Palestinian state, as having perpetuated the longstanding conflict. Key takeaways What is the UNRWA, and what role does it play? UNRWA is mandated by the UN General Assembly to serve ‘Palestine refugees’. This term was defined in 1952 as any person whose “normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948 and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict. Palestine refugees are persons who fulfil the above definition and descendants of fathers fulfilling the definition. In addition, the UN Assembly has also mandated UNRWA to offer services to certain other persons who require humanitarian assistance, on an emergency basis as and when required, in UNRWA fields of operations. Notably, the Assembly has mandated the Agency to provide services to persons in the region who are currently displaced and in serious need of continued assistance as a result of the 1967 and subsequent hostilities. These persons are not registered as Palestine refugees. Only the UN General Assembly can

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GREEN FIRECRACKERS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ENVIRONMENT Context: Delhi earned the tag of the world’s most polluted city on Friday after firecrackers were burst on the occasion of Diwali on Thursday despite a blanket ban in the national capital. Background: – At 6 am on Friday, the Air Quality Index (AQI) was recorded at 359, which falls in ‘very poor’ category, according to CPCB. Key takeaways Green crackers are eco-friendly fireworks developed as a solution to the air and noise pollution caused by traditional firecrackers. They are designed to emit fewer pollutants and are developed with an emphasis on reducing the harmful effects of conventional crackers. Both green crackers and traditional crackers cause pollution. However, the difference is that green crackers cause 30 per cent less air pollution as compared to traditional ones. Green crackers do not contain harmful chemicals like arsenic, lithium, or barium, which are found in conventional firecrackers and are responsible for high emissions of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Use of alternative chemicals and a reduced level of aluminum, which cuts down on the emission of particulate matter (PM). The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CISR) has developed ‘green firecrackers’ to combat pollution. According to the CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, green crackers must have a reduction in the size of the shell, elimination of ash usage, reduced usage of raw materials in the composition, and/or use of additives as dust suppressants to reduce particulate matter, SO2, and NO2 emissions. These ‘green firecrackers’ have types like SWAS (safe water releaser), SAFAL (safe minimal aluminium), and STAR (safe thermite cracker). SWAS is a safe water releaser, which suppresses the dust released by releasing water vapour in the air. It does not comprise potassium nitrate and sulphur and the particulate dust released will reduce approximately by 30 per cent. SAFAL is safe minimal aluminium which has minimum usage of aluminium, and used magnesium instead. It ensures a reduction in sound in comparison to traditional crackers. STAR is a safe thermite cracker, which does not comprise potassium nitrate and sulphur, and emits reduced particulate matter disposal and reduced sound intensity. Source: Indian Express DIGITAL ARREST  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: indians lost Rs 120.30 crore in “digital arrest” frauds in the first quarter of this year alone, government cybercrime data shows. Background: – According to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), which monitors cybercrime at the central level through the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C), digital arrests have of late become a prevalent method of digital fraud. Key takeaways Digital arrests refer to a type of cybercrime where scammers impersonate law  enforcement officials to extort money from victims by threatening them with  arrest. How the Scam Works Initial Contact: Scammers contact victims via phone calls, text messages, or socialmedia, posing as officials from agencies like the police, Central Bureau of  Investigation (CBI), or the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). False Accusations: Victims are falsely accused of crimes such as money  laundering, tax evasion, or cybercrime. Intimidation: Scammers use threats of arrest or legal action to instill fear in their victims. Video Call Impersonation: Scammers may arrange a video call, impersonating  officials and using official-looking backgrounds to appear legitimate. Demand for Payment: Victims are pressured to pay a fine or bribe to avoid arrest or legal consequences. Data Theft: Scammers may also attempt to steal personal information, such as  bank account details or passwords. Many of those carrying out these frauds are based in three contiguous southeast Asian countries: Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia. According to I4C, there are four types of scams which are on the rise— digital arrest, trading scam, investment scam (task based) and romance/dating scam. Source: Indian Express THE BURGEONING EXPENDITURE OF ELECTIONS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: According to the Centre for Media Studies (CMS), the total expenditure by various political parties for the general election to Lok Sabha this year was around ₹1,00,000 crores. Background: – Urgent reforms are needed to address the burgeoning cost of election expenditures which threaten foundational principles of democracy. Key takeaways What are the limits in India? The election expenditure limit for candidates is ₹95 lakh per Lok Sabha constituency in larger States and ₹75 lakh in smaller States. With respect to Legislative Assemblies, they are ₹40 lakh and ₹28 lakh for larger and smaller States respectively. These limits are set, from time to time, by the Election Commission (EC). There are no limits on the expenditure of political parties during elections. What are international standards? In the U.S., the financing for elections happens primarily by contributions from individuals, corporations, and political action committees (PAC). Out of the estimated expenditure in the November 2024 election cycle, around $5.5 billion is estimated to be spent on the presidential election. This humungous raise is due to large donations. In the U.K., a political party is allowed to spend £54,010 for each constituency they contest. There are also limits placed on candidates’ spending during the campaign. It translates, per constituency, to an average of £46-49,000 during the long campaign period (beginning five months before the full term of the House of Commons ends) and £17-20,000 during the short campaign period after elections are announced. What are the challenges? Elections across democracies have become expensive. Such increased expenditure that is met primarily through large donations creates an unholy nexus between the elected representatives and donors. This also acts as an entry barrier into electoral politics for many well-meaning citizens. In India, candidates from all major political parties breach the election expenditure limits. Further, there are no limits on political party spending during elections. The official expenditures declared by the BJP and Congress for the 2019 election were ₹1,264 crores and ₹820 crores, respectively. However, according to a report by the CMS, ₹50,000 crore was spent by various parties during the 2019 election. The CMS has estimated that spending during the 2024 election by various political parties was close to ₹1,00,000 crores. Such inflated election expenditure fuels corruption, resulting in a vicious cycle. What can be possible reforms? The Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998) and the Law Commission report (1999) have advocated for State funding of elections. Simultaneous elections are touted as a panacea for addressing the issue of rising expenditures. However, there are challenges on account of principles of federalism and constitutional amendments to this idea. It must be noted that this mechanism may rein in campaign and publicity expenditure to some extent. However, without curbing the illegal distribution of cash to voters, any form of simultaneous election will not have a significant impact on election expenditure. Certain practical steps to create a level playing field regarding election expenditure can be implemented. These are based on the EC’s 2016 report on ‘Proposed Electoral Reforms’. Firstly, the law

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   AYUSHMAN BHARAT PRADHAN MANTRI JAN AROGYA YOJANA (AB – PMJAY)  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: On October 29 (Ayurveda Day), Prime Minister Modi launched Ayushman Vaya Vandana health cards under the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) to provide health coverage to people aged 70 years and above, regardless of their income and economic status. Background: – Everyone age 70 or more will be entitled to a cover of Rs 5 lakh annually, shared within the family. This means if there are two elderly beneficiaries in the household, the cover will be split among them. Ayushman Bharat Yojana The Ayushman Bharat Yojana, also known as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), is a health insurance scheme launched by the Government of India in 2018. Its primary aim is to provide comprehensive health coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per family per year. It connects the public and private health sectors into a one-nation, one-system. PMJAY is for inpatient secondary and tertiary care. The program goes even further by covering pre and post-hospitalization expenses, ensuring a more comprehensive healthcare experience. Outpatient services are not a part of the scheme. The scheme targets families identified through the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data. It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme and states will have to contribute 40% to the cost of the scheme. Extension of AB-PMJAY to elderly Elderly members (age 70 and more) of families that are already covered by their economic status will get a top-up cover of Rs 5 lakh — to be used only for the elderly. Those who are already covered under other government health schemes like the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme, etc will have the option of choosing either Ayushman Bharat or continuing with their existing coverage. People who are covered under the Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), however, will be eligible to have both their existing cover and Ayushman Bharat. This is because premiums for ESIC are paid by the insured and their employer, not the government. Significance of extending AB-PMJAY to senior citizens: With increasing lifespans and an increasing number of people ageing in the next three decades, a fifth of India is likely to be over the age of 70 by 2050. There is a need for far-reaching changes in welfare policies to tackle this demographic transition. Older Indians are much more likely to be hospitalised and to stay in hospitals for longer. According to the India Ageing Report 2023, the elderly remain largely uncovered by any health scheme. Just over 20% of India’s population above the age of 60 is currently covered by any government schemes. Women make up the larger share of the elderly population — a survey by NITI Aayog found that 58% of the elderly are women, and 54% among them are widows. It is significant for a country where out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on health is often a reason for crushing poverty. A Niti Aayog position paper, released in January, recognised that with families becoming increasingly nuclear, ease of access and quality of care will be crucial determinants in the health-seeking behaviour of senior citizens. Source: Indian Express DANA, THE WEATHER PATTERN THAT CAUSED FLASH FLOODS IN SPAIN  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Millions have been affected in Spain due to torrential rain. Flash floods caused by the immense deluge have led to the death of at least 64 people in the eastern Spanish region of Valencia. Background: – The primary cause of the intense rain is likely an annual weather phenomenon known as a “gota fría,” or cold drop. It is also sometimes called a “DANA,” the acronym for “depresión aislada en niveles altos,” or isolated depression at high altitudes. Key takeaways DANA or cold drop takes place when cold air descends over the warm waters of the Mediterranean Sea. This results in atmospheric instability, causing hotter, moist air on the surface of the sea to rise quickly, leading to the formation of dense, towering cumulonimbus clouds in a matter of hours. These clouds then dump heavy rain in parts of Spain. The weather pattern’s occurrence is related to the polar jet stream — a fast-moving wind current at high levels of the troposphere (the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere) which circulates from west to east and separates the cold polar air from the warm tropical air. Often, a pocket of cold air gets separated from the polar jet stream and collides with the warmer air over the Mediterranean Sea, which results in DANA. The phenomenon is a common occurrence in Spain and usually coincides with the onset of autumn and spring in the western Mediterranean. Source: Indian Express LiDAR  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: Scientists have detected a lost Mayan city, hidden for centuries by the dense Mexican jungle, using LiDAR. Background: – In recent years, LiDAR has also shown potential as a tool of archaeological discovery. LiDAR allows researchers to study much larger swathes of land quickly in the comfort of a home or lab. What is LiDAR? LiDAR, or Light Detection and Ranging, is a  remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (or variable distances) to Earth. These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system — generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics. Two types of lidar are topographic and bathymetric. Topographic lidar typically uses a near-infrared laser to map the land, while bathymetric lidar uses water-penetrating green light to also measure seafloor and riverbed elevations. How does LiDAR work? LiDAR instrumentation comprises a laser, a scanner, and a GPS receiver. Airplanes and helicopters are the most commonly used platforms for acquiring lidar data over broad areas. The rapidly firing laser travels to the ground where it hits vegetation, building, and various topographic features. This light is reflected or scattered, and recorded by the LiDAR sensor. The system calculates the light pulses’ two-way travel time to arrive at the distance between the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS REPORT  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The World Health Organization (WHO) released its Global TB Report 2024. Background: – Globally, 82 lakh people were newly diagnosed with TB in 2023 – the highest number recorded since WHO began global TB monitoring in 1995 — making it the leading infectious killer again, surpassing Covid-19 in 2023. India continues to have the highest burden of the disease, accounting for more than a quarter of the global cases. Key takeaways TB is caused by an organism called mycobacterium tuberculosis, which mainly affects the lungs, but can also impact other parts of the body. TB spreads through the air when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or speaks. According to the Global TB Report 2024, India saw a slight decline in the estimated number of tuberculosis cases and deaths in 2023. India had an estimated 28 lakh TB cases in 2023, accounting for 26% of the global cases. And, there were estimated 3.15 lakh TB-related deaths, accounting for 29% of the deaths globally. The report also said the gap between the estimated number of cases and the number of people actually getting diagnosed has been closing. India reported 25.2 lakh cases in 2023, increasing from 24.2 lakh the previous year. India’s effort in eliminating TB Although the elimination of tuberculosis is one of the sustainable development targets to be achieved by 2030 by the world, India has set a target for 2025. The national strategic plan 2017-2025 sets the target for India to report no more than 44 new TB cases or 65 total cases per lakh population by 2025. In India, the government offers free medicines for TB treatment, which is essential as the medicines can be expensive and the therapy may continue for as long as two years. One of the big challenges with tuberculosis treatment is the long duration for which people have to take medicines. The government has been working on devising innovative ways to ensure compliance such as pill boxes that track and remind the patient to take medicine as well as introducing shorter courses of treatment. An online Ni-kshay portal has been set up to track the notified TB cases. The government also launched a community engagement program where Ni-kshay Mitras can adopt TB patients and provide them with monthly nutritional support. Newer drugs such as Bedaquiline and Delamanid for the treatment of drug-resistant TB have been included in the government’s basket of drugs provided to free TB patients. Source: Indian Express NEPAL PM OLI PICKS CHINA FOR 1ST BILATERAL VISIT  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Nepal Prime Minister K P Sharma Oli is likely to undertake an official visit to China next month, his first bilateral, four months after he took over as head of the new government replacing the Left coalition government led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda). Background: – Oli completed 100 days in office last week and has now directed officials to update him on the progress of projects underway in Nepal by China along with Belt and Road Initiative. Key takeaways Oli’s China visit is seen as a visible break from the ‘tradition’ of the new Nepali PM undertaking his first trip to India. Oli’s visit to China is scheduled at a time when the two biggest coalition partners in the government — Nepali Congress and Oli-led Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist— are at odds over the conditions of executing projects under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). While the Nepali Congress is firm that BRI projects should be accepted only under grants, the CPN-UML supports projects with loans from China’s Exim bank. Nepal and India have a unique relationship. The open border, shared culture, economic interdependence and deep-rooted people-to-people relationship make bilateral ties special. India is Nepal’s largest trading partner, the top-source country for tourists, the only supplier of petroleum products and the largest source of total foreign investment. India also provides transit for almost all of Nepal’s third-country trade and accounts for a significant share of inward remittances from pensioners, professionals and labourers working in India. It has always been the first responder during disasters and emergencies in Nepal. Source: Indian Express MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED BY INDIAN CITIES  Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: World Cities Day (October 31) was observed recently. Background: – The theme for this year’s World Cities Day is ‘Youth Climate Changemakers: Catalysing Local Action for Urban Sustainability’ Key takeaways India’s urbanisation trajectory differs from the cities in the Global North. In Western countries, urbanisation followed industrialisation, which created jobs that absorbed rural labour. Their urbanisation was sustained also because of massive economic transfers from colonies. Economist Utsa Patnaik has highlighted that India alone contributed over $45 trillion to England’s economy during colonial rule. In contrast, India’s urbanisation is largely driven by economic distress, resulting in “poverty-driven urbanisation,” with both rural-to-urban and urban-to-urban migration. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the strain on urban planning became apparent, as reverse migration trends highlighted gaps in infrastructure. What are urban challenges in India? The main challenges Indian cities face include inadequate spatial planning, climate change, massive migration, growing inequality and social segregation, and governance limitations. Urban planning agencies have struggled due to two main issues. First, spatial and temporal plans are outdated and fail to accommodate population growth. Since the 1980s, deindustrialisation has led to job losses in cities like Ahmedabad, Delhi, Surat, and Mumbai. Many workers displaced by this trend moved to peri-urban areas, where they live in overcrowded conditions. Currently, 40% of India’s urban population resides in slums. Second, plans often focus on capital growth rather than people’s needs, leading to a lack of local ownership and engagement in the planning process. Similarly, climate change severely impacts Indian cities. Cities face severe pollution and are increasingly subject to urban flooding and “heat island effects.” Additionally, urbanisation was once believed to be neutral regarding social and religious dynamics, but Indian cities are increasingly segregated along these lines. Inequality is widening, with exclusive developments catering to the wealthy while millions lack

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   ARTICLE 44  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah recently said that tribals would be exempted from the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) wherever it is implemented in India Background: – At an event in Ranchi, Home Minister stated, “The BJP has introduced a model of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand. In this model, we have excluded tribals, respecting their customs, rituals, and laws. Wherever we implement the UCC, tribals will be kept out of its scope.” Key takeaways A Uniform Civil Code is one that would provide for one law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities in their personal matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption etc. Article 44 of the Constitution lays down that the state shall endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for the citizens throughout the territory of India. Article 44 is one of the directive principles. These, as defined in Article 37, are not justiciable (not enforceable by any court) but the principles laid down therein are fundamental in governance. Article 44 uses the words “state shall endeavour”, other Articles in the ‘Directive Principles’ chapter use words such as “in particular strive”; “shall in particular direct its policy”; “shall be obligation of the state” etc. Article 43 mentions “state shall endeavour by suitable legislation” while the phrase “by suitable legislation” is absent in Article 44. All this implies that the duty of the state is greater in other directive principles than in Article 44. Uniform Civil Code (UCC) of Uttarakhand UCC of Uttarakhand, enacted in early 2024, aims to standardize personal laws across the state, irrespective of religious affiliations. Key features include: Marriage and Divorce: The UCC introduces uniform procedures for marriage and divorce, prohibiting practices like polygamy and child marriage. It sets a consistent minimum marriageable age for girls across all religious denominations. Inheritance and Property Rights: The code ensures equal property rights for sons and daughters, eliminating distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate children concerning inheritance. It also provides equal property rights after death, including for adopted and biological children. Live-in Relationships: The UCC regulates live-in relationships by imposing an obligation to register them. Applicability: The code applies to all residents of Uttarakhand, except the Scheduled Tribes. Source: Indian Express   COMMITTEE TO ASSESS DEMANDS ON DEMARCATION OF ECO-SENSITIVE AREAS  Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The Union Environment Ministry-appointed expert committee, which is tasked with examining views and objections of state governments on eco-sensitive areas (ESA) in the Western Ghats, is likely to visit Goa soon to deliberate on the state’s submissions. Background: – The committee will verify along with the state government whether its demands to omit villages marked as ESA are justified. Key takeaways Early in August, the Centre had issued the sixth iteration of a draft notification declaring 56,825.7 sq. km of the Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive area. Once draft notification declaring 56,825.7 sqkm of the Western Ghats as ecologically sensitive area finalised, villages marked as ESA will see a complete ban on mining, quarrying and sand mining as well as phasing out of existing mines in five years. The demarcation of ESA has been pending for 13 years since the United Progressive Alliance first tasked an expert panel led by senior ecologist Madhav Gadgil to study the issue of protecting Western Ghats. The Gadgil panel submitted a report recommending that the entire Ghats region be tagged as ecologically sensitive and creation of an overarching ecological authority to regulate development. However, that report was never adopted and a panel led by space scientist K Kasturirangan was later formed to demarcate ESA’s using the Gadgil panel report as the foundation. The Kasturirangan committee report proposes 37 per cent of the total area of Western Ghats, which is roughly 60,000 square kilometres, to be declared as eco-sensitive area (ESA). The report recommended a blanket ban on mining, quarrying, setting up of red category industries and thermal power projects. It also stated that the impact of infrastructural projects on the forest and wildlife should be studied before permission is given for these activities. Source: Indian Express   KALKA-SHIMLA RAILWAY  Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu recently urged the Ministry of Railways to explore the possibility of running trains on the Kalka-Shimla railway, a UNESCO World Heritage site, on green hydrogen. Background: Sukhu said the government aims to make Himachal Pradesh a green energy state by March 31, 2026 Key takeaways The Kalka-Shimla Railway is a narrow-gauge railway line connecting Kalka in Haryana to Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It is known for its scenic route through the Shivalik range of the Himalayas. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 as part of the “Mountain Railways of India”, along with the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and the Nilgiri Mountain Railway. Historical Significance Opened in 1903 during British rule, the railway was constructed to provide better access to Shimla, then the summer capital of British India. Built by the Delhi-Umbala-Kalka Railway Company, this 96 km line is renowned for its engineering excellence and use of the hill railway technology of the period. Engineering and Architectural Highlights The railway line features 103 tunnels and 864 bridges, demonstrating impressive engineering in a mountainous terrain. The Barog Tunnel (Tunnel No. 33) is the longest tunnel on this line, extending over 1 kilometer. Zig-zag patterns and sharp curves are unique aspects of its construction, with a gradient of 1:33, allowing the train to navigate steep ascents. Cultural and Tourist Importance The Kalka-Shimla Railway is known for its toy trains, which attract tourists from around the world and offer panoramic views of the hills, valleys, and pine forests. It is often referred to as the “crown jewel” of Himachal tourism and plays a major role in promoting local tourism. Source: Outlook   PARADOX OF STAGNANT RURAL WAGES  Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: The Indian economy has grown at an average annual

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   WAQF Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – POLITY Context: In a letter to Lok Sabha Speaker, some Opposition members of the Joint Committee of Parliament on the Waqf (Amendment) Bill have threatened to “disassociate” from the panel, accusing its chairperson and BJP leader Jagdambika Pal of “bulldozing the proceedings” and “stonewalling” them. Background: – In India, the history of Waqf can be traced back to the early days of the Delhi Sultanate when Sultan Muizuddin Sam Ghaor dedicated two villages in favour of the Jama Masjid of Multan. As the Delhi Sultanate and later Islamic dynasties flourished in India, the number of Waqf properties kept increasing in India. Key takeaways Waqf refers to properties dedicated exclusively for religious or charitable purposes under Islamic law, and any other use or sale of the property is prohibited. Waqf means that the ownership of the property is now taken away from the person making Waqf and transferred and detained by Allah. ‘Waqif’ is a person who creates a waqf for the beneficiary. As Waqf properties are bestowed upon Allah, in the absence of a physically tangible entity, a ‘mutawalli’ is appointed by the waqif, or by a competent authority, to manage or administer a Waqf. —Once designated as waqf, the ownership is transferred from the person making the waqf (waqif) to Allah, making it irrevocable. India has had a legal regime for the governance of Waqfs since 1913, when the Muslim Waqf Validating Act came into force. The Mussalman Wakf Act, 1923 followed. After Independence, the Central Waqf Act, 1954, was enacted, which was ultimately replaced by the Waqf Act, 1995. In 2013, the law was amended to prescribe imprisonment of up to two years for encroachment on Waqf property, and to explicitly prohibit the sale, gift, exchange, mortgage, or transfer of Waqf property. The Waqf law provides for the appointment of a survey commissioner who maintains a list of all Waqf properties by making local investigations, summoning witnesses, and requisitioning public documents. A Waqf property is managed by a mutawalli (caretaker), who acts as a superviser. Waqf properties are managed in a way that is similar to how properties under Trusts are managed under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882. The Waqf Act states that any dispute related to Waqf properties will be decided by a Waqf Tribunal. The Tribunal is constituted by the state government, and comprises three members — a chairperson who is a state judicial officer not below the rank of a District, Sessions or Civil Judge, Class I; an officer from the state civil services; and a person with knowledge of Muslim law and jurisprudence. The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 : It changes the composition of the Central Waqf Council and Waqf Boards to include non-Muslim members. The Survey Commissioner has been replaced by the Collector, granting him powers to conduct surveys of waqf properties. Government property identified as waqf will cease to be waqf. Collector will determine ownership of such properties. Finality of the Tribunal’s decisions has been revoked. The Bill provides for direct appeal to the High Court. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAMME – NCAP Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Delhi is among the bottom five cities in terms of fund expenditure under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) — 68% of its funds are unutilised. Background: – Delhi’s air quality was in the ‘very poor’ category recently after diwali. Key takeaways The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) is India’s comprehensive strategy to combat air pollution across the country. Launched in January 2019 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), the NCAP aims to systematically address air quality issues through targeted interventions and collaborative efforts. Objectives: Reduction Targets: NCAP aimed for a reduction of 20-30% in PM10 concentrations by 2024-25 compared to the baseline year of 2017-18. The target has been revised to achieve up to a 40% reduction in PM10 levels or to meet national standards (60 µg/m³) by 2025-26. The programme focuses on 131 cities (non-attainment cities and Million Plus Cities) in 24 States/UTs by engaging all stakeholders. Key Features: City-Specific Action Plans: Each non-attainment city is required to develop and implement a tailored action plan addressing local sources of pollution. Sectoral Interventions: The NCAP emphasizes interventions across various sectors, including transportation, industry, power, residential, and agriculture, to mitigate pollution sources. Monitoring and Evaluation: A robust monitoring framework has been established to track progress, involving real-time air quality monitoring systems and periodic assessments. Public Participation: The programme encourages active involvement from citizens, non-governmental organizations, and academic institutions to foster community engagement and awareness. Implementation Mechanisms: Institutional Framework: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) oversees the implementation, supported by state pollution control boards and urban local bodies. Funding: Financial assistance is provided to states and cities for implementing action plans, with provisions for capacity building and technological support. Capacity Building: Training programs and workshops are conducted to enhance the capabilities of stakeholders involved in air quality management. Recent Developments: PRANA Portal: In September 2021, the MoEFCC launched the PRANA portal (Portal for Regulation of Air-pollution in Non-Attainment cities) to monitor the implementation of NCAP and disseminate information on air quality management efforts. Source: Indian Express     ST COMMISSION TO SEEK REPORT FROM NTCA Syllabus: Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) has taken cognisance of representations sent to it against an advisory of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), asking state forest departments to submit action plans on the relocation of villages from tiger reserves. Background: According to NTCA, 591 villages, with a total of 64,801 families, are located within critical tiger habitats (core areas) across 54 tiger reserves in 19 states. NTCA has asked to state forest department to relocate them. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) The NCST was established under Article 338A of the Indian Constitution, introduced by the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003. It was created to safeguard the rights of Scheduled