Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   BIHAR QUOTA STRUCK DOWN Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SOCIAL JUSTICE Context: Patna High Court on Thursday set aside notifications by the Bihar government increasing reservation in government jobs and educational institutions from 50% to 65%. Background:- On November 7, 2023, the Nitish Kumar-led Mahagathbandhan government had raised the Bihar quota slab to 65 per cent. With this, reservation in the state effectively became 75 per cent when the 10 per cent quota for economically weaker sections (EWS) is taken into consideration. What did the high court say in its order ? The high court set aside the Bihar government’s move to hike quotas on various grounds, making it clear that population percentage cannot form the sole basis for it, merit cannot be totally compromised, and the move infringed upon the Constitution’s provisions for the right to equality. Another reason for the court’s decision to strike down the government’s decision is the Supreme Court-stipulated quota ceiling at 50%.The HC called enhancement of quota beyond 50% “bad in law based on principles of equality”. What is the 50% Ceiling on reservation? The 50% ceiling was introduced by the Supreme Court in its landmark 1992 decision in Indra Sawhney v Union of India in order to ensure “efficiency” in administration. The 6-3 majority verdict that upheld the 27% quota for socially and economically backward classes (SEBC) set two important precedents — first, it said that the criteria to qualify for reservation is “social and educational backwardness”; Second, it reiterated the 50% limit to vertical quotas that the court had laid down in earlier judgments (M R Balaji v State of Mysore, 1963, and Devadasan v Union of India, 1964). The 50% limit would apply unless in “exceptional circumstances”, the court said. The only exception to 50% limit  has been the 10% quota for the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) introduced in 2019. In November 2022, a five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court upheld the EWS quota in a 3-2 verdict that said the 50% ceiling applied only to SC/ ST and OBC quotas, and not to a separate quota that operated outside the ‘backwardness’ framework which was “an entirely different class”. Critics of the 50% ceiling argue that it is an arbitrary line drawn by the court. On the other hand, an argument is made that breaching 50% would be antithetical to the principle of equality since reservations are an exception to the rule. However, there is also a view that reservations are a feature of the fundamental right to equality, and part of the basic structure of the Constitution. Reservation in other states The 76th constitutional amendment in 1994 inserted the Tamil Nadu reservation law breaching the 50% limit into the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution. The Ninth Schedule provides the law with a “safe harbour” from judicial review under Article 31A of the Constitution. Laws placed in the Ninth Schedule cannot be challenged for reasons of violating any fundamental right protected under the Constitution. In May 2021, SC struck down a Maharashtra law that provided reservation to the Maratha community as unconstitutional, holding that the quota limit could not exceed 50%. Source: Indian Express NATIONAL MONETISATION PIPELINE (NMP) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: National Monetisation Pipeline monetised Rs 3.85 lakh crore of assets in 3 years. Background: Pursuant to the announcement made in the Union Budget 2021-22, the National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP) – listing potential core assets of Central Government Ministries/PSEs for monetization during the period 2021-22 to 2024-25 – was prepared by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the concerned Infrastructure Ministries. About Asset Monetisation Asset monetisation is the process of creating new sources of revenue for the government and its entities by unlocking the economic value of unutilised or underutilised public assets. A public asset can be any property owned by a public body, roads, airports, railways, stations, pipelines, mobile towers, transmission lines, etc., or even land that remains unutilised. As a concept, asset monetisation implies offering public infrastructure to the institutional investors or private sector through structured mechanisms. Monetisation is different from ‘privatisation’, in fact, it signifies ‘structured partnerships’ with the private sector under certain contractual frameworks. Asset monetisation has two important motives: Firstly, it unlocks value from the public investment in infrastructure, and secondly, it utilises productivity in the private sector. National Monetisation Pipeline Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs on 23 August 2021 launched the asset monetisation pipeline of Central ministries and public sector entities as ‘National Monetisation Pipeline’. It is considered as one of the key factors in fulfilling the government’s goal of providing universal access to high-quality and affordable infrastructure to its citizens. Under the ambitious NMP, the government has identified 13 sectors – including airports, railways, roads, shipping, gas pipeline among others. It estimates aggregate monetisation potential of Rs 6.0 lakh crores through core assets of the Central Government, over a four-year period, from FY 2022 to FY 2025. NMP is one among the three pronged strategy developed by the government to strengthen country’s infrastructure, the other two being creating institutional structures, and enhancing share of capital expenditure in central and state budgets. Source: PIB NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASE (NTD) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: In a landmark achievement, Chad has become the first country in 2024 and the 51st globally to eliminate a neglected tropical disease (NTD) — the gambiense form of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Background: Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, is a parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of the Glossina, commonly known as the tsetse fly. This disease mostly affects poor populations living in remote rural areas of Africa. HAT takes 2 forms, depending on the subspecies of the infecting parasite: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (92% of reported cases) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (8%). About Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of mostly communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions. These diseases disproportionately affect impoverished communities, impacting more than one billion people globally. Prevalence

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   AMID SETBACKS, FIRST SIGNS OF PROGRESS IN LITHIUM MINING IN CHHATTISGARH Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE, CURRENT EVENT Context: Exploration of lithium in Chhattisgarh’s Korba district has moved a step further with one block advancing to the second round of auctions and promising deposits now being found in the initial exploration of another block, according to latest information available with the Union Mines Ministry. Background:- The reassuring signs from Korba come after a series of roadblocks in the endeavour to develop India’s first lithium mine including the cancellation of auction of a lithium block in Jammu and Kashmir’s Reasi district due to insufficient investor interest, shelving of exploration plans in Manipur’s Kamjong district due to “local resistance”, and “not encouraging” results from exploration in Ladakh and Assam. Key takeaways In Korba, just south of the lithium block currently under auction, a private exploration company funded by the National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET) has found hard rock lithium deposits ranging from 168 to 295 parts per million (ppm). Further exploration could pin down the reserves estimate to a large number. Since November, the mines ministry has put 38 blocks of critical minerals up for auction, including two lithium blocks — one in J&K’s Reasi district and another in Chhattisgarh’s Korba district. Of the two lithium blocks, only the Korba block garnered enough investor interest for the auction process to continue, while the Reasi block had to be annulled and was reoffered in a fresh tranche of auction in March. Preliminary surveys in Korba found lithium concentrations in bedrock samples ranging from 10 to 2,000 ppm, whereas exploration in Reasi showed lithium deposits exceeding 200 ppm. According to mining sector experts, the potentially lower concentration of lithium in the J&K block, coupled with the need for expensive mineral extraction infrastructure, could explain the weak investor interest. Lithium concentration alone does not determine extraction viability. Lithium found in hard rock granites and pegmatites, like in India, is significantly harder to extract. Additional Information: Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal, which is a vital ingredient of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that power electric vehicles, laptops, and mobile phones. With lithium demand having grown significantly over the past few years and set to rise further going forward, there is a global rush for mining the critical mineral. India currently imports all the lithium it needs. Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL), a joint venture of three public sector companies under the Mines Ministry, secured rights to explore, develop, and extract lithium across five blocks in Argentina’s Catamarca province earlier this year. Source: Indian Express ESTONIA Syllabus Prelims & Mains – GEOGRAPHY Context: Estonia, one of the world’s most advanced digital countries, is looking to partner with India to collaborate on strengthening the two countries’ cybersecurity infrastructure. Background: Estonia, courtesy its vicinity to Russia, faces a barrage of cyberattacks from the country, more so because of the former’s stance on the war between Russia and Ukraine. About ESTONIA Estonia, officially theRepublic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by theGulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus and The territory of Estonia consists of themainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. Tallinn, thecapital city, and Tartu are the two largest urban areas of the country. Estonia wasrepeatedly contested, invaded, and occupied; by the Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and was ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the USSR as an administrative subunit (Estonian SSR). Following the 1988–1990 bloodless Estonian “Singing Revolution” against the Soviet rule, the nation’s full independence was restored on20 August 1991. Estonia is adeveloped country, with a high-income advanced economy, ranking 31st (out of 191) in the Human Development Index. Thesovereign state of Estonia is a democratic unitary parliamentary republic, administratively subdivided into 15 maakond (counties). With a population of just around 1.4 million, it is one of the least populous members of theEuropean Union, the Eurozone, the OECD, the Schengen Area, and Estonia has consistently ranked highly in international rankings forquality of life, education, press freedom, digitalisation of public services and the prevalence of technology companies. Need for strengthening the two countries’ cybersecurity infrastructure: Estonia faced one of the largest cyberattacks on its digital infrastructure in 2007 by means of a distributed denial of service (DDoD) attack. Since the war between Russia and Ukraine, the country has experienced similar threats from Russian actors. India have previously said that New Delhi faces much of a similar challenge from Beijing, where a group of independent, and state-backed actors have increased attacks on critical infrastructure in New Delhi. The ties between Estonia and India are increasingly growing. An Indian contingent was, for the first time, observers in anNATO-run cyber security exercise in Estonia last month. The exercise was the largest of its kind in Europe. Source: PIB INDIA-BANGLADESH BILATERAL RELATIONS Syllabus Mains – GS 2 Context: Delhi hosted Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina over the weekend for the first state visit by a foreign leader during PM Modi’s third term. Background: Hasina was in Delhi barely two weeks earlier for the swearing-in of Modi and that the two PMs have met 10 times over the past year underlines the intensity of the engagement. Key Takeaways The two countries have promised to focus on the unfinished agenda of connectivity that includes the easing of visa procedures, freer movement of goods, cross-border energy and electricity flows, and the building of digital bridges. Bangladesh has emerged as one of India’s most important trade partners. Delhi and Dhaka now propose to commence the long overdue negotiations on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA). Free trade across India’s longest frontier to the second-largest economy in the Subcontinent is an urgent regional imperative amidst the breakdown of the global trading order. As one of the world’s fast-growing economies, Bangladesh is a natural partner for India in rearranging of the South Asian regional economic order. Hasina and Modi have also outlined the ambition to modernise the bilateral defence relationship that has fallen behind

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   SRINAGAR GETS TAG OF WORLD CRAFT CITY Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: Srinagar has become the fourth Indian city to be recognised as a ‘World Craft City’ by the World Craft Council (WCC), three years after it was designated as part of the UNESCO Creative City Network (UCCN) for crafts and folk arts. Background:- Jaipur, Malappuram and Mysore are the other Indian cities that have previously been recognised as World Craft Cities. Key takeaways The World Craft City (WCC) initiative, launched in 2014 by the World Crafts Council AISBL (WCC-International), recognizes the vital role played by local authorities, craftspeople, and communities in cultural, economic, and social development worldwide. The WCC-World Craft City Programme establishes a dynamic network of craft cities across the globe, aligning with the principles of the creative economy. This initiative responds to the increasing acknowledgment of the valuable contributions made by local entities to the multifaceted dimensions of development. Key objectives of the WCC-World Craft City Programme: Global Recognition Showcase the reputation and assets of creative cities/regions specializing in specific craft disciplines, raw materials, articles, or a variety of crafts on a global platform. Government Advocacy Encourage governmental support and future commitments for the development of crafts in designated cities/regions. Local Innovation Strengthen local potential for innovation and foster the development of creative tourism. Knowledge Exchange Promote the exchange of know-how, experiences, and best practices in various craft fields at the national, regional, and international levels. Collaborative Opportunities Create new opportunities for cooperation and partnerships between designated craft cities. Source: World Crafts Council ENEMY AGENTS ORDINANCE Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: Jammu and Kashmir Director General of Police (DGP) R R Swain said recently that those found assisting militants in J&K should be tried by investigating agencies under the Enemy Agents Ordinance, 2005. Background: The law is more stringent than the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and has the punishment of either a life term or a death sentence. About J&K Enemy Agents Ordinance The J&K Enemy Agents Ordinance was first issued in 1917 by the then Dogra Maharaja of J&K. It is referred to as an ‘ordinance’ since laws made during the Dogra rule were called ordinances. According to the ordinance, “whosoever is an enemy agent or, with an intent to aid the enemy, conspires with any other person to any act which is designed or likely to give assistance to the enemy or to impede the military or air operations of Indian forces or to endanger life or is guilty of incendiarism shall be punishable with death or rigorous imprisonment for life or with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years and shall also be liable to fine”. After Partition in 1947, the ordinance was incorporated as a law in the erstwhile state and was also amended. In 2019, when Article 370 of the Constitution was repealed, J&K’s legal framework also underwent several changes. TheJammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act was passed, which listed out state laws that were to continue while several others were repealed and replaced with Indian laws. While the security laws such as Enemy Agents Ordinance and Public Safety Act remained; the Ranbir Penal Code was replaced with the Indian Penal Code. Other laws including The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 or Forest Act, and The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 were extended to J&K as well. The trial under the Enemy Agents Ordinance is conducted by a special judge who is appointed by the “government in consultation with the High Court”. Under the ordinance, the accused cannot engage a lawyer to defend herself unless permitted by the court. There is no provision for appeal against the verdict, and the decision of the special judge can only be reviewed “by a person chosen by the Government from the judges of the High Court and the decision of that person shall be final”. The ordinance also bars any disclosure or publication of the case tried under it. Source: Indian Express 4-DAY LONG AMBUBACHI MELA AT KAMAKHYA TEMPLE ENDS Syllabus Prelims – CURRENT EVENT Context: As today is June 26th, the annual Ambubachi Mela at Kamakhya Temple, atop Nilachal hills in Assam’s Guwahati, which commenced on Saturday, will conclude with the temple doors opening for darshan after a ritualistic bath and daily puja, following a four-day cessation of worship. Background: During the period of Ambubachi from the seventh to the tenth day of the Hindu month of “Asadha”, the doors of the shrine are closed to all as it is believed that Goddess Kamakhya goes through the annual cycle of menstruation. On the twelfth day, the doors are opened ceremonially and a big fair held at the temple premises on that day. Key Takeaways The Ambubachi Mela is an annual mela (gathering) held at Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati, Assam. This yearly mela is celebrated during the monsoon season that happens to fall during the Assamese month Ahaar, around the middle of June when the sun transits to the zodiac of Mithuna, when the Brahmaputra River is in spate. During this time Brahmaputra River near the temple turns Red for three days. Ambubachi Mela is the celebration of the yearly menstruation course of goddess Kamakhya. It is believed that the presiding goddess of the temple, Devi Kamakhya, the Mother Shakti, goes through her annual cycle of menstruation during this time stretch. “Ambubachi” means spoken with water and it also implies that the rains expected during this month make the earth fertile and ready for procreation. Daily worship is suspended during this period. All agricultural work like digging, ploughing, sowing, and transplanting of crops are forbidden. Widows, Brahmacharis and Brahmins avoid cooked food during these days. On the fourth day, Ambubachi being over, household items, utensils and clothes are washed, cleaned and purified by sprinkling sacred waters, worship of Goddess Kamakhya begins after cleansing and other rituals are performed. Entry to the Shrine is considered to be auspicious after this. The concept of Ambubachi thus has in its origin, formative influences and

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   DEPUTY SPEAKER Syllabus Prelims – POLITY Context: With the Opposition’s increased strength in Lok Sabha, its members are hoping to get the post of Deputy Speaker. There was no Deputy Speaker for the entire duration of the 17th Lok Sabha (2019-24). Background:- The first four Deputy Speakers, from 1952 to 1969, were from the ruling Congress. The Opposition had the post of Deputy Speaker continuously from 1990 through 2014. Key takeaways According to Article 95(1), the Deputy Speaker performs the duties of the Speaker if the post is vacant. The Deputy Speaker has the same general powers as the Speaker when presiding over the House. All references to the “Speaker” in the Rules are deemed to be references to the Deputy Speaker as well for the times when he or she presides. Both the Speaker and Deputy Speaker must be appointed “as soon as may be”. Article 93 states that “The House of the People shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the House to be respectively Speaker and Deputy Speaker”. Article 178 contains the corresponding provision for the Speakers and Deputy Speakers in the state Assemblies. Is it mandatory under the Constitution to have a Deputy Speaker? The Constitution does not specify a time frame for making the appointments. It is this gap in the provision that allows governments to delay or avoid appointing a Deputy Speaker. However, constitutional experts have pointed out that both Article 93 and Article 178 use the words “shall” and “as soon as may be” – indicating that not only is the election of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker mandatory, it must be held at the earliest. What are the rules for the election of the Deputy Speaker? The Speaker / Dy Speaker is elected from among the Lok Sabha members by a simple majority of members present and voting The election of the Deputy Speaker usually takes place in the second session, even though there is no bar on having this election in the first session of the new Lok Sabha or Assembly. But the election of Deputy Speaker is generally not delayed beyond the second session unless there are some genuine and unavoidable constraints. In the Lok Sabha, the election of Deputy Speaker is governed by Rule 8 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha.According to Rule 8, the election shall be held on such date as the Speaker may fix. The Deputy Speaker is elected once a motion proposing his or her name is carried. Once elected, the Deputy Speaker usually continues in office until the dissolution of the House. Under Article 94 (and Article 179 for state Assemblies), the Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the House of the People. They may also resign (to each other), or may be removed from office by a resolution of the House of the People passed by a majority of all the then members of the House. Additional Information: After the first Speaker, G V Mavalankar, died in 1956 before his term ended, Deputy Speaker M Ananthasayanam Ayyangar filled in for the remaining tenure of Lok Sabha from 1956 to 1957. Ayyangar was later elected as Speaker of the second Lok Sabha. Source: Indian Express CHINA’S SAMPLE RETURN LUNAR MISSION Syllabus Prelims & Mains – SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Context: China’s Chang’e-6 on Tuesday became the first spacecraft to bring back samples from the far side of the Moon — the part that the Earth never gets to see. Background: India’s Chandrayaan-4 mission, which is currently under development by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), will also be a sample return mission.Chandrayaan-3 landed about 600 km from the South Pole of the Moon last year. Key Takeaways The lander descended on the Moon’s surface on June 1, and spent two days collecting rocks and soil from one of the oldest and largest of lunar craters — the 2,500 km-wide South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin — using a robotic arm and drill. The lander then launched an ascent module that transferred the samples to the Chang’e-6 orbiter that was orbiting the Moon. On June 21, the orbiter released a service module thatbrought back the samples to Earth. Is this the first time a spacecraft has brought lunar samples to Earth? Back in July 1969, the US Apollo 11 mission brought 22 kg of lunar surface material, including 50 rocks, to Earth. In September 1970, the Soviet Luna 16 mission — the first robotic sample return mission — too, brought pieces of the Moon to Earth. In recent years, Chang’e-5, the predecessor of Chang’e-6, brought back 2 kg of lunar soil in December 2020. All these samples, however, came from the near side of the Moon. Difficult terrain, giant craters, and the difficulty in communicating with ground control made it technically challenging to land a spacecraft on the side that never faces the Earth. The Moon is tidally locked with Earth; thus we see only one side of our nearest space neighbour. Chang’e-4 overcame these difficulties in 2019, putting the Yutu-2 rover on the far lunar surface. Now, Chang’e-6 has not only landed on the far side, but also returned with samples from there. Why are sample return missions significant in the first place? A sample return missionsuch as Chang’e-6 aims to collect and return samples from an extraterrestrial location like the Moon or Mars to Earth for analysis. The sample can be rocks or soil — or even some molecules. In situ robotic explorations — in which landers, orbiters, and rovers carry out experiments in space or on heavenly bodies — can carry only miniature instruments that are not very sophisticated or accurate, and answer only certain types of questions. For instance, they can’t determine the origin or age of a rock. If the samples can be brought to Earth, on the other hand, scientists can examine them using extremely sensitive laboratory instruments.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   DANISH FARMERS TO FACE CARBON TAX FOR FLATULENT COWS, PIGS, A WORLD FIRST Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Current Event Context: Denmark will tax livestock farmers for the greenhouse gases emitted by their cows, sheep and pigs from 2030, the first country in the world to do so as it targets a major source of methane emissions, one of the most potent gases contributing to global warming. Background:- Denmark’s move comes after months of protests by farmers across Europe against climate change mitigation measures and regulations that they say are driving them to bankruptcy. Key takeaways Although carbon dioxide typically gets more attention for its role in climate change, methane traps about 87 times more heat on a 20-year timescale, according to the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Levels of methane, which is emitted from sources including landfills, oil and natural gas systems and livestock, have increased particularly quickly since 2020. Livestock account for about 32 per cent of human-caused methane emissions, says the UN Environment Program. New Zealand had passed a similar law due to take effect in 2025. However, the legislature was scrapped after facing multiple criticisms from farmers. For Your Information: As of 2030, Danish livestock farmers will be taxed 300 kroner ($43) per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2030. The tax will increase to 750 kroner ($108) by 2035. However, because of an income tax deduction of 60%, the actual cost per ton will start at 120 kroner ($17.3) and increase to 300 kroner by 2035. The aim is to reduce Danish greenhouse gas emissions by 70% from 1990 levels by 2030 As of 2030, Danish livestock farmers will be taxed 300 kroner ($43) per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2030. The tax will increase to 750 kroner ($108) by 2035. However, because of an income tax deduction of 60%, the actual cost per ton will start at 120 kroner ($17.3) and increase to 300 kroner by 2035. Source: Hindu SANT KABIR DAS Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ART & CULTURE Context: Recently, the Prime Minister Modi paid his respectful tribute to Sant Kabir Das on his 647th birth anniversary. Background: Kabir Jayanti, also known asKabir Praakat Diwas, is celebrated to commemorate the manifestation of Kabir, a famous poet and mystic saint. It is celebrated once in a year on the full moon day in the Hindu month Jyeshtha, which is the month of May or June according to the Gregorian calendar. About Kabir Das Kabir (1398–1518 CE) was a well-known Indianmystic poet and sant. His verses are found in Sikhism’s scriptureGuru Granth Sahib, the Satguru Granth Sahib of Saint Garib Das, and Kabir Sagar of Dharamdas. Born in the city ofVaranasi, Uttar Pradesh, he is known for being critical of organized religions. He questioned what he regarded to be the meaningless and unethical practices of all religions, primarily what he considered to be the wrong practices in Hinduism and Islam.During his lifetime, he was threatened by both Hindus and Muslims for his views. Kabir suggested that “truth” is with the person who is on the path of righteousness, considered everything, living and non living, as divine, and who is passively detached from the affairs of the world.To know the truth, suggested Kabir, drop the “I”, or the ego. Kabir’s legacy survives and continues through theKabir panth (“Path of Kabir”), Sant Mat sect that recognizes Kabir as its founder. Its members are known as Kabir panthis Philosophies and Teachings of Kabir Das Unity of God Kabir Das believed that there is only one God, and this God is beyond all religions. He criticized the rigid practices of both Hinduism and Islam, promoting the idea that God is one and present everywhere. Kabir’s famous lines, “If by worshiping stones one can find God, I will worship a mountain. But no one worships the grinding stone at home, though it feeds the world,” show his disdain for superficial religiosity. Inner Devotion (Bhakti) Kabir emphasized that true worship comes from the heart. He believed that a sincere connection with God is more important than external rituals. He taught that one’s heart should be pure and filled with love for the divine, and this inner devotion is what truly matters. Critique of Rituals and Superstitions Kabir was a vocal critic of empty rituals and superstitions. He urged people to look beyond these practices and focus on sincere devotion. He believed that rituals without true devotion are meaningless, and that people should seek a deeper, personal experience of God. Equality and Social Justice Kabir condemned the caste system and social inequality. He believed that all human beings are equal, regardless of their caste, creed, or gender. His verses often called for unity and equality among all people, promoting a message of social justice and harmony. Guru and Spiritual Guide Kabir placed great importance on the role of the Guru (spiritual teacher). He believed that a Guru is essential for guiding individuals on their spiritual journey and helping them realize the divine within themselves. Kabir saw the Guru as a vital link between the individual and the divine. Simple Living Kabir advocated for a simple and humble lifestyle. He believed in living free from material desires and focusing on spiritual growth. His own life as a weaver exemplified his teachings of humility and simplicity, showing that one can lead a spiritually rich life without wealth or power. Source: Money Control GEO HERITAGE SITES Syllabus Mains – GS 1 Context: Geological conservation seeks to ensure the survival of the best representative examples of India’s geological features and events so that present and future generations can appreciate more of the world’s best natural laboratories. Despite international progress in this field, geo-conservation has not found much traction in India. Background: With landscapes that range from the world’s greatest peaks to low-lying coastal plains, India showcases a diverse morphology that has evolved over billions of years. India’s tumultuous geological past is recorded in its rocks and terrains and should be considered as our non-cultural heritage. Geo-heritage Sites: They are specific places with geological importance, holding

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   CASE FOR A BUFFER FOOD POLICY Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: Inflation, based on the official consumer price index (CPI), stood at 8.69 % for cereals in May, and almost twice as much (17.14%) for pulses. These rates would probably have been higher, but for the sales from buffer stocks, especially of wheat and chana (chickpea), built by government agencies during surplus production years. Background:- Overall CPI inflation, at 4.75% year-on-year in May, was the lowest in 12 months. It would have been lower had retail food inflation not stayed elevated at 8.69%. Key takeaways The Food Corporation of India’s (FCI) open market sale scheme brought down retail inflation in cereals and wheat, from their respective highs of 16.73% and 25.37% in February 2023 to 8.69% and 6.53% in May 2024. The inherently volatility and unpredictability of food prices, exacerbated by climate change — fewer rainy days and extended dry spells, interspersed with intense precipitation, and also shorter winters and heat waves — has made it difficult for the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to consider any monetary easing or cutting interest rates. The government, too, is forced to resort to undesirable measures such as restricting exports, or imposing produce stock limits on traders and processors. One possible way out of the conundrum would be to build a buffer stock of all essential food items, by procuring these from farmers during years of surplus production, and offloading the same in times of crop failures to moderate market prices. There’s scope to not only expand procurement of pulses and oilseeds, but extend it to staple vegetables and even skimmed milk powder (SMP). The onion, potato and tomato procured can be stored in dehydrated/processed form such as paste, flakes and puree for sales to hotels, restaurants, canteens, and other institutional buyers. This would ensure that both households and bulk buyers do not compete to drive up prices during shortages. The fiscal cost of maintaining buffer stocks of essential food items may not be that much: the stocked commodities are not meant to be given out free and, instead, offloaded during scarcity/inflationary periods at near-market prices. Buffer stocking can be an instrument for curbing excessive volatility in food prices, similar to the RBI’s foreign exchange reserves vis-à-vis the currency market. Increasing climate-driven price volatility — ultimately helping neither consumers nor producers — only strengthens the case for a food buffer policy. Source: Indian Express INDIAN GOVERNMENT BONDS IN JP MORGAN INDEX FROM JUNE 28 Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: Indian Government Bonds (IGBs) are set to be included in the JP Morgan Government Bond Index, Emerging Market (GBI-EM) from June 28. The inclusion will take place over a period of 10 months starting June 28, 2024, through to March 31, 2025. Background: Inclusion of domestic bonds to global indices will help bring in dollar inflows into India and ensure a stable financing of the current account gap of the country. What was JP Morgan’s announcement? In September last year, JP Morgan had announced that it would include IGBs to its emerging markets bond index from June 2024. The decision was taken after the 2023 index governance review, it had said. India will have a 1% weightage in theJPMorgan Emerging Market (EM) Bond index, which will gradually rise to 10% over a 10-month period, at an inclusion rate of about 1% weight per month. A higher weightage will prompt global investors to allocate more funds for investment in Indian debt. How many Indian Government Bonds are eligible for inclusion? JP Morgan said there are 23 IGBs that meet the index eligibility criteria, with a combined notional value of approximately Rs 27 lakh crore or $330 billion. Only IGBs designated under the Fully Accessible Route (FAR) are index-eligible. In March 2020, the RBI, in consultation with the government, introduced a separate channel, called the FAR, to enable non-residents to invest in specified Government of India dated securities. As per the index inclusion criteria, eligible instruments are required to have notional outstanding above $1 billion (equivalent) and at least 2.5 years remaining maturity, JP Morgan said. What would be the impact of the bond inclusion? According experts, the move could lead to fresh active flows in the debt market, which remains underpenetrated on external financing. According to estimates by some economists, India is likely to receive $2 billion to $2.5 billion every month during the 10-month period starting June 28. Overall, it is expected that $20 billion to $25 billion of flows would come into India due to the inclusion. It will not only result in lower risk premia, but will also help India to finance its fiscal andcurrent account deficit (CAD), as well as enhance the liquidity and ownership base of government securities (G-secs; debt instruments issued by the central government to meet its fiscal needs). It could help lower funding costs slightly, and support further development of domestic capital markets, but direct positive effects on India’s credit profile will be marginal in the near term. While higher inflows will boost the rupee, inflation is likely to come under pressure. When the RBI mops up dollars from the market, it will have to release an equivalent amount in rupees, putting pressure on inflation. For Your Information: After JP Morgan Chase & Co, Bloomberg announced inclusion of Indian bonds in the Bloomberg Emerging Market (EM) Local Currency Government Index and related indices from January 31, 2025. Source: Money Control LEBANON Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Israel has issued a strong warning, stating that if war were to break out with Hezbollah, it could result in Lebanon being “returned to the Stone Age.” Background: Hezbollah is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group. Its actions have significant regional implications, and tensions persist between Hezbollah and Israel.   About Lebanon: Lebanon is a small Middle Eastern nation situated on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Western Asia. It shares land borders with two countries: Syria to

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   THE STORY OF THE EMERGENCY Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity,Post Independent India Context: On June 25th, India entered the fiftieth year of the imposition of the Emergency, an extraordinary 21-month period from 1975 to 1977, which saw the suspension of civil liberties, curtailment of press freedom, mass arrests, the cancellation of elections, and rule by decree. Background:- The Emergency refers to the period from June 25, 1975 to March 21, 1977, during which Indira Gandhi government used special provisions in the Constitution to impose sweeping executive and legislative consequences on the country. Key takeaways The declaration of Emergency converts the federal structure into a de facto unitary one, as the Union acquires the right to give any direction to state governments, which, though not suspended, come under the complete control of the Centre. Parliament may by law extend the (five-year) term of Lok Sabha one year at a time, make laws on subjects in the State List, and extend the Union’s executive powers to the states. Under Article 352 of the Constitution, the President may, on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister, issue a proclamation of emergency if the security of India or any part of the country is threatened by “war or external aggression or armed rebellion”. In 1975, instead of armed rebellion, the ground of “internal disturbance” was available to the government to proclaim an emergency. This was the only instance of proclamation of emergency due to “internal disturbance”. The two occasions in which an emergency was proclaimed earlier, on October 26, 1962, and December 3, 1971, were both on grounds of war. This ground of “internal disturbance” was removed by The Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978 by the Janata government that came to power after the Emergency. Article 358 frees the state of all limitations imposed by Article 19 (“Right to freedom”) as soon as an emergency is imposed. Article 359 empowers the President to suspend the right of people to move court for the enforcement of their rights during an emergency. What were the political and social circumstances in India in the months leading up to the Emergency? Early in 1974, a student movement called Navnirman (Regeneration) began in Gujarat against the Congress government of Chimanbhai Patel, which was seen as corrupt. As the protests became violent, Patel had to resign and President’s Rule was imposed. Navnirman inspired a students’ movement in Bihar against corruption and poor governance, and the ABVP and socialist organisations came together to form the Chhatra Sangharsh Samiti. The students asked Jayaprakash Narayan, a Gandhian and hero of the Quit India Movement, to lead them. He agreed with two conditions — that the movement would be non-violent and pan-Indian, and aim to cleanse the country of corruption and misgovernance. Thereafter, the students’ movement came to be called the “JP movement”. Meanwhile, in May 1974, the socialist leader George Fernandes led an unprecedented strike of railway workers that paralysed the Indian Railways for three weeks. On June 5, during a speech in Patna’s historic Gandhi Maidan, JP gave a call for “Sampoorna Kranti”, or total revolution. By the end of the year, JP had got letters of support from across India, and he convened a meeting of opposition parties in Delhi. JP’s rallies invoked the power of the people with the rousing slogan, “Sinhasan khaali karo, ke janata aati hai (Vacate the throne, for the people are coming)”. On June 12, 1975, Justice Jagmohanlal Sinha of Allahabad High Court delivered a historic verdict in a petition filed by Raj Narain, convicting Indira Gandhi of electoral malpractice, and striking down her election from Rae Bareli. On appeal, the Supreme Court gave the Prime Minister partial relief — she could attend Parliament but could not vote. As demands for her resignation became louder and her aides in the Congress dug in their heels, JP asked the police not to follow immoral orders. Late on June 25 evening, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed signed the proclamation of Emergency. The Cabinet was informed about the decision the next morning. What happened to opposition leaders, mediapersons, and political dissenters during the Emergency? Almost all opposition leaders, including JP, were detained. About 36,000 people were put in jail under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA). Newspapers were subjected to pre-censorship. UNI and PTI were merged into a state-controlled agency called Samachar. The Press Council was abolished. Indira’s son Sanjay Gandhi pushed a “five-point programme” that included forced family planning and clearance of slums. What legal changes were pushed through by Parliament and in the courts during the Emergency? With the opposition in jail, Parliament passed The Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act that barred judicial review of the Emergency, and The Constitution (Thirty-ninth Amendment) Act that said the election of the Prime Minister could not be challenged in the Supreme Court. The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act made changes to a range of laws, taking away the judiciary’s right to hear election petitions, widening the authority of the Union to encroach on State subjects, gave Parliament unbridled power to amend the Constitution with no judicial review possible, and made any law passed by Parliament to implement any or all directive principles of state policy immune to judicial review. In the famous case of ADM Jabalpur vs Shivkant Shukla, 1976, a five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court ruled that detention without trial was legal during an emergency. The sole dissenter to the majority judgment was Justice H R Khanna. What prompted Indira Gandhi to lift the Emergency, and what happened afterward? For no apparent reason, Indira decided to lift the Emergency early in 1977. As it happened, the elections of 1977 led to a comprehensive defeat for Indira. The Janata Party, formed by a merger of the Jana Sangh, Congress (O), the socialists and Bharatiya Lok Dal, emerged as a formidable force, and Morarji Desai became India’s first non-Congress Prime Minister. What efforts were made by the Janata government to undo the damage

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   NATIONAL PARTY STATUS Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: With no elected MP in Lok Sabha and its vote share this general election down to 2.04%, the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) could lose its national status once the Election Commission carries out its customary review post general elections. Background:- Founded in 1984 by Kanshi Ram who later named Mayawati as his successor, BSP was recognised as a national party in 1997. Key takeaways Currently, there are six political parties recognised as national parties by the Election Commission – BJP, BSP, Congress, AAP, National People’s Party, and CPM. According to the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968, a national party is one that has : at least 6% of the total valid votes in four or more states in the last general election and at least four MPs; or wins at least 2% of the seats in the Lok Sabha, with the winners being from at least three states; or is a recognised state party in at least four states. With the party failing to win any seat in the 18th Lok Sabha and getting only 2.04% of the total votes, as per the results available on the ECI website, it fails the first two criteria for retaining its national party status. The final results and statistics for the 2024 elections are yet to be published. For the third criterion, the party has to meet the conditions for being a recognised state party in four or more states, which it also does not meet as of now. In all state Assembly elections held between 2019 and now, the BSP meets the criteria for being a state party only in Uttar Pradesh, where it won 12.88% votes in the 2022 state polls. In the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, it met the state party criteria, of having at least 8% of the valid votes polled in a particular state, in Uttar Pradesh, where it got 9.39% of the votes. As per the Symbols Order, a state party is one which has got : at least 6% of the total valid votes in a state and at least two MLAs; or at least 6% of the total valid votes polled in the state in the last Lok Sabha elections and at least one MP from that state; or at least 3% of the total seats in the Assembly or three seats, whichever is higher; or at least one MP for every 25 seats allotted to that state in the Lok Sabha; or at least 8% of the total valid votes in the last Lok Sabha election in that particular state or Assembly election. This is not the first time that BSP’s national status is under scanner. In 2014, when it also had no seat in Lok Sabha and 4.19% vote share, it could have lost its national party status, but an amendment made by EC in 2016 came to its rescue. Post the 2014 elections, the Symbols Order was amended in 2016 with effect from January 1, 2014 saying that a party’s national or state recognition would not be reviewed in the first election after the one in which they gain the status, meaning the first review would be after 10 years. This benefit was given to all parties, even the BSP, which became a national party in 1997. As a national party, a political party gets certain benefits, including the guaranteed use of their common election symbol for candidates across the country, land or accommodation for an office in Delhi, free copies of the electoral roll and airtime on Doordarshan and All-India Radio during elections. Source: Indian Express AI WASHING Syllabus Prelims & Mains – CURRENT EVENT Context: Soon after the release of ChatGPT in 2022, there was an explosion of news and a surge of interest in AI, triggering a hype cycle that continues unabated. Suddenly, it seems every tech company or startup is marketing an AI product. Tech companies and startups marketing themselves as using AI, but not doing so forms the basis of ‘AI washing’ Background: The summit will take place from July 3-4 in Astana. Kazakhstan took over the SCO presidency from India, which was the president last year. India hosted the SCO summit virtually in July 2023. About AI WASHING AI washing is a term derived from greenwashing, where companies exaggerate their environmental friendliness to appeal to customers. Similarly, businesses that claim to have integrated AI into their products, when they’re actually using less sophisticated technology, can be accused of AI washing. When it comes to AI washing, there are several types. Some companies claim to use AI when they’re actually using less-sophisticated computing, while others overstate the efficacy of their AI over existing techniques, or suggest that their AI solutions are fully operational when they are not. While it is unclear who coined the term AI washing, it was popularised by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) when it levied fines againstinvestment advisory firms Global Predictions and Delphia in March 2024. The securities regulator found that the companies had made false statements to their clients about providing ‘expert AI-driven forecasts’ and using machine learning to manage retail client portfolios. What are some real-life examples of AI washing? Recently, Amazon reportedly removed its cashier-less checkout systems from many physical grocery stores afterBusiness Insider found that the ‘Just Walk Out’ technology, which claimed to use AI and sensors to detect what was in a customer’s shopping cart, actually relied on employees in India to review the transactions. Not just tech companies, the AI-related claims of multinational brands such asMcDonalds and Coca Cola have also come under scrutiny. McDonalds recently decided to ditch its AI technology at drive-thru restaurants in the US after customers complained that their orders had been incorrectly taken down. The rush to be branded as an AI business follows a long pattern of companies looking to capitalise on the hype surrounding new and emerging technologies. Why is AI washing a growing concern? While

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   SHOULD EDUCATION BE BROUGHT BACK TO THE STATE LIST? Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity , Education Context: With controversies erupting over the conduct of exams by National Testing agency (NTA), the question of whether education should be brought back to state list has arisen again. Background:- The NEET-UG exam has been embroiled in controversies over the award of grace marks, allegation of paper leaks and other irregularities. The government also cancelled the UGC-NET exam after it was held, while the CSIR-NET and NEET-PG exams have been postponed. Key takeaways The Government of India Act, 1935 during the British rule created a federal structure for the first time in our polity. The legislative subjects were distributed between the federal legislature (present day Union) and provinces (present day States). Education which is an important public good was kept under the provincial list. After independence, this continued and education was part of the ‘State list’ under the distribution of powers. However, during the Emergency, the Congress party constituted the Swaran Singh Committee to provide recommendations for amendments to the Constitution. One of the recommendations of this committee was to place ‘education’ in the concurrent list in order to evolve all-India policies on the subject. This was implemented through the 42nd constitutional amendment (1976) by shifting ‘education’ from the State list to the concurrent list. There was no detailed rationale that was provided for this switch and the amendment was ratified by various States without adequate debate. The Janata Party government led by Morarji Desai that came to power after Emergency passed the 44th constitutional amendment (1978) to reverse many of the controversial changes made through the 42nd amendment. One of these amendments that was passed in the Lok Sabha but not in the Rajya Sabha was to bring back ‘education’ to the State list. What are international practices? In the U.S., State and local governments set the overall educational standards, mandate standardised tests and supervise colleges and universities. The federal education department’s functions primarily include policies for financial aid, focussing on key educational issues and ensuring equal access. In Canada, education is completely managed by the provinces. In Germany, the constitution vests legislative powers for education with landers (equivalent of States). In South Africa, on the other hand, education is governed by two national departments for school and higher education. The provinces of the country have their own education departments for implementing policies of the national departments and dealing with local issues. Way forward : The arguments in favour of ‘education’ in the concurrent list include a uniform education policy, improvement in standards and synergy between Centre and States. However, considering the vast diversity of the country, a ‘one size fits all’ approach is neither feasible nor desirable. Further, as per the report on ‘Analysis of Budgeted expenditure on Education’ prepared by the Ministry of Education in 2022, out of the total revenue expenditure by education departments in our country estimated at ₹6.25 lakh crore (2020-21), 15% is spent by the Centre while 85% is spent by the States. Even if expenditure by all other departments on education and training are considered, the share works out to 24% and 76% respectively. The arguments against restoring ‘education’ to State list include corruption coupled with lack of professionalism. The recent issues surrounding the NEET and NTA have however displayed that centralisation does not necessarily mean that these issues would vanish. Considering the need for autonomy in view of the lion’s share of the expenditure being borne by the States, there needs to be a productive discussion towards moving ‘education’ back to the State list. This would enable them to frame tailor-made policies for syllabus, testing and admissions for higher education including professional courses like medicine and engineering. Regulatory mechanisms for higher education can continue to be governed by central institutions like the National Medical Commission, University Grants Commission and All India Council for Technical Education. Source: Hindu LIBERALISED REMITTANCES SCHEME (LRS) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: Spending money overseas through credit card does not come under the liberalised remittance scheme limit yet, but it may change in the near future. As per a media report published recently, bringing credit card spend under the LRS is now on the government’s radar. Background: For the uninitiated, the finance ministry in May 2023 had brought credit card spending under the LRS limit. However, it was announced on June 28 that overseas spending using credit cards will beput on hold in order to give time to the banks to streamline their requisite IT systems. About LIBERALISED REMITTANCES SCHEME (LRS) Under the RBI’s Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS), all resident individuals are allowed to freely remit up to $2,50,000 in each financial year abroad for any permissible current or capital account transaction or a combination of both. This scheme was introduced on February 4, 2004, with a limit of $25,000. The LRS limit was later revised in stages consistent with prevailing macro and micro economic conditions. In case of remitter being a minor, the LRS declaration form must be countersigned by the minor’s natural guardian. The Scheme is not available to corporates, partnership firms, HUF, Trusts etc. The remittances can be made in any freely convertible foreign currency.Permanent Account Number (PAN) is mandatory for all transactions under LRS. If government includes credit card spending under the LRS, credit card usersmay have to cough up 20 percent tax collection at source (TCS). Tax collected at source is the sum collected by the seller from the buyer at the time of sale so that it can be deposited with the tax authorities. TheTCS for foreign remittances under LRS was raised to 20 percent in Budget 2023 from the earlier rate of 5 per cent. This included international travel, sending money overseas, and other remittances. This new tax ratecame into force on Oct 1, 2023 which removed the threshold of ₹7 lakh for triggering TCS on LRS. These changes, however, are not applicable in case of education and medical expenses. Additional Information The legal

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   ABHAYA MUDRA Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Art & Culture Context: In his first speech as Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, Rahul Gandhi on Monday invoked the abhaya mudra, the gesture of the raised open palm that is commonly understood as conveying reassurance and a freedom from fear. Background:- According to Buddhist legend, Devadatta, a cousin and a disciple of the Buddha, upon not being granted the special treatment he expected, plotted to harm the Buddha . He fed a wild elephant intoxicants and drove her on the Buddha’s path. As the disciples scattered before the charging animal, the Buddha raised his hand in the abhaya mudra. The elephant is said to have calmed down immediately, gone down on her knees, and bowed her head to the Buddha. Key takeaways In Sanskrit, the term mudra could mean a seal, mark, sign, or currency, but in the Buddhist context, it refers to “hand and arm gestures made during the course of ritual practice or depicted in images of buddhas, bodhisattvas, tantric deities, and other Buddhist images. Mudras are most commonly associated with visual depictions of the Buddha (or Buddharupa), with different gestures conveying different moods and meanings, signifying the subtle manifestations of the Buddha’s states of realisation. The earliest depictions of the Buddha in physical form date to roughly around the turn of the first millennium. Depictions started appearing in the Gandhara art from the northwestern edge of the Indian subcontinent. In the earliest depictions of Buddharupa, four mudras can be found: the abhaya mudra, or “gesture of fearlessness”; the bhumisparsha mudra, or “Earth-touching gesture”; the dharmachakra mudra, or “gesture of the wheel of dharma”; and the dhyana mudra, or “gesture of meditation”. Gesture of fearlessness The abhaya mudra is described as one typically formed with the palm of the right hand facing outward at shoulder height and the fingers pointing up. Occasionally, the index, second, or third finger touches the thumb, with the remaining fingers extended upward. In some cases, both hands may simultaneously be raised in this posture in a double abhayamudra. In Buddhist tradition, the abhaya mudra is associated with the Buddha immediately after he obtained Enlightenment, “portraying a sense of the security, serenity, and compassion that derive from enlightenment”. The gesture of fearlessness also identifies the moment when Shakyamuni (the Buddha) tamed the mad elephant, illustrating the Buddha’s ability to grant fearlessness to his followers. This is why the abhaya mudra is also seen as a “gesture of protection” or “gesture of granting refuge”. Over time, the abhaya mudra appeared in depictions of Hindu deities, and the Buddha himself was absorbed into the Hindu pantheon as the ninth avatar of the Puranic god Vishnu. As multiple traditions, practices, and cultural influences mingled in the great melting pot of the Hindu religion, manifestations were seen in art and visual depiction of gods. The abhaya mudra was seen in the depictions, most commonly of Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu, and Lord Ganesha. Source: Indian Express CRITICAL MINERAL RECYCLING: GOVT PLANS PLI SCHEME TO BOOST CIRCULAR ECONOMY Syllabus Prelims & Mains – ECONOMY Context: The Ministry of Mines is in the initial stages of designing a Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to boost the recycling of critical minerals in India. Background: This move aims to foster a circular economy and bolster domestic supply chains, following a lacklustre response to recent auctions of critical mineral blocks. Critical Minerals Critical minerals are those minerals that areessential for economic development and national security, the lack of availability of these minerals or concentration of extraction or processing in a few geographical locations may lead to supply chain vulnerabilities. The Government India has identified 30 minerals as Critical Minerals. The30 critical minerals are Antimony, Beryllium, Bismuth, Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, Graphite, Hafnium, Indium, Lithium, Molybdenum, Niobium, Nickel, PGE, Phosphorous, Potash, REE, Rhenium, Silicon, Strontium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, Vanadium, Zirconium, Selenium and Cadmium. They are elements that are the building blocks of essential modern-day technologies.These minerals are now used everywhere from making mobile phones, and computers to batteries, electric vehicles, and green technologies like solar panels and wind turbines. Based on their individual needs and strategic considerations, different countries create their own lists. Proposed PLI Scheme and its need The proposed PLI scheme aligns with policy recommendations from NITI Aayog and complements the Battery Waste Management Rules (BWMR), 2022, which mandate phased recycling of used electric vehicle (EV) lithium-ion batteries from 2026 onwards. The PLI scheme, while yet to be finalised, will target e-waste recycling– often referred to as “urban mining”– to recover critical minerals such as lithium, copper, cobalt, graphite, chromium, and silicon. These minerals are crucial for clean energy technologies like solar PV modules, wind turbines, energy storage systems, and EVs, as well as consumer electronics. Some recyclers argue the scheme should benefit only those extracting high-purity critical minerals suitable for reuse as primary inputs. Others advocate for a wider scope that includes the production of black mass, which is shredded and processed e-waste rich in minerals including lithium, manganese, cobalt, and nickel, since most Indian recyclers currently lack capacities to extract battery-grade minerals from black mass. India’s e-waste generation is poised to surge, driven by rapid growth in solar and wind energy infrastructure and EV adoption. Industry estimates project solar PV module waste to jump from 100 kilotonnes (kt) in FY23 to 340 kt by 2030. Additionally, 500 kt of EV batteries are expected to reach recycling units in the coming years. Research indicates that recycling critical minerals can significantly reduce the need for virgin ores and new mines. The need to incentivise the growth of critical mineral recycling has become all the more urgent after most critical mineral blocks offered by the Mines Ministry failed to pass the technical bids stage, which requires at least three eligible bidders. This indicates a lack of investor interest in domestic mining of critical minerals. For Your Information: The new incentives will also build on the Battery Waste Management Rules (BWMR) notified in