Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   International Criminal Court (ICC) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Israel is voicing concern that the International Criminal Court could be preparing to issue arrest warrants for government officials on charges related to the conduct of its war against Hamas. Background:- The ICC – which can charge individuals with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide – is investigating Hamas’ October 7 cross-border attack and Israel’s devastating military assault on Hamas-ruled Gaza. About International Criminal Court (ICC) It is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague, Netherlands. It has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, crime of aggression. It is intended to complement existing national judicial systems. It may exercise its jurisdiction only when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals. It may only investigate and prosecute crimes committed within member states, crimes committed by nationals of member states, or crimes in situations referred to the Court by the United Nations Security Council.The ICC lacks universal territorial jurisdiction. Israel is not a member of the court and does not recognise its jurisdiction, but the Palestinian territories were admitted with the status of a member state in 2015. Established in 2002 pursuant to the multilateral Rome Statute, the ICC is considered by its proponents to be a major step toward justice. However, it has faced a number of criticisms from governments and civil society groups, including objections to its jurisdiction, accusations of bias, Eurocentrism and racism, questioning of the fairness of its case selection and trial procedures, and doubts about its effectiveness. Additional Information The ICC is distinct from the International Court of Justice (ICJ), an organ of the United Nations that hears disputes between states. The ICJ, is also known as the World Court. Source: Indian Express The Election Commission of India’s options when polling process is disrupted Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Polity Context: The Election Commission of India (EC), under various Sections of the Representation of People Act, 1951 (RPA), declared void the poll on April 19, in 11 polling stations of Manipur, and 8 polling stations of Arunachal Pradesh. Repolls were conducted on April 22 and April 24 respectively. Elections were also adjourned in Madhya Pradesh’s Betul Lok Sabha constituency due to the death of a candidate on April 9. The polling, originally scheduled on April 26, will now be held on May 7. Background: India’s election laws provide a framework for handling situations where the normal polling process is disrupted for any reason, including damage to EVMs, booth-capturing, natural disasters, or a candidate’s death. The provisions for repolls, adjournments, and the voiding of polls ensure that the democratic process remains fair, transparent, and uninterrupted. Circumstances when the normal polling process is disrupted — and the options before the EC in each case : Intentional destruction, taking away of EVMs: Under Section 58 of the RPA (‘Fresh poll in the case of destruction, etc., of ballot boxes’), the EC can declare the poll at a polling station to be void if: an unauthorised person has unlawfully taken away any EVM; any EVM has been accidentally or intentionally destroyed, or lost, or damaged, or tampered with; or a mechanical failure develops in any EVM during the recording of votes. In such cases, the Returning Officer (RO) immediately informs the EC and the Chief Electoral Officer of the state about the relevant facts and material circumstances, after considering which, the EC can declare the poll void and formally fix the date and time for a new poll. All electors will be allowed to vote at the fresh poll.During the repoll, the voters’ left middle fingers are inked to distinguish between the mark made during the original poll (on their left forefinger). Booth capturing Booth-capturing, defined in Section135A of the RPA, includes all or any of the following activities by any person or persons : seizure of a polling station, affecting the conduct of elections; taking possession of a polling station, allowing only his or their supporters to vote; intimidating or threatening any elector and preventing him from going to the polling station; seizure of a counting place affecting the counting of votes; involvement of any person in government service in any of the above activities. Booth capturing is punishable for a term of not less than one year, which may extend to three years for lay people, and not less than three years, extending to five years for government servants. Under Section 58A (‘Adjournment of poll or countermanding of election on the ground of booth capturing’) in case booth capturing has taken place at a polling Station, the Presiding Officer of a polling station immediately closes the Control Unit of EVM and detaches the Ballot Unit(s) from the Control Unit under Rule 49X of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961. He/She then informs the RO, who reports the full facts to the EC through the fastest means of communication. The EC, based on the material facts, may: (a) declare the poll at that polling station to be void and direct a fresh poll on a new date; or (b) countermand the election in the constituency in case booth capturing has taken place in a large number of polling stations, or if it has affected the counting of votes. Natural disasters, other disruptions to polling The Presiding Officer of a polling station can adjourn the poll at a polling station under section 57(1) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, in case of: a natural calamity like a flood, a severe storm; non-receipt or loss or damage to essential polling materials like EVM, electoral roll etc; interruption or obstruction due to any riot or, open violence; non-arrival of the polling party due to obstruction or any other serious difficulty; or non-commencement of the poll within two hours from the scheduled time due to malfunctioning of EVM, or any other reason. After seeking the EC’s approval on the date and hours, the adjourned poll will recommence from the stage at which it was left immediately before the adjournment. Contesting

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   State of the Climate in Asia Syllabus Mains – Climate Change & Disaster Management Context: Asia has warmed faster than the global average since 1960, the World Meteorological Organisation’s 2023 ‘State of the Climate in Asia’ report has said. Background:- According to the report, released on April 23, the Asian continent is struggling with extreme climate events like floods and heatwaves, with record-breaking temperatures and precipitation reported across its countries. Key Takeaways from the report More than 2,000 people were killed and more than nine million were affected by extreme climate events across Asia in 2023. More than 80% of these events were related to storms and floods. The report recorded several parts experiencing severe heat waves, leading to multiple fatalities, but acknowledged that heat-related mortality is widely underreported. In India, severe heat waves in April and June killed around 110 people by heat stroke (a condition in which the body temperature increases beyond 40 degrees C). In India, floods and landslides in August 2023, primarily in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, killed at least 25 and damaged a lot of infrastructure. Lightning by itself accounted for 1,200 deaths around India through the year. Report noted an “alarming gap” between climate projections and the ability of Asian countries to adapt to and mitigate climate change and its impacts. How well can Asia spot a coming disaster? An early-warning system is an integrated process that monitors, predicts, and forecasts hazards. It also includes activities related to risk-assessment, communications, and preparedness that allow individuals, communities, governments, businesses, etc. to take timely action to mitigate risks. Thanks to such systems, for example, authorities in Bangladesh had a day’s head-start to prepare for Cyclone Mocha and take anticipatory action in Cox’s Bazar, which allowed local communities to better survive its landfall. According to the U.N. Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, the average composite score for the availability of and access to multi‑hazard early warning systems was 0.46 out of 1 in Asia; 0.58 for preparedness to respond; and 0.50 for observation and forecasting. To compare, the world scored 0.35, 0.78, and 0.33, respectively, on average on these counts. Warning and dissemination was the strongest area under the framework for Asia while risk knowledge was the weakest. What do these findings mean for India? India’s early preparedness when dealing with cyclones is commendable, but managing deaths and destruction caused by lightning needs improvement. The response time for lightning is very less. Although India has built mobile applications and other tools, marginalised communities are unable to utilise it. It is crucial that India empowers communities and local governments with the necessary resources and policies to effectively combat these evolving climatic adversities. Source: The Hindu Labour Day or May Day Syllabus Prelims & Mains – History Context: Politicians, celebrities and members of civil society came together on Wednesday to celebrate Labour Day and recognise the contributions of workers. Background: Also known as May Day, May 1 is celebrated to honour the working class and commemorate their struggles for fair wages and better working conditions.On the occasion, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) emphasised the importance of renewing commitment to social justice. What is the history and significance of May Day? The origins of May Day can be traced back to the late 19th century, specifically to the 1886 Haymarket Massacre in Chicago. At the time, several countries were reeling under the heat of industrialisation. Crop failure in the 1840s had led to widespread anti-feudal upheavals collectively called ‘The Revolutions of 1848,’ with Karl Marx’s The Communist Manifesto leaving a lasting impact on workers. The subsequent events resulted in the birth of an umbrella body for socialists and communist organisations in 1864, known as the First International. Thousands of blue-collar workers in the industrial city of Chicago in the United States went on a massive strike to demand better working conditions and a reduction in their work hours from 12-15 hours a day to eight hours daily. The movement spread throughout the country, rallying tens of thousands of workers. On May 4, 1886, a bomb went off at a protest rally at the Haymarket Square in Chicago and ended in a riot as workers clashed with police. At least 11 people were killed. The incident, which came to be known as the Haymarket massacre, is referred to as the origin of May 1 being celebrated as Workers’ Day. The Second International that emerged in 1889 declared May 1 as International Workers’ Day to commemorate the struggle for labour rights and as a tribute to those killed in Chicago. On June 28, 1894, U.S. President Grover Cleveland signed a bill into law declaring the first Monday in September as Labour Day and a national holiday. As for India, Labour Day was first celebrated on May 1, 1923, in Chennai (then known as Madras). Two meetings were held— one on the Triplicane Beach and another near the Madras High Court. These were organised by the Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan. The party was founded by Malayapuram Singaravelu Chettiar, who was one of the founders of the Communist Party of India (CPI). It was at these meetings that a resolution was passed urging the British government to declare May 1 as Labour Day and a government holiday. Interestingly, the red flag that is synonymous with the Left movement was used for the first time during the Chennai event. Source: Hindu BIOHACKING Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: Recently, the Biohacking India 2.0 event took place in New Delhi. Background: This event provided a platform for discussions, knowledge sharing, and innovative ideas related to enhancing human health and performance through cutting-edge technology and lifestyle modifications. About BIOHACKING Biohacking refers to the practice of using science and technology to optimize and enhance the human body’s performance and well-being. It is a broad term that encompasses a variety of practices, from simple lifestyle and dietary changes to the use of advanced technology and biometrics. It includes practices aimed at improving physical and mental

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   La Cumbre volcano Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: On March 2, La Cumbre erupted for the first time since 2020, NASA’s Earth Observatory reported, when lava began slowly seeping out of a fissure near the summit of the volcano’s 4,850-foot-tall (1,480 meters) southeast flank and dribbling down the mountain’s tree-covered slopes. Since then, lava has continually poured out of the volcano, and in early April, the river of molten rock reached the island’s coastline around 6 miles (10 km) from La Cumbre Background:- Fernandina, the youngest of the Galápagos islands, is also the most volcanically active. The island’s La Cumbre volcano lies directly atop the mantle plume, or hot spot, that produced all of the Galápagos islands. About La Cumbre volcano La Cumbre is a shield volcano on Fernandina Island in the Galápagos Islands. Volcanic emissions from Galápagos volcanoes are typically rich in sulfur dioxide and have little ash. The La Cumbre volcano is located around 1,125 kilometres off mainland Ecuador. Since Fernandina – the most volcanically active island among the Galápagos Islands – is uninhabited, there is no risk to people or infrastructure, but the lava flow reportedly has proven to be a spectacle for people on passing ships. Most of Fernandina is rocky and inhospitable to vegetation due to recent lava flows, but a ring of vegetation grows on the volcano’s upper slopes. Vegetation covers more of the other Galápagos islands, where eruptions are less frequent. The island is also home to a large population of rare land iguanas which nest and lay eggs on the rim of the volcano’s large crater or caldera and deep within it. About Galápagos Islands The Galápagos Islands are an archipelago of volcanic islands in the Eastern Pacific, located around the Equator 900 km (560 mi) west of South America. They form the Galápagos Province of the Republic of Ecuador. The Galápagos are famous for their large number of endemic species, which were studied by Charles Darwin in the 1830s and inspired his theory of evolution by means of natural selection. All of these islands are protected as part of Ecuador’s Galápagos National Park and Marine Reserve. Source: Nasa Great Rift Valley Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: At least 42 people died when a dam burst its banks near a town in Kenya’s Rift Valley, as heavy rains and floods battered the country recently. Background: A rift valleyis a lowland region that forms where Earth’s tectonic plates move apart, or Rift valleys are found on land and at the bottom of the ocean, where they are created by the process of seafloor spreading. Rift valleys differ from river valleys and glacial valleys in that they are created by tectonic activity and not the process of erosion. About the Great Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley is a series of contiguous geographic trenches, approximately 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) in total length, that runs from Lebanon in Asia to Mozambique in Southeast Africa. While the name continues in some usages, it is rarely used in geology as it is considered an imprecise merging of separate though related rift and fault systems. The northern part of the system is the Jordan Rift Valley. The Jordan Rift Valley stretches from the Golan Heights, near Israel’s border with Syria and Lebanon, to the Dead Sea, to the Gulf of Aqaba—an inlet of the Red Sea that separates the Sinai Peninsula from the Arabian Peninsula. Associated with the Jordan Rift Valley to the south is the Red Sea Rift. Millions of years ago, the Arabian Peninsula was connected to Africa. Seafloor spreading caused the Arabian and African plates to rift apart. The Indian Ocean flooded the rift valley between the continents, creating the Red Sea. Today, Africa and Asia are connected by the triangle of the Sinai Peninsula. Eventually, the Red Sea Rift will separate Africa and Asia entirely and connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas. South of the Red Sea Rift lies the massive, complex East African Rift. Throughout the East African Rift, the continent of Africa is splitting in two. The African plate, sometimes called the Nubian plate, carries most of the continent, while the smaller Somali plate carries Horn of Africa. Several deep, elongated lakes, called ribbon lakes, exist on the floor of this rift valley: Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika are examples of such lakes. The region has a unique ecosystem and contains a number of Africa’s wildlife parks. Source: National Geographic NAVRATNA STATUS Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: Recently, the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency, a public sector undertaking company was granted ‘Navratna status’ from the department of public enterprises. Background: IREDA provides funding and other services to projects focused on renewable energy and energy efficiency. About NAVRATNA STATUS The Indian government classifies Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) into three categories: Maharatna, Navratna, and Miniratna. Navratna companies are a group of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) in India that enjoy a certain degree of financial autonomy from the government. These companies have specific privileges and can invest up to Rs 1,000 crore without explicit government approval. Eligibility Criteria for Navratna Status: A company must first be a Miniratna and have four independent directors on its board before it can be considered for Navratna status. The company must score at least 60 out of 100 based on specific parameters, including : PBDIT (Profit Before Depreciation, Interest, and Taxes), Total Manpower Cost, Cost of Services, Capital Employed, Net Worth, Net Profit. Additionally, the company must demonstrate significant global presence or international operations. Benefits of Navratna Status: Navratna companies can invest up to Rs 1,000 crore or 15% of their net worth in a single project, whichever is lower. They can also invest up to 30% of their net worth over the entire year, again not exceeding Rs 1,000 crore. These companies have greater financial flexibility and can undertake strategic projects without seeking explicit government approval. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) is a ‘Navratna’ Government of India Enterprise under the administrative control of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). Established in 1987, IREDA serves as a Non-Banking Financial Institution (NBFC) dedicated to promoting, developing, and extending financial assistance for projects related to renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency/conservation. Source: Livemint CONFLICT MINERALS Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Recently, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has accused Apple of using conflict minerals. Background: The DRC accuses

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   El Nino, anti-cyclone systems: Why large parts of India experienced heatwaves in April Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Geography Context: April has been abnormally hot. In the first 26 days of the month, either a small pocket or a considerably large geographical area in India experienced heatwave conditions, according to the India Meteorological Department (IMD). Background:- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports and analysis of weather models clearly indicate that heatwaves in India shall no longer remain contained over only those regions traditionally believed to be prone. Newer areas, especially from the southern peninsular India,  are already experiencing heatwaves. Which areas in India are prone to heatwaves? The Core Heatwave Zone (CHZ) spanning central, north, and peninsular India between Gujarat and West Bengal is prone to heatwave conditions every year, during the summer season March to June and occasionally in July. Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, West Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Vidarbha in Maharashtra, parts of Gangetic West Bengal, coastal Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana are the most heatwave-prone states or regions. When does IMD declare a heatwave? IMD declares a heatwave when the normal maximum temperature recorded over at least two localities in plains touches 40 degree Celsius or exceeds 4.5 degree Celsius from normal.  Heatwave is declared in hilly and coastal regions when temperatures cross 30 degree Celsius and 37 degree Celsius respectively. A severe heatwave is declared if the temperature departure exceeds 6 degree Celsius from normal. Why has April been so hot? One, 2024 is a year that began in an El Niño state. El Niño, is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, which leads to extreme heat in many parts of the world and the ocean. It developed in June 2023 and generally, the years which begin in an El Niño state, experience extreme temperatures, harsh, multiple and extended heatwave spells, and lack of pre-monsoon rainfall. Two, the persistent presence of anticyclone systems over southern peninsular and southeastern coastal areas is also partly responsible for such a hot April. These high-pressure systems, which exist at about the altitude of 3 km and extend between 1,000 and 2,000 km in length,  push the air underneath them towards the Earth, in a process called air subsidence. As a result, the forcefully sunk air generates more heat on the surface closer to the Earth. The presence of anticyclone systems also leads to wind flow from land towards the sea and prevents the incoming cooler sea breeze, which is otherwise responsible for cooling land from time to time. El Niño and anticyclone systems collectively created sweltering hot conditions and heatwaves during April, especially over Gangetic West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. What has been the extent of heatwaves this April? Except for four days (April 1, 10, 11 and 12), a small pocket or a considerably large geographical area of the country experienced either heatwave or severe heatwave conditions, according to the IMD. The worst affected were southern peninsular India and the southeastern coast areas, including Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu along with large areas of Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Gangetic West Bengal. The inclusion of Kerala and Sikkim to the list of heatwave-affected areas indicates that the temperatures are rapidly rising during summers over regions outside that of the CHZ. Source: Indian Express Patachitra Painting Syllabus Prelims – Art & Culture Context: The first generation women patachitra artists of West Bengal sell their work online & are recognised world over, encouraging future generations to stay in the profession Background: Patachitra or Pattachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based scroll painting, based in the eastern Indian states of Odisha, West Bengal and parts of Bangladesh. Patachitra artform is known for its intricate details as well as mythological narratives and folktales inscribed in it. About Patachitra Painting : Patachitra painting dates back to the 12th century and its origins can be traced to the modern-day state of Odisha. Pattachitra is one of the ancient artworks of Odisha, originally created for ritual use and as souvenirs for pilgrims to Puri, as well as other temples in Odisha The word ‘patachitra’ is a combination of two words in the Sanskrit language, where ‘pata’ means ‘cloth’ and ‘chitra’ means ‘picture’. It is a narrative scroll art and a form of storytelling, focusing on themes of mythology and culture. It is difficult to determine the exact year when Patachitra as an art form reached Bengal but art historians believe that it occurred approximately three centuries ago. When people migrated from Odisha to Bengal back then, they brought the tradition of Patachitra with them. In their native homeland, they would worship Durga on Patachitra and carried this form of worship when they travelled to Bengal. Source: Down To Earth CONTEMPT OF COURTS ACT I971 Syllabus Prelims – Polity Context: The Allahabad High Court recently observed that orders issued by the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) under the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, are subject to appeal solely to the Supreme Court and not the High Court. Background: While the High Courts retain jurisdiction under Article 226/227 for orders issued under Section 14(1) of the Administrative Tribunals Act, orders falling under Section 17 of the Act are appealable solely to the Supreme Court. About CONTEMPT OF COURTS ACT I971 The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, is an important statute in India that defines and limits the powers of courts in punishing contempts of courts. It also regulates their procedure in relation to contempt proceedings. The act defines contempt of court as any act that scandalizes or tends to scandalize, prejudices, or interferes with the administration of justice. The Act distinguishes between civil and criminal contempt. Civil contempt refers to willful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ, or other process of a court, or willful breach of an undertaking given to a court. Criminal contempt includes any act that scandalizes or tends to scandalize, or lowers the authority of the court, prejudices, or interferes with judicial proceedings, or obstructs the administration of justice. The Act provides

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   The question of Article 31C Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Constitution Context: During the ongoing hearing in the Supreme Court to decide whether the government can acquire and redistribute private property, a nine-judge Constitution Bench led by Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud asked a question of  “radical constitutional consequence”: Does Article 31C still exist? Background:- Bench stated that the question of whether Article 31C still lives following the Minerva Mills decision has to be decided to avoid “constitutional uncertainty”. Key Takeaways Article 31C protects laws enacted to ensure the “material resources of the community” are distributed to serve the common good (Article 39(b)) and that wealth and the means of production are not “concentrated” to the “common detriment” (Article 39(c)). Article 39 of the Constitution lists certain directive principles of state policy, which are meant to be guiding principles for the enactment of laws, but are not directly enforceable in any court of law. As per Article 31C, these particular directive principles (Articles 39(b) and 39(c)) cannot be challenged by invoking the right to equality (Article 14) or the rights under Article 19 (freedom of speech, right to assemble peacefully, etc). Article 31C was introduced by The Constitution (Twenty-fifth) Amendment Act, 1971. The 25th amendment was challenged in the seminal Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) in which 13 judges held by a narrow 7-6 majority that the Constitution has a “basic structure” that cannot be altered, even by a constitutional amendment. As a part of this verdict, the court struck down the last portion of Article 31C, i.e., the part that states “…and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy”. In 1976, Parliament enacted The Constitution (Forty-second) Amendment Act, which expanded the protection under Article 31C to “all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV of the Constitution”, under clause 4. As a result, every single directive principle (Articles 36-51) was protected from challenges under Articles 14 and 19 of the Constitution. The Statement of Objects of Reasons for the amendment stated that it was meant to give precedence to the directive principles “over those fundamental rights which have been allowed to be relied upon to frustrate socio-economic reforms for implementing the directive principles”. In 1980, in its judgment in Minerva Mills v. Union of India, the SC struck down clauses 4 and 5 of the amendment. The five-judge Bench held that Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution was limited, and it could not be used to remove these limitations and grant itself “unlimited” and “absolute” powers of amendment. However, this ruling birthed a conundrum that the apex court must now address. By striking down part of the 25th amendment, did the court strike down Article 31C as a whole, or did it restore the post-Kesavananda Bharati position wherein Articles 39(b) and (c) remained protected? Source:Indian Express The challenge and necessity of ‘balanced’ in use of fertilisers Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Agriculture Context: The fiscal ended March 2024 saw urea consumption hit a record 35.8 million tonnes (mt), 16.9% higher than the 30.6 mt in 2013-14, the year before the Narendra Modi government came to power. Background: In January the government has brought di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), muriate of potash (MOP) and all other such fertilisers that receive nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) support under “reasonable pricing” controls. Key Takeaways The consumption of urea, containing 46% nitrogen (N), actually fell during 2016-17 and 2017-18, which was attributed to the mandatory coating of all urea with neem oil from May 2015. Neem coating was intended to check illegal diversion of the highly-subsidised urea for non-agricultural uses, including by plywood, dye, cattle feed and synthetic milk makers. Neem oil supposedly also acted as a mild nitrification inhibitor, allowing more gradual release of nitrogen. Improved nitrogen use efficiency, in turn, brought down the number of urea bags required per acre. Despite compulsory neem-coating, and the government reducing the bag size from 50 to 45 kg in March 2018, the consumption of urea has only gone up during the last six years. Balanced fertilisation — discouraging farmers from applying too much urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) or muriate of potash (MOP), which only have primary nutrients in high concentrations — is likely to be a key policy goal for the government taking over after the Lok Sabha elections. Balanced fertilisation means supplying these primary (N, phosphorus-P and potassium-K), secondary (sulphur-S, calcium, magnesium) and micro (iron, zinc, copper, manganese, boron, molybdenum) nutrients in the right proportion, based on soil type and the crop’s own requirement at different growth stages. The nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) system, instituted in April 2010 by the previous United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government, was expected to promote balanced fertilisation. Here subsidy was linked to  nutrient content. Under it, the government fixed a per-kg subsidy for N, P, K and S. The subsidy on any fertiliser was, thereby, linked to its nutrient content. The underlying idea was to induce product innovation and wean away farmers from urea, DAP (18% N and 46% P content) and MOP (60% K), in favour of complex fertilisers containing N, P, K, S and other nutrients in balanced proportions with lower concentrations. NBS achieved its objective initially. But NBS failed simply because it excluded urea. With its maximum retail price (MRP) being controlled, and cumulatively raised by just 16.5 per cent – from Rs 4,830 to Rs 5,628 per tonne – post the introduction of NBS, consumption of urea increased both through the UPA’s 10 years and the 10 years (so far) of the NDA government. The last couple of years have seen even non-urea fertilisers being brought under price control. An immediate challenge that arises is to ensure a proper “price hierarchy” among non-urea fertilisers. That would mean pricing DAP the highest, MOP the lowest and complexes in between. DAP use should be restricted mainly to

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Science Context: In a recent interview, Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, expressed his commitment to invest billions of dollars towards the development of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). But even as Altman continues to champion what is considered to be the pinnacle of AI development, many in the global tech community are very apprehensive. Background:- AGI aims to emulate human cognitive abilities such that it allows it to do unfamiliar tasks, learn from new experiences, and apply its knowledge in new ways. About Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) AGI refers to a machine or a software that can perform any intellectual task that a human can do. AGI aims to emulate human cognitive abilities such that it allows it to do unfamiliar tasks, learn from new experiences, and apply its knowledge in new ways. The main difference between AGI and the more common form of AI, also known as narrow AI, lies in their scope and capabilities. Narrow AI is designed to perform specific tasks such as image recognition, translation, or even playing games like chess—at which it can outdo humans, but it remains limited to its set parameters. On the other hand, AGI envisions a broader, more generalised form of intelligence, not confined to any particular task (like humans). This is what puts AGI at the summit of all developments in artificial intelligence. The idea of AGI first emerged in the 20th century with a paper written by Alan Turing, widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. In ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ (1950), he introduced what is now known as the Turing test, a benchmark for machine intelligence. Simply put, if a machine can engage in a conversation with a human without being detected as a machine, according to the Turing test, it has demonstrated human intelligence. When Turing wrote this influential paper, humans were nowhere close to developing artificial intelligence — even computers were in their nascency. Yet, his work led to wide-ranging discussions about the possibility of such machines, as well as their potential benefits and risks. In theory, AGI has innumerable positive implications in various fields such as healthcare, education, finance, and business. For instance, in healthcare, it can redefine diagnostics, treatment planning, and personalised medicine by integrating and analysing vast datasets, far beyond the capabilities of humans.In finance and business, AGI could automate various processes and enhance the overall decision-making, offering real-time analytics and market predictions with accuracy.When it comes to education, AGI could transform adaptive learning systems that work towards the unique needs of students. This could potentially democratise access to personalised education worldwide. Despite the promise AGI holds, it continues to fuel widespread apprehensions, due to a number of reasons. For instance, the humongous amount of computational power required to develop AGI systems raises concerns about its impact on the environment, both due to the energy consumption and generation of e-waste. AGI could also lead to a significant loss of employment, and widespread socio-economic disparity. It could introduce new security vulnerabilities, and its development could outrun the ability of governments and international bodies to come up with suitable regulations. And if humans were to become dependent on AGI, it might even lead to the loss of basic human skills and capabilities. But the most serious fear regarding AGI is that its abilities can outpace human beings’, making its actions difficult to understand and predict. Source:Indian Express Maharashtra gears up for tiger translocation Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: The Maharashtra forest department is gearing up for translocation of a few tigers from the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve (TATR) in Chandrapur to Sahyadri, the lone tiger reserve in the state’s western region. Background: The translocation project is an important step in conservation of tigers in the forests of the northern Western Ghats, which form a key wildlife corridor between Maharashtra and Karnataka. Key Takeaways The Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR) is one of only five tiger reserves in the country — Kaval in Telangana, Kamlang in Arunachal Pradesh, Dampa in Mizoram and Satkosia in Odisha being the other four — with zero tigers within the reserve and the translocation is part of a long-term plan to revive the population of the big cats in the northern Western Ghats forests. STR straddles Kolhapur, Satara, Sangli and Ratnagiri districts in western Maharashtra. Spread over 1,165 sq km, the reserve was notified in 2010 by amalgamating the Chandoli national park and Koyna wildlife sanctuary. The Maharashtra forest department is awaiting the final go-ahead from the Union Environment Ministry. The NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority) had cleared the translocation plan in October 2023. In the initial phase, a male tiger or a pair of male and female tigers would be translocated from TATR to STR. The 2023 tiger population estimation report highlighted the threats posed to the wildlife corridor between the STR and Karnataka’s forests from mining activities, road projects and human settlements. The translocation of tigers from TATR will be followed by their translocation from the Pench Tiger Reserve landscape, which is spread over Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. In all, the plan involves translocation of eight tigers — three males and five females. The translocation is part of the phase-II of the tiger recovery project; phase-I involves preparing the habitat for the big cats’ reintroduction, augmentation of prey, improving forest protection and building of a temporary enclosure for their soft release. Source: Indian Express Demographic Transition in India Syllabus Mains – GS 1 Context: India’s population growth has been a major focus, with projections of reaching 1.7 billion by 2065, according to the UN Population Division, underscoring the ongoing Transition of Demographic Dividend in India. Background: Several factors have jointly triggered a demographic transition in India, the rapid pace of economic development being the key one. Lower infant and child mortality rates reducing the need to have a large family for old-age support, would be the other factor, backed by the rise in women’s education and work participation rates. Improvement in housing conditions and the old-age

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Forest Fire Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: At least five people have lost their lives in the fires that have now spread over 1,000 hectares of forests in much of Uttarakhand. There is a danger of the blaze fanning out to heavily populated urban centres including Nainital city. Poor visibility has constrained the Air Force’s firefighting efforts. Background:- Higher forest fire incidents are reported in India during March, April and May, due to the ample availability of dry biomass following the end of winter and the prevailing summer season. Key takeaways According to experts, three factors cause the spread of forest fires — fuel load, oxygen and temperature. Dry leaves are fuel for forest fires. The Forest Survey of India (FSI) website states that nearly 36 per cent of India’s forests are prone to frequent fires. Experts believe that burning forests intensifies heat and leads to black carbon emissions, adversely affecting water systems and air quality. However, some of the combustion is necessary for the forest to regenerate — the burning of litter promotes the growth of fresh grasses. The state government has blamed the fires on human activities and banned people from setting fire to fodder for a week. Urban bodies have been asked to stop people from burning solid waste in and around forests. These are much-needed emergency measures. Nearly 95 percent of forest fires in the country, including in Uttarakhand, are initiated by human activities. Historically, the accumulation of pine needles on the forest floor during the summer months was the main reason for the fires in the Himalayan season. Forest fires are, however, a far too serious problem to be doused by bans and punitive measures. The gutting of Uttarakhand’s forests is a sign of the aggravating climate crisis. Severe fires occur in many forest types particularly dry deciduous forest, while evergreen, semi-evergreen and montane temperate forests are comparatively less prone. The monsoon was deficient in large parts of the state last year. Uttarakhand has witnessed its driest April in five years. In such moisture-deficient conditions, fire spreads fast, especially in oxygen-rich environs such as forests. How are forest fires prevented and doused? The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) lists the following methods to prevent and control a forest fire: construction of watch towers for early detection; deployment of fire watchers; involvement of local communities, and the creation and maintenance of fire lines. According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) website, two types of fire lines are in practice – Kachha or covered fire lines and Pucca or open fire lines. In Kaccha fire lines, the undergrowth and shrubs are removed while trees are retained to decrease the fuel load. The Pucca fire lines are clear felled areas separating a forest/compartment/block from another to control the spread of potential fires. The FSI website says: “Satellite based remote sensing technology and GIS tools have been effective in better prevention and management of fires through creation of early warning for fire prone areas, monitoring fires on real time basis and estimation of burnt scars.” Source: Indian Express The ‘Muslim quota’ question Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice. Context: In election season, India is debating fundamental constitutional questions around reservation. Can a secular country like India have religion-based reservation? Have Muslims ever been given reservation by reducing the quota for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), or Other Backward Classes (OBCs)? Background: The Justice Rajinder Sachar Committee (2006) found that the Muslim community as a whole was almost as backward as SCs and STs, and more backward than non-Muslim OBCs. The Justice Ranganath Misra Committee (2007) suggested 15% reservation for minorities, including 10% for Muslims. Key takeaways : The Constitution of India moved away from equality, which refers to equal treatment for all, to equity, which ensures fairness and may require differential treatment or special measures for some groups. The Supreme Court has held that equality is a dynamic concept with many aspects and dimensions, and it cannot be “cribbed, cabined and confined” within traditional and doctrinaire limits (E P Royappa vs State Of Tamil Nadu, 1973). Formal equality is concerned with equality of treatment — treating everyone the same, regardless of outcomes — which can at times lead to serious inequalities for historically disadvantaged groups. Substantive equality, on the other hand, is concerned with equality of outcomes. Affirmative action promotes this idea of substantive equality. The first constitutional amendment inserted Article 15(4), which empowered the state to make “any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes”. Article 15 specifically prohibits the state from discriminating against citizens on grounds only of both religion and caste (along with sex, race, and place of birth). After the Supreme Court’s judgment in State of Kerala vs N M Thomas (1975), reservation is considered not an exception to the equality/ non-discrimination clauses of Articles 15(1) and 16(1), but as an extension of equality. The crucial word in Articles 15 and 16 is ‘only’ — which implies that if a religious, racial, or caste group constitutes a “weaker section” under Article 46, or constitutes a backward class, it would be entitled to special provisions for its advancement. Some Muslim castes were given reservation not because they were Muslims, but because these castes were included within the backward class, and reservation was given without reducing the quota for SCs, STs, and OBCs by creating a sub-quota within the OBCs. The Mandal Commission, following the example set by several states, included a number of Muslim castes in the list of OBCs. The Supreme Court in Indra Sawhney (1992) laid down that any social group, whatever its mark of identity, if found to be backward under the same criteria as others, will be entitled to be treated as a backward class. Source: Indian Express LOCKBIT RANSOMWARE Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) has recently

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   The India-Nepal Border issue Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Current Event,India and its neighbourhood relations. Context: Nepal’s cabinet last week decided to put a map on its Rs 100 currency note showing certain areas administered by India in Uttarakhand as part of its territory, provoking External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar to say that such “unilateral measures” by Kathmandu would not change the reality on the ground. Background:- The map was adopted by consensus in Nepal’s Parliament four years ago.Unlike then, when the new map was adopted, the May 2 decision to put it on the currency note has met with scepticism and criticism in Nepal. About the issue The territorial dispute is about a 372-sq-km area that includes Limpiadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani at the India-Nepal-China trijunction in Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district. Nepal has claimed for long that these areas belong to it both historically and evidently. The Treaty of Sugauli at the end of the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16 resulted in Nepal losing a chunk of territory to the East India Company. Article 5 of the treaty took away the jurisdiction of Nepal’s rulers over the land to the east of the Kali River. The visit of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Nepal in 2014 gave rise to hopes of a resolution of all contentious issues. Modi and his Nepali counterpart, Sushil Prasad Koirala, agreed to set up a boundary working group for speedy settlement of the border issue in Kalapani and Susta, a 145-sq-km area that had fallen on the Indian side after the River Gandak changed course. Frictions in bilateral ties The goodwill of the 2005-14 period when India mediated the transition of the Hindu Kingdom into a secular federal republic, evaporated in 2015 after the Maoists rejected outright the suggestion of New Delhi, conveyed through then Foreign Secretary Jaishankar, that Nepal’s new constitution should be delayed until the concerns of the Terai parties were addressed. The 134-day blockade of Nepal that began in September 2015 created significant distrust against India, and K P Sharma Oli, who took over as Prime Minister that October, quickly moved to sign a trade and transit agreement with China in order to create a fallback source for the supply of essential goods. In February 2018, Oli, chairman of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist Leninist), returned as Prime Minister with a massive mandate in the first election held under the new constitution. In 2020, he took the lead to build the consensus in Parliament for Nepal’s new map that formally included the 372 sq km in Uttarakhand, and pledged to bring it back. India decried Nepal’s “cartographic aggression” as unacceptable, but said the issue would have to be sorted out through diplomatic channels, on the basis of evidence. It is noteworthy that the cabinet decision on printing the new Rs 100 notes has come less than two months after Oli’s party joined the ruling coalition in Nepal. Nepal sorted out its boundary issues with China in the early 1960s through bilateral meetings of the boundary commission. Nepal’s former Prime Minister Kirtinidhi Bista had once quoted his Chinese counterpart Chou En-lai as saying that border issues, if left unresolved, turn into problems for the future generations that are difficult to address. Source:Indian Express Women Empowerment Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Economic and Social Development Context: A new government will soon be taking up the challenge of making India viksit by 2047. With women lagging behind on several parameters of well-being in the country today, empowering them economically lies at the heart of the challenge we face in transforming India into a developed country. Background: As history has shown, women are empowered when they step out of their homes and enter market work only when their education levels rise and “good” jobs appear. Improving the value of investments in women’s human capital, and at a low cost, is our best bet for engendering gender parity and creating a “developed” society.” Key Takeaways India’s overall employment rate has historically been around 50 per cent of the working-age population — much lower than in China (almost 70 per cent) or even our neighbour, Bangladesh (about 55 per cent), according to ILO and World Bank estimates. Bringing more working-age population into the productive workforce is critical to achieving a high GDP growth rate. Amongst the main reasons for the significantly lower labour force participation (LFP) rate in India, is women’s low LFP (currently around 25 per cent). According to World Bank estimates, Increasing women’s LFP to 50 per cent of labour force will bring India closer to 8 per cent GDP growth rates and a five-trillion dollar economy by 2030. At the core of expanding the LFP rates of the currently low-skilled, low-educated women, is expanding our manufacturing capacity, which shrank from 17 per cent of GDP to about 13 per cent in the last decade. Increasing production capacity is required in labour-intensive sectors such as readymade garments, footwear, and other light manufacturing, where women form a large proportion of workers. A key marker of a developed country is a dominant formal sector. The underlying challenge is to provide high-quality, relevant and affordable skilling to the masses, and women in particular.  Improving physical access, easing financial support and improving employer matches after skill training are some of the key areas that require interventions. While about 25 per cent of India’s employed are engaged in salaried (mostly formal sector) work, this proportion is 55 per cent and 40 per cent in China and Bangladesh, respectively. The ongoing structural transformation away from agriculture, and the informal character of the labour market, has affected women disproportionately in the past few decades — the fall in rural women’s labour force participation accompanies a high proportion of women working in the informal sector (almost 90 per cent). Although several policy initiatives are being undertaken to improve the skilling ecosystem in India, they currently lack focus on redressing stark gender imbalances. Improving physical access, easing financial support and improving employer matches

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Export-import in agri sector Syllabus Mains – GS 2 & GS 3 Context: India’s agricultural exports fell 8.2% in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 on the back of shipment curbs on a host of commodities, from cereals and sugar to onions. Background:- The value of farm exports totaled $48.82 billion in 2023-24, down from the record $53.15 billion of 2022-23 and $50.24 billion for the previous fiscal, according to Department of Commerce data. Key takeaways Exports declined during the initial years of the Narendra Modi government (from $43.25 billion in 2013-14 to $35.60 billion in 2019-20), while accompanied by an increase in imports (from $15.53 billion to $21.86 billion). That was largely because of a crash in global agri-commodity prices. Low international prices reduced the cost competitiveness of the country’s exports, while also making it more vulnerable to imports. But the global price recovery following the Covid-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine resulted in India’s farm exports as well as imports zooming to all-time-highs in 2022-23, before dropping in the fiscal just ended. Drivers of exports: The fall in exports to have been led primarily by sugar and non-basmati rice.The government hasn’t allowed any sugar to go out of the country during the current production year from October 2023. Concerns over domestic availability and food inflation have similarly triggered a ban on exports of all white non-basmati rice since July 2023. Currently, only parboiled grain shipments are being permitted within the non-basmati segment, while also attracting a 20% duty. Two other items that have borne the brunt of export restrictions — again triggered by domestic shortages and rising prices — are wheat and onion. Drivers of imports: There is 7.9% dip in overall agri imports during 2023-24 due to a single commodity: edible oils. Lower global prices, in turn, brought down the vegetable oil import bill to below $15 billion during last fiscal. But even as the foreign exchange outflow on account of cooking oil has reduced, imports of pulses almost doubled to $3.75 billion in 2023-24, the highest since the $3.90 billion and $4.24 billion levels of 2015-16 and 2016-17 respectively. Policy takeaways Farmers and agri-traders, like all businessmen, want policy stability and predictability. When governments resort to banning/restricting agri export they usually privilege the interests of consumers over producers. These actions hurt more when taken overnight, like with wheat exports. Building export markets takes time and effort. A more predictable and rules-based policy — say, introducing temporary tariffs instead of outright bans or quantitative restrictions — is what many economists would recommend. The same goes for imports. The Modi government has done away with import duties on most pulses — arhar (pigeon pea), urad (black gram), masoor (red lentils), yellow/white peas and, earlier this month, chana (chickpea) — and kept it at 5.5% for crude palm, soyabean and sunflower oil. The above zero/low tariffs are at variance with the government’s own objective to promote crop diversification — weaning away farmers from rice, wheat and sugarcane to growing pulses and oilseeds, which are less water-guzzling and also significantly imported. Source:Indian Express Air Pollution Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: Environmental, climate change, and air pollution issues have featured in the 2024 Lok Sabha manifestos of most top political parties. But is it among the top priorities or guarantees for parties or candidates? This brings us to another question: Will we ever witness actual improvement in air quality without it becoming a people’s movement or a political issue? Background: Despite mention in manifestos, pollution hasn’t become a campaign issue. It is a reflection of low traction at grassroots level. Key Takeaways According to a 2019 study, the yearly deaths attributable to air pollution translate to an economic loss of Rs 2.7 lakh crore, that is, around 1.36 per cent of the country’s GDP. Another recent survey has revealed that the Indian GDP would have been 4.5 per cent higher if air pollution had grown 50 per cent slower each year. What needs to be done to tackle air pollution? Any effective step to tackle pollution will come only when the issue becomes a mass movement. What it needs is public awareness in its true sense.It is the job of academicians, scientific communities, experts, scholars, and bureaucrats alongside local governmental bodies to make common Indians realise that clean air is also a fundamental right like clean water, health, food, shelter, etc. In addition to core research and scientific activities, a significant portion of the fund should be allocated for on-ground activities aimed at pollution reduction. Activities to tackle pollution need a federal structure, where policies and strategies need to be decentralised and diffused into micro environments through district and local bodies. Every ward under the municipalities or municipal corporations and every village under the blocks should be thoroughly scrutinised by the respective local bodies to find out the pollution source in the vicinity as well as the scope for air quality improvement. This information should then be disseminated to the people who are residents of the area. There should be specific plans to identify open areas favourable for the ventilation of air — and hence the pollutants — open water bodies, green cover for every ward in a city, and all of them should immediately be marked as green zones and restored. These measures will ensure that air pollution, as an issue, directly connects to every single individual in these micro environments. Regular outreach or public awareness programmes should be conducted at the municipality or block level, and facilitated by local experts, academicians, and teachers. These initiatives must aim to disseminate knowledge about environmental pollution and provide guidance on both actions to take and actions to avoid. Source: Indian Express NON-MARKET ECONOMY (NME) Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: Vietnam has been actively advocating for a shift from its current “non-market economy” status to a “market economy” designation in the United States. Background: For over two decades, Vietnam has remained on Washington’s list of non-market economies. By achieving market economy status,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   KAWASAKI DISEASE Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: Two baby girls diagnosed with kawasaki disease , a condition causing inflammation of blood vessels, were successfully treated at Coimbatore Medical College and Hospital. Background:- The disease is named after Japanese pediatrician Tomisaku Kawasaki, who first described it in 1967. About Kawasaki disease Kawasaki disease is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children under the age of 5. It’s also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Kawasaki disease can lead to complications, particularly affecting the heart. If untreated for a prolonged period it may lead to heart complications such as inflammation of the coronary artery, inflammation of heart muscles, problems associated with heart valves, and weakening of the blood walls in the heart. Treatment usually involves intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to reduce inflammation and fever, along with aspirin to prevent blood clots. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to reduce the risk of complications, especially involving the heart. It is not an infectious disease, that is, it does not spread between people The cause is not fully understood, but it’s believed to involve an abnormal immune response triggered by an infection or other environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. Symptoms Symptoms of Kawasaki disease include a fever greater than 102.2 degrees Fahrenheit (39 degrees Celsius) for five or more days. And the child has at least four of the following symptoms: A rash on the main part of the body or in the genital area. An enlarged lymph node in the neck. Very red eyes without a thick discharge. Red, dry, cracked lips and a red, swollen tongue. Swollen, red skin on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Later the skin on fingers and toes peels. Other symptoms might include:Belly pain, Diarrhea, Fussiness, Joint pain, Vomiting. Risk factors include: Age: Children below 5 years are at high risk Gender: Boys are more likely than girls to develop Kawasaki disease Ethnicity: Japanese or Korean children are at higher risk to develop Kawasaki disease Source: Mayoclinic Auroras (Northern and Southern lights) Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: The night sky was lit up by northern lights, or aurora borealis, at Hanle village in Ladakh early Saturday morning. Northern lights were also witnessed in other parts of the world, including in the United States and the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, southern lights, or aurora australis, were spotted in countries such as New Zealand and Australia. Background: Severe geomagnetic storm has allowed rare aurora to show in Ladakh, as observed from the Hanle observatory. While rare, this is not the first sighting of Northern lights in Ladakh. Key takeaways : Auroras are essentially natural lights that appear as bright, swirling curtains in the night sky and can be seen in a range of colours, including blue, red, yellow, green, and orange. These lights primarily appear near the poles of both the northern and southern hemispheres all year round but sometimes they expand to lower latitudes. In the north, the display is called the aurora borealis; in the south, it is known as the aurora australis. Why do auroras occur? It is due to activity on the surface of the Sun. The star continuously releases a stream of charged particles, mainly electrons and protons, and magnetic fields called the solar wind. As the solar wind approaches the Earth, it is deflected by the planet’s magnetic field, which acts like a protective shield. However, some of the charged particles are trapped in the magnetic field and they travel down the magnetic field lines at the north and south poles into the upper atmosphere of the Earth. These particles then interact with different gases present there, resulting in tiny flashes that light up the night sky. When solar wind particles collide with oxygen, a green colour light is produced. Interaction with nitrogen produces shades of blue and purple. Auroras expand to midlatitudes when the solar wind is extremely strong. This happens when the activity on the Sun’s surface goes up, leading to solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which are essentially extra bursts of energy in the solar wind. In such cases, the solar wind is so intense that it can result in a geomagnetic storm, also known as a magnetic storm — a temporary disturbance of the Earth’s magnetic field. It is during a magnetic storm that auroras can be seen in the mid-latitudes. One such geomagnetic storm was kicked off on Friday after a CME hit the Earth. That’s why auroras were visible in several parts of the world. Geomagnetic storms can also affect space-dependent operations like Global Positioning Systems (GPS), radio and satellite communications, flight operations, power grids, and space exploration programmes. Source: Indian Express Gulf of Aden Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: European naval force detained six suspected pirates on Friday after they opened fire on an oil tanker traveling through the Gulf of Aden, likely part of a growing number of piracy attacks emanating from Somalia. Background: Once-rampant piracy off the Somali coast diminished after a peak in 2011. That year, there were 237 reported attacks in waters off Somalia. Somali piracy in the region at the time cost the world’s economy some $7 billion — with $160 million paid out in ransoms.However, concerns about new attacks have grown in recent months. In the first quarter of 2024, there have been five reported incidents off Somalia.   About Gulf of Aden The Gulf of Aden is a deepwater gulf of the Indian Ocean between Yemen to the north, the Arabian Sea to the east, Djibouti to the west, and the Guardafui Channel, Socotra and Somalia to the south. In the northwest, it connects with the Red Sea through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, and it connects with the Arabian Sea to the east. To the west, it narrows into the Gulf of Tadjoura in Djibouti. The Aden Ridge lies along the middle of the Gulf and is causing it to widen about 15mm per year. The Gulf of Aden is approximately 900 km long and 500 km wide, covering roughly 410,000 square kilometers. It has an average depth of 500 meters and a maximum depth of 2,700 meters. The Gulf of