Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Test of proportionality Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Polity Context: The Supreme Court used the test of proportionality to strike down Electoral Bonds scheme Background:- It was used in the demonetisation case, aadhar case and also the puttuswamy case among many others. About Test of proportionality Proportionality test is “ the judicial standard for resolving disputes that involve either a conflict between two rights claims or between a right and a legitimate government interest.” The test is deemed necessary to guard against arbitrary action, so that the state cannot extinguish the right entirely even in pursuance of a legitimate state interest. In Modern Dental College & Research Centre v. State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors, a five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court listed four components to be looked at in order to determine proportionality. The same was agreed to in essence by a nine-judge Bench of the Supreme Court in Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India, in which the Court upheld privacy as a fundamental right. In the judgment authored by Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul in Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India, proportionality can be ascertained on the basis of the following: (a) the action must be sanctioned by law;(b) the proposed action must be necessary in a democratic society for a legitimate aim;(c) the extent of such interference must be proportionate to the need for such interference; (d) There must be procedural guarantees against abuse of such interference. Must Read: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/electoral-bonds-verdict-how-the-proportionality-test-was-applied-in-the-case-9164082/ Source: Deccan Herald STATE OF THE WORLD’S MIGRATORY SPECIES REPORT Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: First-ever State of the World’s Migratory Species report, launched recently by the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Background: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), CMS is an intergovernmental treaty under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). About Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS): The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention, is an international agreement that aims to conserve migratory species throughout their ranges. CMS was signed in Bonn, Germany, on 23 June 1979, and entered into force on 1 November 1983. It provides a global platform for the conservation and sustainable use of terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory animals and their habitats. CMS currently has 133 Parties and covers 583 migratory species. India is a party to the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) since 1983. India hosted the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP) to CMS in February 2020 in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The latest CMS convention, also known as the 14th Conference of the Parties (COP14) to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), was held in Samarkand, Uzbekistan from February 10 to 15, 2024. Key findings of the World’s Migratory Species report: Nearly half (44 per cent) of CMS-listed species are showing population declines, and more than one-in-five (22 per cent) are threatened with extinction. The extinction risk is growing for migratory species globally, including those not listed under CMS. The two greatest threats to both CMS-listed and all migratory species are overexploitation and habitat loss due to human activity. Half (51 per cent) of Key Biodiversity Areas identified as important for CMS-listed migratory animals do not have protected status, and 58 per cent of the monitored sites recognized as being important for CMS-listed species are experiencing unsustainable levels of human-caused pressure. Globally, 399 migratory species that are threatened or near threatened with extinction are not currently listed under CMS. The report also provides information on the main drivers of these declines, such as climate change, pollution and invasive species, and the successful actions that have been taken to conserve some migratory species. The report calls for urgent action to protect these species and their habitats, and to ensure their sustainable use for the benefit of people and nature. Source: Forbes India Classical Language Syllabus Mains – GS 1 & GS 2 Context: West Bengal’s Chief Minister made headlines for advocating classical language status for Bangla, which is the world’s 7th most spoken language. Background: Multiple state governments and regional political parties has been demanding classical language status for their respective regional languages. About Classical language In 2006, the Government of India laid down the criteria for conferring classical language status. TheMinistry of Culture provides guidelines regarding Classical languages. They are: High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years; A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers; The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community; The classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots. Currently, six languages enjoy the‘Classical’ status in India. They are Tamil (declared in 2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013), and Odia (2014). Benefits of declaring a language as a classical language: Once a language is declared classical, it getsfinancial assistance for setting up a center of excellence for the study of that language and also opens up an avenue for two major awards for scholars of eminence. Besides, theUniversity Grants Commission can be requested to create – to begin with at least in Central Universities, a certain number of professional chairs for classical languages for scholars of eminence in the language. Source: Indian Express Kotravai sculpture from Pallava period unearthed Syllabus Prelims : History Context: On February 14, 2024, a team of researchers unveiled a magnificent Kotravai sculpture in Pilrampattu village, Kallakurichi district. This awe-inspiring discovery transports us to the Pallava period, offering an invaluable glimpse into the ancient craftsmanship and spirituality of our forebears. Background: Kotṟavai also spelled Kotravai or Korravai, is the goddess of war and victory in the Tamil tradition. She is also the mother goddess and the goddess of fertility, agriculture, and hunters.She is among the earliest documented goddesses in the Tamil

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   OpenAI launches Sora Syllabus Prelims – Current event Context: OpenAI, the creator of the revolutionary chatbot ChatGPT, has unveiled a new generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) model that can convert a text prompt into video called Sora. Background:- Generative artificial intelligence (AI) describes algorithms (such as ChatGPT) that can be used to create new content, including audio, code, images, text, simulations, and videos.The recent buzz around generative AI has been driven by the simplicity of new user interfaces for creating high-quality text, graphics and videos in a matter of seconds. About Sora:- Sora is a generative AI model designed by Open AI (makers of chatGPT) that can convert a text prompt into video. Sora can generate videos up to a minute long while maintaining visual quality and adherence to the user’s prompt. While generation of images and textual responses to prompts on GenAI platforms have become significantly better in the last few years, text-to-video was an area that had largely lagged, owing to its added complexity of analysing moving objects in a three-dimensional space. Other companies apart from Open AI too have ventured into the text-to-video space. Google’s Lumiere, which was announced last month, can create five-second videos on a given prompt, both text- and image-based. Other companies like Runway and Pika have also shown impressive text-to-video models of their own. Open AI has said that it will take some “safety steps” ahead of making Sora available in OpenAI’s products, and will work with red teamers — domain experts in areas like misinformation, hateful content, and bias — who will be “adversarially” testing the model. Source: Indian Express Farmers demand legal guarantee for Minimum Support Price Syllabus Mains – GS3 Context: Thousands of farmers amassed at the Punjab and Haryana border are protesting for  legal guarantee to minimum support prices Background: The farmer’s unions assert that the Centre has failed to fulfill its promise of providing a legal guarantee for MSP, as agreed upon at the conclusion of the massive protests in 2021. About MSP: MSP is the minimum rate at which the government procurement agencies purchase agricultural commodities from farmers. It serves as a safety net for farmers, ensuring them a minimum income for their produce, particularly during times of market fluctuations or distress. The Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) is tasked with recommending MSPs for various crops. Operating as an attached office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, the CACP has been functioning since January 1965. How is the MSP Calculated? When determining the MSP, farmers’ incurred costs, both implicit and explicit, are carefully considered. Implicit costs, such as family labour and rent paid by farmers, are factored into the calculation alongside explicit costs. These variables are represented by A2, FL, and C2. A2: This includes expenses incurred by farmers for purchasing chemicals, fertilisers, seeds, and hiring labour for crop growth, production, and maintenance. A2 + FL: This includes actual costs along with implicit costs in the form of family labour. C2: This includes A2 + FL along with fixed capital assets and rent paid by farmers. Additionally, the CACP considers several other factors when deciding the MSP like market prices of concerned crops and any fluctuations, information on produce supply, including area, yield, production, imports, exports, and stocks with public agencies or industries, demand information across regions, including total and per capita consumption, processing industry trends, and capacity etc Once the CACP submits its recommendations, the final decision regarding the MSP levels is taken by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by Prime Minister of India. Key Benefits of the MSP for farmers Income Security: MSP gives farmers with a guaranteed minimum price for their crops, ensuring a stable and predictable income, especially during times of market volatility. Price Stability: By setting a floor price for agricultural commodities, MSP helps stabilise market prices, preventing sharp fluctuations that could negatively impact both farmers and consumers. Boosts Production: MSP serves as an incentive for farmers to raise production of crops covered under the MSP regime, as they are assured of receiving a remunerative price for their efforts. Food Security: MSP plays a vital role in ensuring food security by incentivising farmers to cultivate essential food crops. This helps maintain a steady supply of food grains in the market, cutting the dependence on imports and enhancing domestic food security. Source: Money Control ANTI-DUMPING DUTY Syllabus Prelims : Economy Context: India initiates anti-dumping probe into imports of solar glass from China, Vietnam. Background: Solar glass is used to make solar panels and modules for renewable energy generation. India is one of the largest markets for solar power, and has set a target of installing 450 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030. About Anti Dumping Duty: Anti-dumping duty is a tariff imposed by a government on imported goods that are sold at a price lower than their normal value in the exporting country. The purpose of anti-dumping duty is to protect the domestic industry from unfair competition and trade distortion caused by dumping. The World Trade Organization (WTO) regulates dumping practices through the Anti-Dumping Agreement, which sets forth the rules and procedures for the investigation, determination, and application of anti-dumping measures by WTO members. According to the Anti-Dumping Agreement, a WTO member can impose anti-dumping measures if it can prove that: The imports are being sold at a price below their normal value in the exporting country. The dumping is causing material injury to the domestic industry producing similar goods. There is a causal link between the two. Authority to impose anti- dumping duty in India The Ministry of Finance has the final authority to impose anti-dumping duty on the imports that are found to be dumped and causing injury to the domestic industry. The Ministry of Finance acts on the basis of the recommendations of the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR), which conducts the investigation and determines the existence and extent of dumping and injury. The Directorate General of Trade Remedies

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: With the 2021 Census indefinitely delayed, the government’s attempt to estimate the total population of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG) across the country is hitting one wall after another. Background:- The information on population is crucial to the implementation of the government’s ₹24,000 crore PM-JANMAN package for PVTGs. About PM JANMAN:- In line with the vision of Antyodaya to empower the last person at the last mile, PM-JANMAN was launched for the socio-economic welfare of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) on 15th November 2023. PM-JANMAN focuses on 11 critical interventions through 9 Ministries aimed to improve socio-economic conditions of the PVTGs by saturating PVTG households and habitations with basic facilities such as safe housing, clean drinking water and sanitation, improved access to education, health and nutrition, electricity, road and telecom connectivity, and sustainable livelihood opportunities. About PVTG: Sub-classification of Scheduled Tribe, who are most vulnerable in certain parameter than other Scheduled Tribe community. In 1973, the Dhebar Commission created Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) as a separate category, who are less developed among the tribal groups. In 2006, the Government of India renamed the PTGs as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). The Government of India follows the following criteria for identification of PVTGs: Pre-agricultural level of technology Low level of literacy Economic backwardness A declining or stagnant population. There are total of75 PVTGs in India. Source: The Hindu India sends assistance to cholera-hit Zambia Syllabus Prelims – Geography and Science Context: India on Saturday sent medical and material assistance to Zambia as the southern African country. Background: Zambia has been reeling under an outbreak of cholera over the past few weeks which had prompted a closure of schools in the country. Zambia has been asking for more medical help to deal with the situation that has been described as a “cholera emergency”. About Zambia: Zambia is alandlocked country at the crossroads of Central, Southern and East Africa. The landlocked country has experienced rapid economic growth over the last decade as Africa’s second largest copper producer after the DR Congo. The spectacular Victoria Falls are on Zambia’s border with Zimbabwe About Cholera Cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. A bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes cholera infection. The deadly effects of the disease are the result of a toxin the bacteria produces in the small intestine.The toxin causes the body to secrete enormous amounts of water, leading to diarrhea and a rapid loss of fluids and salts (electrolytes). Most people exposed to the cholera bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) don’t become ill and don’t know they’ve been infected. But because they shed cholera bacteria in their stool for seven to 14 days, they can still infect others through contaminated water. Source: The Hindu Rukhmabai Raut Syllabus Prelims : History Context: A new book on the life of Rukhmabai, a child bride who went on to become one of India’s pioneering women doctors was released recently Background: The book, written by academic and writer Sudhir Chandra, claims to shed new light on the “extraordinary but little-known life of the rebel-doctor” who dared to challenge the norms of her time and left behind a formidable legacy. About Rukhmabai: Born in 1864, Rukhmabai was denied formal education and wedded off at 11 years of age to the 19-year-old Dadaji Bhikaji. She, however, continued to stay at the house of her widowed mother, who later got married to Assistant Surgeon Sakharam Arjun Raut. She was supported by her step-father, when she refused to stay with Bhikaji and his family at his house. This led to the Dadaji Bhikaji vs Rukhmabai case, 1885. In 1885, the case of Bhikaji seeking “restitution of conjugal rights” titled “Bhikaji vs. Rukhmabai, 1885” came up for hearing and Judge declared that Rukhmabai had been wed in her “helpless infancy” and that he could not compel a young lady. Appeal was filed against the judgement.First order was overturned and court ordered Rukhmabai to “go live with her husband or face six months of imprisonment”. Rukhmabai responded that she would rather face imprisonment than obey the verdict. In July 1888, a settlement was reached with Bhikaji and he relinquished his claim on Rukhmabai for a payment of two thousand rupees. Ultimately, the publicity and debate generated by this case helped influence the enactment of the “Age of Consent Act” in 1891, which changed the age of consent from 10 to 12 years across British India Source: Scroll EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION (EFTA) Syllabus Prelims -Current Event Context: Recently, India has rejected the demand of the four-nation European Free Trade Association (EFTA) for ‘data exclusivity’ provisions in the free trade agreement that both sides are negotiating. Background: Data exclusivity provisions will bar generic drug producers from using data of preclinical tests and clinical trials of former patent holders. India and EFTA have been negotiating the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement since January 2008. About European Free Trade Association (EFTA) The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a regional trade organization and free trade area consisting of four European states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. These countries are not part of the European Union (EU), but they participate in the European Single Market and the Schengen Area. EFTA was established in 1960 as an alternative trade bloc for those European states that were unable or unwilling to join the then European Economic Community (EEC), the main predecessor of the EU. EFTA has signed free trade agreements with many countries around the world, and also cooperates with the EU in various policy areas through the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement. EFTA’s headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Source: Hindu Businessline OUTER SPACE TREATY Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Science Context: Multiple reports coming in this week said that Russia is making advances in space-based nuclear weapons that are aimed at destroying other satellites, both civilian and military. Background: If Russia were to develop and deploy such a weapon, it would be

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   International Court of Justice(ICJ) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Palestine accuses Israel of apartheid at ICJ Background:- The International Court of Justice is holding hearings on the legal implications of occupation of territories by Israel. About International Court of Justice :- The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946. The court is the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was brought into being through, and by, the League of Nations, 1922. Like the PCIJ, the ICJ is based at the Peace Palace in The Hague. It is the only one of the six principal organs of the UN that is not located in New York City. (The other five organs are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and the Secretariat.) According to the ICJ’s own description, its role is “to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies”. The court “as a whole must represent the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world”. English and French are the ICJ’s official languages. All members of the UN are automatically parties to the ICJ statute, but this does not automatically give the ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them. The ICJ gets jurisdiction only if both parties consent to it. The judgment of the ICJ is final and technically binding on the parties to a case. There is no provision of appeal; it can at the most, be subject to interpretation or, upon the discovery of a new fact, revision. However, the ICJ has no way to ensure compliance of its orders, and its authority is derived from the willingness of countries to abide by them. The ICJ has 15 judges who are elected to nine-year terms by the UN General Assembly and Security Council, which vote simultaneously but separately. To be elected, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes in both bodies. A third of the court is elected every three years. Four Indians have been members of the ICJ so far. Source: The Guardian Climate change increasing the probability of extreme weather events Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Environment Context: The year 2023 has been confirmed as the hottest year in global temperature records going back to 1850 triggering debates about extreme weather events in the near future. Background: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by at least 1.1 degree Celsius since 1850, primarily due to human activities that have released unprecedented levels of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.The spike in the temperatures has resulted in more frequent and more intense extreme weather events across the world. These events include heat waves, droughts, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires. About the interconnection between climate change and extreme weather events: Extreme heat creates conditions more prone to wildfire and a longer wildfire season by evaporating more moisture from land. According to a 2023 report by Weather Attribution (WWA), climate change more than doubled the likelihood of extreme “fire weather” conditions in Eastern Canada. Warmer air can suck moisture out of the soil, amplifying droughts. Higher temperatures cause evaporation of water not only from land but also oceans and other water bodies, meaning a warmer atmosphere holds more moisture. For every 1 degree Celsius rise in average temperature, the atmosphere can hold about 7% more moisture. This makes storms more dangerous as it leads to an increase in precipitation intensity, duration and/or frequency, which ultimately can cause severe flooding. Oceans have absorbed 90% of the additional heat generated by the greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. Due to this, global mean sea surface temperature has gone up by close to 0.9 degree Celsius since 1850. Higher sea surface temperatures cause marine heat waves, an extreme weather event, which, in turn, makes storms like hurricanes and tropical cyclones more intense. When storms travel across hot oceans, they gather more water vapour and heat. This results in stronger winds, heavier rainfall, and more flooding when storms reach the land. Source: The Indian Express Chenab bridge Syllabus Prelims -Current Event Context: Prime Minister Modi will inaugurate the  Chenab Bridge, the worlds highest single arch railway Bridge. Background: Approved in 2003 and contracted in 2008, after much worries over its safety and stability, the single-arch bridge over River Chenab in J&K passed all its mandatory tests and is set to mark India on the railroad history after two decades of waiting. About Chenab bridge The Bridge spans the Chenab River and has a total length of 1315 m The arch bridge runs between Bakkal and Kauri in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir, and forms a crucial link from Katra to Banihal. It stands at the height of 1,178 feet above the riverbed, making it 35 metres taller than Paris’ tourist icon, the Eiffel Tower. The bridge is part of the Rs 35000 crore Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Railway Link (USBRL) project which aims to boost connectivity in Jammu and Kashmir by providing connectivity in complex topography and weather conditions. The bridge is expected to have a shelf life of around 120 years. It will also be able to withstand winds with speeds up to 260 km/per hour. Source: The Indian Express BUXA TIGER RESERVE Syllabus Prelims- Environment Context: An adult male tiger was recently recorded on a camera trap in Buxa Tiger Reserve in north Bengal after 23 years. Background: There was no direct evidence confirming tiger presence in the reserve since 1998. Ecosystem restoration activities in the Buxa Tiger Reserve, including grassland management, helped bring the tiger back to the protected area, experts say. About Buxa Tiger Reserve: Tiger reserves are protected areas in India that are dedicated to the conservation of tigers and their

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Cervical Cancer Syllabus Prelims -Science Context: Experts have raised the need to conduct more screening test to detect cervical cancer among women along with vaccine drive for girls. Background:- Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced during the presentation of the interim Budget that the government plans to encourage vaccination against cervical cancer for girls aged nine to 14. About Cervical Cancer :- Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control. Cancer is always named for the part of the body where it starts, even if it spreads to other body parts later. Cervical cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Various strains of the human papillomavirus, also called HPV, play a role in causing most cervical cancers. HPV is a common infection that’s passed through sexual contact. When exposed to HPV, the body’s immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. In a small percentage of people, however, the virus survives for years. This contributes to the process that causes some cervical cells to become cancer cells. It is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in India (over 77,000 annually), and is estimated to be the second most frequent cancer among Indian women between 15 and 44 years. VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid) and VILI (visual inspection using Lugol’s iodine) are the Screening test recommended for cervical cancer Source: The Hindu Raising Dialogue Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The ninth edition of the Raisina Dialogue will be held from today till Friday (February 23) in New Delhi. Background: The conference will be inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Greece’s Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis will join the inauguration session as the chief guest. About Raisina Dialogue: The Raisina Dialogue is an annual conference on geopolitics and geoeconomics, which aims to address the most challenging issues faced by the world. The conference takes place in New Delhi and is attended by people from political, business, media, and civil society backgrounds. Delhi-based think tank Observer Research Foundation, in partnership with the Ministry of External Affairs, hosts the conference. The theme of the 2024 edition is “Chaturanga: Conflict, Contest, Cooperate, Create”. Source: The Indian Express Article 142 Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Polity Context: In overturning the results of the January 30 elections for the post of Mayor of the Chandigarh Municipal Corporation, the Supreme Court invoked the powers conferred on the court under Article 142 of the Constitution. Background: The powers under Article 142 are extraordinary in nature and the apex court has defined its scope and extent through its judgments over time. About Article 142 TArticle 142 provides discretionary power to the Supreme Court as it states that the Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it. Subsection 1 of Article 142 provides a unique power to the Supreme Court, to do complete justice between the parties. According to some eminent jurists, natural justice is above law, and the Supreme Court shall have full right to pass any order that it considers just. Therefore, the Supreme Court shall exercise these powers and will not be deterred from doing justice by the provision of any rule or law, executive practice or executive circular or regulation etc. The framers of the Constitution felt that this provision is of utmost significance to those people who have to suffer due to the delay in getting their necessary reliefs due to the disadvantaged position of the judicial system. Significance of Article 142:- Prevents Injustice: It provides a special and extraordinary power to the Supreme Court to do complete justice to the litigants who have suffered traversed illegality or injustice in the proceedings. Uphold citizen’s rights: Article 142 has been invoked for the purpose of protecting the rights of the different sections of the population. Check on Government: Works as a system of checks and balances with the Government or Legislature. Cases where the Supreme Court has invoked its plenary powers under Article 142:- Manohar Lal Sharma v. Principal Secretary(2014): The Supreme Court can deal with exceptional circumstances interfering with the larger interest of the public in order to fabricate trust in the rule of law. R. Antulay v. R.S. Nayak(1988): The Supreme Court held that any discretion which is given by the court should not be arbitrary or in any way be inconsistent with provisions of any statute laid down. Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India (1989): In Bhopal Gas Tragedy Case, the court ordered to award of compensation to the victims and placed itself in a position above the Parliamentary laws. Source: The Indian Express Review of Maritime Transport 2023 Syllabus Mains – GS 3 Context: The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has released the Review of Maritime Transport 2023, highlighting the Issue of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from International Shipping and Challenges in Decarbonization. Background: IMO (International Maritime Organization) has set a target to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by around 2050. Key highlights of the Review: GHG emissions from international shipping were 20% higher in 2023 compared to a decade ago. The shipping industry contributes to over 80% of the world’s trade volume and nearly 3% of global GHG emissions. Containerized trade is expected to grow by 1.2% in 2023 and further by 3% between 2024-2028. Oil and gas trade volumes showed robust growth in 2022. Early in January 2023, commercial ships were on average 22.2 years old and more than half of the world’s fleet was over 15 years old. As the average age of the world fleet is increasing, it raises concern that alternative fuels are not yet available at scale and are more costly, and the ships that can use them are also more costly than traditional ships. 8% of the global fleet uses conventional fuels like heavy fuel oil, light fuel oil, and diesel/gas

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   India-Middle East Economic Corridor (IMEC) Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Greek PM Kyrios Mitsotakis emphasises the need to proceed ahead with IMEC despite conflict in middle east. Background:- Despite the Israeli war in Gaza “destabilising” plans for the India-Middle East Economic Corridor (IMEC), India and Greece should persevere with the project said Greek Prime Minister Kyrios Mitsotakis.He also also inaugurated the annual Raisina Dialogue in New Delhi on February 21. IMEC was announced during G20 meeting in New Delhi. About India-Middle East Economic Corridor (IMEC) The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is a planned economic corridor that aims to bolster economic development by fostering connectivity and economic integration between Asia, the Persian Gulf, and Europe. Key Features of IMEC The proposed IMEC will consist of Railroad, Ship-to-Rail networks, and Road transport routes extending across two corridors: The East Corridor (connecting India to the Arabian Gulf) and The Northern Corridor (connecting the Gulf to Europe). The IMEC corridor will also include an electricity cable, a hydrogen pipeline, and a high-speed data cable. Signatories include India, the US, Saudi Arabia, UAE, the European Union, Italy, France and Germany. Ports to be connected include Mundra and Kandla in Gujarat, and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust in Navi Mumbai in India; Fujairah, Jebel Ali, and Abu Dhabi in the UAE; Dammam and Ras Al Khair ports in Saudi Arabia; Haifa port in Israel; and Piraeus port in Greece, Messina in South Italy, and Marseille in France. IMEC is seen as a potential counter to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the Eurasian region. It can serve to counterbalance China’s growing economic and political influence, especially in regions with historically strong ties to the U.S. Source: The Hindu Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: Fresh measures to curb unauthorised online lending apps’ operations could be on the anvil, following deliberations on the issue at the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) chaired by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Wednesday. Background: The FSDC, which has all financial sector regulators on board including the Reserve Bank of India, also discussed issues related to macro financial stability and the country’s preparedness to deal with any challenges that may come up. About Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC): It is non-statutory apex council constituted by the Executive Order in 2010. It works under the Ministry of Finance The Raghuram Rajan committee (2008) on financial sector reforms first proposed the creation of FSDC. It is chaired by the Finance Minister and its members include the heads of all Financial Sector Regulators (RBI, SEBI, PFRDA & IRDA), Finance Secretary, Secretary of Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Secretary of Department of Financial Services (DFS), Chief Economic Adviser, Secretary of Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Chairperson of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) and the Revenue Secretary. The Council can invite experts to its meeting if required. Functions: To strengthen and institutionalize the mechanism for maintaining financial stability, enhancing inter-regulatory coordination and promoting financial sector development. To monitor macro-prudential supervision of the economy. It assesses the functioning of the large financial conglomerates. Source: The Hindu India’s Aviation Industry Syllabus Mains – GS3 Context:India’s aviation industry has witnessed remarkable growth in recent years. However, this rapid expansion has also highlighted critical issues including a severe shortage of experienced pilots. Background: India’s aviation industry is a collective sector encompassing all aspects of civil aviation within the country. It includes various components, such as airlines, airports, aircraft manufacturing, aviation services, and regulatory authorities. Status of India’s Aviation Industry: India has become the third-largest domestic aviation market in the world. India’s airport capacity is expected to handle 1 billion trips annually by 2023. According to the data released by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), FDI inflow in India’s air transport sector (including air freight) reached USD 3.73 billion between April 2000 – December 2022. Challenges/Issues faced by India’s Aviation Industry: Many major airports in India, including those in Mumbai and Delhi, face severe congestion, leading to delays and operational inefficiencies. Many major cities are well-connected, and smaller towns and regions often lack adequate airport infrastructure and air connectivity. Indian airlines are projected to record a consolidated loss of $1.6 to 1.8 billion in FY24, due to the heavy financial bleeding of Go First, Spice Jet, and Jet Airways. High taxes on aviation turbine fuel (ATF) and airport charges contribute to increased operating costs. Some Indian states charge up to 30% taxes on jet fuel, which makes shorter flight routes unprofitable for smaller airlines. India’s per capita penetration of domestic air travel (0.13 seats deployed per capita) remains significantly lower than countries like China (0.49) and Brazil (0.57). This indicates the failure of the aviation industry in India to tap the maximum potential of the domestic air market. Airlines in India often announce ambitious growth plans without adequately analysing their financial security, infrastructural and personnel requirements. For example- The failure of Kingfisher, Jet Airways, and Go First on account of inflated projections. Beyond terrorism and hijacking, security concerns are increasingly associated with cyber threats to aviation infrastructure, which can disrupt operations and compromise passenger data. The Aircraft Act, of 1934 and Aircraft Rules, of 1937 have not kept pace with modern technology in aerospace. This has led to increased costs for the industry’s operation and ultimately affected passenger growth. Government Initiatives to Promote Aviation Sector in India: National Civil Aviation Policy, 2016 aims to improve the international footprint of India-based airline services. Airlines can commence international operations, provided they deploy 20 aircraft or 20% of their total capacity (whichever is higher) for domestic operations. UDAN Scheme aims to expand access to air travel for Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities and shift the traffic pattern away from Metro routes. Open Sky Policy aims to liberalise the aviation sector in India by opening the airport sector to private participation. Open Sky Air Service Agreement allows for airlines from the two countries to have an unlimited number of flights as well as seats to each other’s jurisdictions. India has signed these agreements with multiple nations like the US, Greece, Jamaica, Japan, Finland, and Sri Lanka. 100% FDI is allowed under the automatic route for greenfield projects, whereas 74% FDI is allowed under

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Mahamastakabhisheka Syllabus Prelims – Culture Context: Nine-day mahamastakabhisheka celebrations begin at Venur in Karnataka Background:- The Mahamastakabhisheka Mahotsava of Bhagavan Shri Bahubali Swami, the first Mokshagami and son of the first Theerthankara of Jainism, began with rituals at Venur in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka. About Mahamastakabhisheka The Mahamastakabhisheka refers to the abhiṣheka (anointment) of the Jain images when held on a large scale. The most famous of such consecrations is the anointment of the located at Shravanabelagola(Hassan district) in Karnataka, India. It is an important Jain festival held once in every 12 years. It is an integral part of the ancient and composite Jain tradition. Karnataka has many important Jain pilgrim centres, temples and monuments. Shravanabelagola, Dharmasthala, Karkala, Moodbidri, Venur, Humcha and Narasimharajapura will astonish the visitors by their vast and abundant Jain heritage. About Bahubali Bahubali, according to the traditions of Jainism,is the son of the first Tirthankara Rishabhanatha. After Bahubali won a duel with his half brother for control of the kingdom, he is believed by the Jains to have realized the transience of temporal affairs and renounced the world. According to legend, he then stood immobile, with feet straight ahead and arms at his side, meditating for an entire year in the Yogic position of kayotsarga (“dismissing the body”). He was so unmindful of the world around him that vines grew undisturbed up his arms and legs and anthills rose around his feet. His meditation led him to true victory over human passion and, according to the beliefs of the Digambara sect of Jainism, enabled him to become the first human of this kalpa (world age) to gain liberation. Source: Brittanica The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) has approved an elevated road over nine corridors used by the animals of Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve, usually during heavy floods. Background: NBWL is the forest land diversion regulatory body for the country’s protected areas such as wildlife sanctuaries and national parks. Apart from regulating land diversion, the body looks after important policy decisions regarding wildlife conservation. About National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) is a statutory Board constituted on 22nd September 2003 under Section 5 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. The NBWL is chaired by the Hon’ble Prime Minister. It has a total of 47 members, 19 of whom are ex-officio members. Every new government constitutes a new board, based on the provisions of the WLPA, with the new PM as the chair. It is responsible for guiding the government’s decisions on matters related to wildlife conservation, and issuing approvals for projects in protected areas. In practical terms, many of its tasks are delegated to a standing committee The standing committee of NBWL is chaired by the Minister of Environment Forest and Climate Change. Source:  Down To Earth Kaziranga National Park Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context:The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) has approved an elevated road over nine corridors used by the animals of Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve, usually during heavy floods. Background: In the heart of Assam, this park is one of the last areas in eastern India undisturbed by a human presence. About Kaziranga National Park Kaziranga National Park is a prestigious national park of India situated in the northeastern part of the country in the district of Golaghat and Nagoan in the state of Assam. It was declared a National Park in 1974. It was declared a tiger reserve in 2007. Kaziranga was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO for its unique natural environment in the year of 1985. The park has been identified as an Important Bird Area by the Birdlife International Society as it is home to various species of migrating and inhabitant birds. It is situated on the banks of the river Brahmaputra. It is majorly known for the ‘big four’ species— Rhino, Elephant, Royal Bengal tiger, and Asiatic water buffalo. The National Highway 37 passes through it. The Diphlu River runs through it. The landscape is marked by: Tropical moist mixed deciduous forests and tropical semi-evergreen forests, tall grasses, open jungle, and short grasses . Source: The Hindu OPERATION ASPIDES Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: The European Union has recently launched a Red Sea mission named Mission Aspides. Background: Since October 2023, numerous Houthi attacks have targeted vessels in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. Such attacks jeopardise the life of civilians on merchant and commercial vessels, and constitute a breach of the freedom of the high seas and of the right of transit passage in straits used for international navigation enshrined in United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. About Mission Aspides: Mission Aspides is a new European Union defensive maritime security operation launched by the Council of the EU on 19 February 2024. The objective of this operation is to restore and safeguard freedom of navigation in the Red Sea and the Gulf. The operation will ensure European Union naval presence in the area, provide maritime situational awareness, accompany and protect vessels against possible multi-domain attacks at sea, and coordinate closely with like-minded international partners and other EU operations. The Operation headquarters is based in Larissa, Greece Source: Business Today FAIR AND REMUNERATIVE PRICE (FRP) Syllabus Prelims– Economy Context: The Union Cabinet recently approved a hike in prices for sugarcane, known as fair and remunerative price (FRP), payable by millers to cane growers for the fiscal year 2024-25. Background: The council of ministers cleared an FRP of ₹ 340 per quintal of sugarcane for the sugar year beginning on October 1, 2024. This is the highest FRP for sugarcane announced since 2014. The new FRP is 107% higher than the cost of production. About FAIR AND REMUNERATIVE PRICE (FRP) The Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) is the minimum price that sugar mills are required to pay to farmers for sugarcane. The FRP was introduced by the government in

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   INTERPOL Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Concerns have been raised about the misuse of Interpol’s notice system, especially the issuance of blue corner notices. Background:- Although Interpol’s Constitution explicitly forbids any activities of a political character, activists have accused it of failing to enforce this rule. Much of this outrage is directed at Russia, which has repeatedly issued notices and diffusions for the arrest of Kremlin opponents. About Interpol The International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) is an intergovernmental organization that helps coordinate the police force of 196 member countries. Each of the member countries hosts an INTERPOL National Central Bureau (NCB). The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is designated as the National Central Bureau of India. It is headquartered in Lyon, France Types of Notice issued by Interpol INTERPOL Notices are international requests for cooperation or alerts allowing police in member countries to share critical crime-related information. Notices are issued by the General Secretariat at the request of a member country’s INTERPOL National Central Bureau Notices can also be issued at the request of International Criminal Tribunals and the International Criminal Court to seek persons wanted for committing crimes within their jurisdiction, notably genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. They can also be issued at the request of the United Nations in relation to the implementation of sanctions imposed by the Security Council. Red Notice: To seek the location and arrest of persons wanted for prosecution or to serve a sentence.However, Interpol cannot compel law enforcement authorities in any country to arrest the subject of a red corner notice as the exercise of such powers is entirely discretionary. Yellow Notice: To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify themselves. Blue Notice: To collect additional information about a person’s identity, location or activities in relation to a criminal investigation. Black Notice: To seek information on unidentified bodies. Green Notice: To provide warning about a person’s criminal activities, where the person is considered to be a possible threat to public safety. Orange Notice: To warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing a serious and imminent threat to public safety. Purple Notice: To seek or provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment methods used by criminals. INTERPOL–United Nations Security Council Special Notice: Issued for entities and individuals who are the targets of UN Security Council Sanctions Committees. Source: The Hindu Medaram Jatara or Sammakka Saralamma Jathara Syllabus Prelims – Culture Context: The Telangana Governor extended her wishes to the tribal communities, lauding the Medaram Jatara as an unparalleled testament to indigenous culture and heritage. Background: Lakhs of pilgrims poured into Medaram, which commemorates a revolt against the levy of taxes on the tribal populace during a period of drought by the Kakatiya rulers in the 12th century About Medaram Jatara Sammakka Saralamma Jathara or Medaram Jathara is a tribal festival of honouring the goddesses celebrated in the state of Telangana, India. The Jathara begins at Medaram in Tadvai Mandal in Mulugu district. Medaram is a remote place in the Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary, a part of Dandakaranya, the largest surviving forest belt in the Mulugu. It commemorates the fight of a mother and daughter, Sammakka and Saralamma, with the reigning rulers against an unjust law. The Medaram Jathara festival is held every two years. Sammakka Saralamma Jathara is the time for the largest tribal religious congregation in the world,with approximately ten million people converging on the place, over a period of four days. Source:  The Hindu NB8 Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: In this year’s Raisina Dialogue in New Delhi, the eight Nordic-Baltic countries, are participating in it together as representatives of the Nordic-Baltic cooperation, the NB8. Background: Participation of NB8 is significant as the Russia ukraine conflict continues. About Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB8) Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB8) is a regional co-operation format that includes Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden. Named as 5+3 in the beginning of cooperation (five Nordic countries plus three Baltic States), the format changed its name to NB8. Source: The Hindu WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972 Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: Union Minister for Environment, Forest, and Climate Change Bhupender Yadav has recently said that there is no need for any amendment in the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 to address human-wildlife conflict as the chief wildlife warden was empowered to trap, catch, and, if necessary, shoot wildlife according to the Section 11 of the Act. Background: Recently, the Kerala Legislative Assembly passed a resolution that urged the Centre to make changes in some sections of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The urge to make these amendments is for the purpose of catering to the issue of increasing conflicts between humans and animals in Kerala. About The Wildlife Protection Act: The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 is a significant legislation in India that provides a legal framework for the protection of various species of wild animals and plants, management of their habitats, and regulation and control of trade in wild animals, plants, and products derived from them. The Act provides for the establishment of wildlife advisory boards, regulations for hunting wild animals and birds, and the establishment of sanctuaries and national parks. Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022: The Act seeks to increase the species protected under the law and implement CITES (CITES is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals from the threats of international trade). The number of schedules has been reduced to four from six: Schedule I contains animal species enjoying the highest level of protection. Schedule II for animal species subject to a lesser degree of protection. Schedule III for protected plant species, and Schedule IV for scheduled specimens under CITES. The Act permits the use of elephants for ‘religious or any other purposes’. The penalties have also been increased for general and specially protected animals’ violations. Source: The Hindu FOREIGN EXCHANGE MANAGEMENT ACT (FEMA) Syllabus Prelims– Economy Context: The

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE Syllabus Prelims & Mains – Science Context: Kerala recently initiated Operation AMRITH (Antimicrobial Resistance Intervention for Total Health). This programme enforces rule mandating a doctor’s prescription for acquiring any class of antibiotics. Background:- Kerala has pioneered many public health initiatives in the country with significant investment in the sector About ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE Antimicrobials – including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics – are medicines used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals and plants. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death. As a result of drug resistance, antibiotics and other antimicrobial medicines become ineffective and infections become increasingly difficult or impossible to treat. AMR occurs naturally over time, usually through genetic changes. Antimicrobial resistant organisms are found in people, animals, food, plants and the environment (in water, soil and air). They can spread from person to person or between people and animals, including from food of animal origin. The main drivers of antimicrobial resistance include the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials; lack of access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for both humans and animals; poor infection and disease prevention and control in health-care facilities and farms; poor access to quality, affordable medicines, vaccines and diagnostics; lack of awareness and knowledge; and lack of enforcement of legislation. Source: The Hindu Schedule H and H1 Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: Kerala recently initiated Operation AMRITH (Antimicrobial Resistance Intervention for Total Health). This programme enforces rule mandating a doctor’s prescription for acquiring any class of antibiotics. Background:- Schedule H1 is particularly relevant to prevent misuse of drugs, one of the causes of antimicrobial resistance. Schedule H and H1 The Drugs and cosmetic Act, 1940 was passed in British India to regulate the manufacture, distribution, and sale of drugs in the country. After Indian independence, the Act underwent various amendments from time to time. The act classifies drugs into different schedules. What are Schedule H Drugs? This schedule contains a list of drugs that can be sold only against the prescription of a registered medical practitioner. Another provision needs to be followed is that, only the required amount of medications mentioned in the prescription can be dispensed. These drugs can be supplied only to the licensed parties. The drug label must exhibit the text “Rx” and Schedule H drug warning: To be sold by retails on the prescription of a Registered Medical Practioner only. Why was Schedule H1 Introduced A newer category created in 2013 as a sub-classification of Schedule H. These drugs are also prescription-only but face additional regulations compared to Schedule H. The schedule H1 drugs was mainly created to restrict the selling of antibiotics through over the counter (OTC) sales, after it was noted that any number of these drugs could be bought from pharmacies across India without any limitations. Irrational prescribing of antibiotics and other drugs by doctors and chemists lacking a registered pharmacist has contributed to the increasing antibiotics resistance and tolerance of psychotropics. The Supply of a drug specified in Schedule H1 shall be recorded in a separate register at the time of the supply giving the name and address of the prescriber, the name of the patient, the name of the drug and the quantity supplied and such record shall be maintained for three years and be open for inspection. Both Schedule H and H1 drugs are prescription-only, but Schedule H1 has stricter regulations due to the specific types of drugs included and the potential for misuse or public health concerns. The additional labeling and record-keeping requirements for Schedule H1 aim to enhance control and ensure responsible usage of these medications. Source: The Hindu Trisomy Syllabus Prelims – Science Context: Researchers have reported chromosomal disorders discovered from prehistoric skeletal remains, dating up to approximately 5,500 years old — including six cases of Down syndrome and one case of Edwards syndrome. Background: There have only been a few documented cases of Down syndrome in ancient individuals, largely owing to difficulties in identifying genetic disorders without modern techniques for analysing ancient DNA samples About Trisomy: Chromosomes are the threadlike structures in cells that hold genes. Genes carry the instructions needed to make every part of a baby’s body. When an egg and sperm join and form an embryo, their chromosomes combine. Each baby gets 23 chromosomes from the mother’s egg and 23 chromosomes from the father’s sperm — 46 in total.i.e.humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Trisomy is a chromosomal abnormality where an individual has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the usual two copies. This can occur in any chromosome, but some are more common than others. The most common type of trisomy is trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome. Other common types include trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) and trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome). These conditions can cause a variety of physical and intellectual disabilities, although the severity of symptoms can vary widely from person to person. Source:  The Hindu INDUS WATER TREATY Syllabus Prelims – Current Event Context: India completely stops Ravi River water flow to Pakistan. Background: The completion of the Shahpur Kandi barrage diverts water from the Ravi River to benefit Jammu and Kashmir. This project, under the Indus Waters Treaty, aids irrigation and hydropower generation, contributing to agricultural and economic growth in the region. About INDUS WATER TREATY The Indus Water Treaty is a water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank and signed in 1960. The treaty was signed by then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan. The treaty deals with the river Indus and its five tributaries, classified into two categories: Eastern rivers: Ravi, Beas, Sutlej Western rivers: Indus, Chenab, Jhelum India got control over the eastern rivers, while Pakistan got control over the western rivers. The treaty allows India to use the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Suez Canal Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi said Monday that revenues from the Suez Canal had “decreased by 40 to 50 percent” so far this year due to attacks on shipping by Yemen’s Houthi rebels. Background:- The canal is one of the main sources of foreign currency for Egypt which is gripped by a severe financial crisis. About Suez Canal:- The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia. The 193.30-kilometre-long canal is a key trade route between Europe and Asia. It offers the shortest route between the Atlantic Ocean and lands around the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. The canal is one of the busiest waterways in the world, negating the need to navigate around the Cape of Good Hope in Africa and thus cutting distances by up to 7,000 km. Economic Lifeline: The canal continues to be the lifeline for all trade between the West and East as 12- 15 per cent of the global trade passes through it every year. Suez Canal’s Long History The canal has existed in one form or the other since construction started under the reign of Senausret III, Pharao of Egypt (1887-1849 BC). Construction picked up pace around 300 years back as maritime trade between Europe and Asia became crucial for many economies. In the mid-1800s, French diplomat and engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps convinced the Egyptian viceroy Said Pasha to support the canal’s construction. In 1858, the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company was tasked to construct and operate the canal for 99 years, after which rights would be handed to the Egyptian government. Despite facing multiple problems ranging from financial difficulties and attempts by the British and Turks to halt construction, the canal was opened for international navigation in 1869. The French and British held most of the shares in the canal company. The British used their position to sustain their maritime and colonial interests by maintaining a defensive force along the Suez Canal Zone as part of a 1936 treaty. Egypt takes over Suez Canal In 1954, facing pressure from Egyptian nationalists, the two countries signed a seven-year treaty that led to the withdrawal of British troops. In 1956, Egyptian President Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal to pay for the construction of a dam on the Nile. This led to the Suez Crisis with UK, France and Israel mounting an attack on Egypt. The conflict ended in 1957 after the United Nations got involved and was followed by the first instance of the UN Peacekeeping Forces being deployed anywhere in the world. In 1967, Nasser ordered the peacekeeping forces out of Sinai leading to a new conflict between the two countries. Israelis occupied Sinai and in response, Egypt closed the canal to all shipping. The closure lasted until 1975, when the two countries signed a disengagement accord. The canal was the focal point of the Arab-Israeli War of 1973, with the Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria. Place in news: Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa. A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas. When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Source: Reuters Lebanon Syllabus Prelims – Geography Context: The Israeli military said its air force on Monday struck targets of the militant Hezbollah group “deep inside Lebanon”. Background: The strikes are among the deepest into Lebanon since the Israel-Hamas war began more than four months ago. They come a day after Israel’s Defense Minister vowed to step up attacks on Hezbollah even if a cease-fire is reached with Hamas in the Gaza Strip. About Lebanon: Lebanon, officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, by Israel to the south, and by the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Lebanon’s capital and largest city is Beirut, followed by Tripoli and Jounieh. Lebanon is a founding member of the United Nations and of the Arab League and is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. The border with the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights is disputed by Lebanon in a small area called Shebaa Farms. Source: Associated Press PREVENTION OF MONEY LAUNDERING ACT (PMLA) 2002 Syllabus Prelims and Mains – Polity Context: The Delhi High Court has recently stayed a single-judge order that had significant implications regarding property seized under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) Background: The order in question held that if an investigation under the PMLA extends beyond 365 days without any related proceedings, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) must return the “seized” property to the owner. The court’s interpretation of the PMLA provisions aims to strike a balance between investigative powers and individual rights. About Money laundering Money laundering is the process of concealing the origins of illegally obtained money, typically by passing it through a complex sequence of banking transfers or commercial transactions. The goal is to make the illicit funds appear legitimate and “clean.” Money laundering can involve various methods, including using shell companies, offshore accounts, and intricate financial transactions. The Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA) enacted in 2002 to prevent money laundering and provide for the confiscation of property derived from or involved in money laundering. Objective of the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA) The PMLA aims to prevent money laundering activities. It ensures the legality of financial transactions and promotes the integrity of financial systems. Core Provisions: Offence of Money-Laundering: The act criminalizes disguising the origin of illegally gained