Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   National Children’s Day Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT DAYS Context: President  Droupadi Murmu stressed the need to inspire children from childhood to help others and have a feeling of love and respect for the environment on National Children’s Day. Background:- The President stated this while addressing the children from various schools and organisations at Rashtrapati Bhavan on Children’s Day. About National Children’s Day:- Children’s Day is also known as ‘Bal Diwas’ in India. Children’s Day is the annual celebration in the country that falls on the birthday of India’s first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, on November 14. Its celebrations date back to 1956, when the day was observed as ‘Universal Children’s Day’ on November 20, keeping with the United Nations. But, after Pt Nehru died in 1964, it was decided the celebrations be moved to commemorate his birth anniversary. Pt Nehru’s love for children was well-known. He was hailed as ‘Chacha Nehru’ owing to his popularity among children. It is said that he considered them to be the future assets of the country, for whom an all-rounded education would be of importance for their career, and for the country. (Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE)) Thus, Pt Nehru became a role model for many future generations. He also established pioneer scientific institutions like the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), the Indian Institutes of Management (IIM), and the National Institutes of Technology (NIT). Significance:- The day stands for the rights of children and prioritizes their needs and voices. (The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill, 2021) It also raises awareness of the need for the education of children to enable them to be better citizens of the country in the coming years. MUST READ: Child Marriage in India SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017? (2019) Pregnant women are entitled to three months of pre-delivery and three months of post-delivery paid leave. Enterprises with creches must allow the mother a minimum of six creche visits daily. Women with two children get reduced entitlements. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘stand up India scheme’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) Its purpose is to promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST and women entrepreneurs. It provides for refinancing through SIDBI. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 ASEAN Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh attended the 10th ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus (ADMM Plus). Background:- It will be held in Jakarta, Indonesia, from the 16th of November to the 17th of November,2023. Since 2017, the ADMM-Plus Ministers have been meeting annually to bolster cooperation between ASEAN and the Plus countries. About ASEAN:- Establishment: 8 August 1967. Secretariat: Jakarta, Indonesia. Members: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia. Bangkok Declaration, 1967, formally established the ASEAN. The first ASEAN Summit was in 1976. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional association that was founded to maintain social stability and political equilibrium among Asia’s post-colonial states amid escalating conflicts. “One Vision, One Identity, One Community” is its motto. The 8th of August is celebrated as the ASEAN Day. Institutional mechanism of ASEAN:- ASEAN Summit: It meets annually to discuss regional issues and set policy directions. ASEAN Coordinating Council (ACC): It oversees the implementation of ASEAN agreements and decisions. ASEAN Secretariat: It supports and facilitates ASEAN’s activities and initiatives. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): It is a platform for dialogue and cooperation on political and security issues among ASEAN member countries and their partners. Decision Making: It is done through consultation and consensus. Significance of ASEAN for India:- India needs a close diplomatic relationship with ASEAN nations both for economic and security reasons. Connectivity with the ASEAN nations can allow India to improve its presence in the region. (India-ASEAN conclave) These connectivity projects keep Northeast India at the centre, ensuring the economic growth of the northeastern states. Improved trade ties with the ASEAN nations would mean a counter to China’s presence in the region and economic growth and development for India. ASEAN occupies a centralized position in the rules-based security architecture in the Indo-Pacific, which is vital for India since most of its trade is dependent on maritime security. Collaboration with the ASEAN nations is necessary to counter insurgency in the Northeast, combat terrorism, tax evasion etc. MUST READ: India-ASEAN FTA SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q.2) With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018) PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 1 and 2 3 only Helicobacter pylori Syllabus Prelims –SCIENC AND TECHNOLOGY Context: The National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases has made quick detection of drug-resistant ‘Helicobacter pylori possible recently. Background:- A two-step PCR-based assay of a small region of the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria can help detect H. pylori infection and also identify clarithromycin-resistant bacteria and those that are drug-sensitive in six-seven hours has been developed by a team of researchers from the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata. About Helicobacter pylori:- H pylori is a bacterium that infects the stomach lining. It is linked to gastrointestinal issues

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Alzheimer’s Disease Syllabus Prelims – SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, the World’s Leading Theory on Alzheimer’s in Crisis fail After Major Drug Trials. Background:- In two trials, a drug designed to eradicate the sticky plaques has failed to preserve the cognitive abilities of people with early Alzheimer’s disease compared to people given a placebo. The monoclonal antibody gantenerumab did significantly reduce the amount of amyloid beta in the brain as intended, but this did not translate into improvements in cognitive function. About Alzheimer’s Disease:-   Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological disorder. It causes brain cells to degenerate and die. This leads to loss of memory, problems with words in speaking or writing, poor judgment, changes in mood and personality, confusion with time or place, etc. It is a brain disorder that gets worse over time. Alzheimer’s is the most common cause of dementia among older adults. Alzheimer’s is an incurable disease, as the death of brain cells cannot be reversed. Women have a higher risk of having Alzheimer’s disease than men. Causes:- Alzheimer’s disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells. One of the proteins involved is called amyloid, deposits of which form plaques around brain cells and the other protein is called tau. Tau is a protein that when it occurs in tangled formations in the brain of Alzheimer patients, disrupts the ability of neurons to communicate with one another in the brain. Symptoms:- A gradual decline in some, most or all of the following:- Reasoning and handling of complex tasks. Understanding visual form and space relationship. Management and Treatment:- Medication: There’s no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but certain medications can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two types of drugs to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: Cholinesterase inhibitors. NMDA antagonists. Managing behaviour changes:- Maintaining a familiar environment for them. Monitoring patients’ comfort. Providing comfort objects, such as a favourite stuffed animal or blanket.   MUST READ: Need for stronger mental health strategy SOURCE: SCIENCE ALERT PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) ‘Microsatellite DNA’ is used in the case of which one of the following? (2023) Studying the evolutionary relationships among various species of fauna Stimulating ‘stem cells’ to transform into diverse functional tissues Promoting clonal propagation of horticultural plants Assessing the efficacy of drugs by conducting a series of drug trials in  a population Q.2) ‘Aerial metagenomics’ best refers to which one of the following situations? (2023) Collecting DNA samples from air in a habitat at one go Understanding the genetic makeup of avian species of a habitat Using air-borne devices to collect blood samples from moving animals Sending drones to inaccessible areas to collect plant and animal  samples from land surfaces and  water bodies Employees’ State Insurance Scheme Syllabus Prelims – GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: Recent data shows that over 18.88 lakh new workers enrolled under the Employees’ State Insurance Scheme in September 2023. Background:- Over nine lakh young employees, up to the age group of 25 years, constitute the majority of new registrations. About Employees’ State Insurance Scheme:- IMAGE SOURCE: AIR The Employees’ State Insurance Scheme (ESI)is an integrated measure of social Insurance embodied in the Employees’ State Insurance Act, of 1948. ( ESIC) Objectives: ESI Scheme is designed to accomplish the task of protecting ’employees’ as defined in the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 against the impact of incidences of sickness, maternity, disablement and death due to employment injury and to provide medical care to insured persons and their families. (Draft Social Security Code ) Implementing Agency: Employees’ State Insurance Corporation. Applicability of ESI Scheme:- It applies to factories and other establishments Road Transport, Hotels, Restaurants, Cinemas, Newspaper, Shops, and Educational/Medical Institutions wherein 10 or more persons are employed. However, in some States threshold limit for coverage of establishments is still Beneficiary Selection:- Employees of the aforesaid categories of factories and establishments, drawing wages up to Rs.15,000/- a month, are entitled to social security cover under the ESI Act. ESI Corporation has also decided to enhance the wage ceiling for coverage of employees under the ESI Act from Rs.15,000/- to Rs.21,000. Coverage of the ESI Scheme:- 1952: In the beginning, the ESI Scheme was implemented at just two industrial centres in the country, namely Kanpur and Delhi. The Scheme today, stands implemented at over 830 centres in 31 States and Union Territories. Funding of ESI Scheme:- The Employees’ State Insurance Scheme (ESI Scheme) is financed by contributions from employers and employees. The rate of contribution by employer is 3.25% of the wages payable to employees. The employees’ contribution is at the rate of 75% of the wages payable to an employee. Benefits under the ESI Scheme:- The main benefits provided under ESI Scheme are: Sickness Benefit Disablement Benefit Dependants’ Benefit Maternity Benefit Medical Benefit Other benefits: Confinement Expenses, Funeral Expenses, Vocational Rehabilitation, Physical Rehabilitation, Unemployment Allowance (RGSKY) and Skill Upgradation Training.   MUST READ: Finding Unemployment Benefits SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In India, which one of the following compiles information on industrial disputes, closures, retrenchments, and lay-offs in factories employing workers? (2022) Central Statistics Office Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade Labour Bureau National Technical Manpower Information System Q.2)Consider the following statements with reference to India: (2023) According to the ‘Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006’, ‘medium enterprises are those with investments in plant and machinery between (‘ 15 crores and ’25 crore). All bank loans to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises qualify under the priority sector. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Rabhindra Bhavan Syllabus Prelims – ART AND CULTURE Context: Veteran artist Jatin Das inaugurated two curated Exhibitions at Rabhindra Bhavan recently. Background:- Lalit Kala Akademi, the apex cultural body under Ministry of Culture, Government of India, presents two exhibitions, namely ‘Imag(in)ing the Immediate- Curating from a National

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Reserve Bank of India Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, RBI tightened norms for unsecured personal loans for banks and non-banking financial companies. Background:- RBI in a circular said that it has been decided to increase the risk weights with respect to consumer credit exposure of commercial banks, both outstanding and new, including personal loans. About RBI:- Establishment:1935. HQ: Mumbai. The Reserve Bank of India is India’s central bank. It is the apex monetary institution which supervises, regulates controls and develops the monetary and financial system of the country. The Reserve Bank was established on April 1, 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, of 1934. Structure of RBI:- The Reserve Bank’s affairs are governed by a central board of directors. The board is appointed by the Government of India in keeping with the Reserve Bank of India Act. The directors are appointed/nominated for a period of four years. Functions of the Reserve Bank of India:- Monetary Policy of the Country (RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee) Inflation control: The RBI has targeted to keep the mid-term inflation at 4 four per cent (+/- 2 per cent). Decides benchmark interest rate RBI acts as a banker for both the central as well as state governments. It sells and purchases government securities on their behalf. Regulator of Foreign Exchange under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (“FEMA”). MUST READ: Financial Stability Report SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following brings out the ‘Consumer Price Index Number for Industrial Workers’?(2017) The Reserve Bank of India The Department of Economic Affairs The Labour Bureau The Department of Personnel and Training Q.2) In the ‘Index of Eight Core Industries’, which one of the following is given the highest weight? (2015) Coal production Electricity generation Fertilizer production Steel production Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Syllabus Prelims – INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation CEO Summit took place recently. Background:- Speaking at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation CEO summit in San Francisco yesterday, President Biden stressed the importance of working together with India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore to strengthen the critical semiconductor industry. About APEC:- Established: 1989 HQ: Singapore. Members: 21 Member Nations: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, Vietnam and the United States. India is not a Member. It is an inter-governmental forum that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region. (APEC virtual meet held) It was started in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific economies and the advent of regional trade blocs in other parts of the world. It aimed to establish new markets for agricultural products and raw materials beyond Europe. Functions of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC):- APEC works to help all residents of the Asia-Pacific participate in the growing economy. APEC projects provide digital skills training for rural communities and help indigenous women export their products abroad. Recognizing the impacts of climate change, APEC members also implement initiatives to increase energy efficiency and promote sustainable management of forest and marine resources. India and APEC:- India has been an important destination for APEC members’ foreign investment over the past 25 years, with three APEC economies—Singapore, Japan, and the United States—among the top five countries providing FDI inflows into India. India was denied APEC membership in 2007 on the grounds that its economy was not integrated into the global system. India is the region’s third-largest and now fastest-growing major economy. APEC economies, which account for 60 per cent of global GDP, are experiencing sluggish growth and must look for opportunities to bring new markets India is also projected to be the world’s third-largest economy by 2030 and will need well over $1 trillion of investment in infrastructure over the next decade. MUST READ: APEC summit, 2021 SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2020) International agreement/ set-up Subject Alma-Ata Declaration – Healthcare of the people Hague Convention – Biological and Chemical Weapons Talanoa Dialogue – Global Climate Change Under2 Coalition – Child Rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 2 only 4 only 1 and 3 only 2,3 and 4 only Q.2) In which one of the following groups are all four countries members of G20? (2020) Argentina Mexico, South Africa and Turkey. Australia Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam Indonesia Japan Singapore and South Korea Ohio-class Submarine Syllabus Prelims –DEFENCE Context: Recently, a U.S. nuclear-powered Ohio-class submarine, equipped for precision missile strikes over considerable distances, has joined a fleet of Navy ships in the waters of the Middle East. Background:- In an unusual public announcement on November 5, the U.S. Central Command confirmed the arrival of an Ohio-class submarine in its designated area of responsibility. CENTCOM, responsible for directing U.S. military operations in the Middle East, shared this information succinctly through social media. About Ohio-class Submarine:- The Ohio class submarine is a class of nuclear-powered submarines. They are currently in service with the United States Navy. (India, Israel and Palestine) They are the largest submarines ever built for the U.S. Navy. The Ohio class submarines were developed during the Cold War to provide the United States with a robust and survivable sea-based strategic deterrent. The first Ohio class submarine, USS Ohio (SSBN-726), was commissioned in 1981. A total of 18 submarines were built between 1976 and 1997. These submarines are designed for extended underwater operations. They are equipped with advanced technology to support various missions, including strategic deterrence, surveillance, and special operations. Each of these submarines is provided with two complete crews, called the Blue Crew and the Gold Crew, with each crew serving typically on 70- to 90-day deterrent patrols. They can travel at speeds of 30+ knots. They can remain submerged indefinitely. Significance:- Ohio class submarines play a crucial role in the United States’ nuclear triad, serving as a platform for submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) armed with nuclear

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   243th Corps of Engineers Day Syllabus Prelims –DEFENSE Context: Recently, the Indian Army celebrated the 243th Corps of Engineers Day. Background:- Chief of the Army Staff Gen Manoj Pande has conveyed best wishes to all ranks, veterans and families of the Corps on the occasion. About 243th Corps of Engineers Day:- The Indian Army Corps of Engineers is a combat support arm. (Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT)) It provides combat engineering support and develops infrastructure for armed forces and other defence organizations. It maintains connectivity along the borders, besides helping the civil authorities during natural disasters. These tasks are executed through four pillars of the Corps – Combat Engineers, Military Engineer Service, Border Road Organization and Military Survey. The Corps of Engineers had three groups, i.e. Madras Sappers, Bengal Sappers and Bombay Sappers. These were amalgamated into the Corps on the 18th of November 1932. Since its inception, history is replete with colossal exemplary contributions of the Corps of Engineers both in war and peace. MUST READ: The new defence systems handed over to Army SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media? (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions. A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same surface. speed and places a probe on its Q.2)  With reference to the Earth’s atmosphere, which of the following statements is correct? (2023) The total amount of insolation received at the equator is roughly about ·10 times of that received at the poles. Infrared rays constitute roughly two-thirds of insolation. Infrared waves are largely absorbed by water vapour that is concentrated in the lower atmosphere. Infrared waves are a part of the visible spectrum of electromagnetic waves of solar radiation. G20 Summit Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar recently, said that the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration adopted during the G20 Summit will be remembered. Background:- He said this in his opening remarks at the Foreign Ministers’ Session of the second Voice of Global South Summit. The External Affairs Minister reaffirmed India’s commitment to the Global South through an extensive range of development projects in 78 countries. He said these projects are demand-driven, outcome-oriented, transparent and sustainable. He stressed that as India embraces digital delivery, promotes green growth and ensures affordable health access, it will always have the Global South at the centre of its international partnerships. About G20 Summit:- Establishment: 1999. (G20) Historical Background: The G20 forum was established by the finance ministers and central bank governors of seven countries – Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the U.K., and the U.S. after a meeting in Washington DC. Members: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the U.K., the U.S. and the European Union. Presidency of the G20: it rotates every year among members. The country holding the presidency, together with the previous and next presidency-holder, forms the ‘Troika’. India assumed the presidency of the G20 grouping from Indonesia, in 2022 and will hold the post for a year. During India’s presidency, India, Indonesia and Brazil will form the troika. The G20 does not have a permanent secretariat or Headquarters. MUST READ: G20 Presidency SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements about G-20: (2023) The G-20 group was originally established as a platform for the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to discuss international economic and financial issues. Digital public infrastructure is one of India’s G-20 priorities. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements: (2022) If the inflation is too high, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is likely to buy government securities. If the rupee is rapidly depreciating, RBI is likely to sell dollars in the market. If interest rates in the USA or European Union were to fall, that is likely to induce RBI to buy dollars. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 NISAR Syllabus Prelims – SPACE Context: Recently, NASA, ISRO completed key tests ahead of NISAR’s launch early next year. Background:- The mission, which has three-year duration, aims to survey all of Earth’s land and ice-covered surfaces every 12 days. About NISAR:- Launch year :2024. Agency: NASA and ISRO. The NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) Mission will measure Earth’s changing ecosystems, dynamic surfaces, and ice masses providing information about biomass, natural hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater. It will support a host of other applications. NISAR will observe Earth’s land and ice-covered surfaces globally with 12-day regularity on ascending and descending passes, sampling Earth on average every 6 days for a baseline 3-year mission. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration will provide one of the radars for the satellite, a high-rate communication subsystem for science data, GPS receivers and a payload data subsystem. NISAR will be equipped with the largest reflector antenna ever launched by NASA. The Indian Space and Research Organisation (ISRO) will provide the spacecraft bus, the second type of radar (called the S-band radar), the launch vehicle and associated launch services. Objectives:- Tracking subtle changes in the Earth’s surface, Spotting warning signs of imminent volcanic eruptions, Helping to monitor groundwater supplies, and Tracking the rate at which ice sheets are melting. Significance:- NISAR’s data can help people worldwide better manage natural resources and hazards, as well as provide information for scientists to better understand the effects and pace of climate change MUST READ: India –

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Eklavya Model Residential School Syllabus Context: Recently, President Droupadi Murmu inaugurated an Eklavya Model Residential School at Kuliana in the Mayurbhanj district. attended the inaugural session of the 36th Annual Conference and Literary Festival of All India Santali Writers’ Association at Baripada, Odisha. Background:- Out of 87 new Eklavya Model Residential Schools sanctioned in Odisha, Mayurbhanj district alone has 19 schools, one in every block, the largest for any district in India. About Eklavya Model Residential School:- Eklavya Model Residential School is a Government of India scheme for model residential schools for Indian tribals (Scheduled Tribes, ST) across India. Objectives of EMRS:- Comprehensive physical, mental and socially relevant development of all students enrolled in each and every EMRS. Students will be empowered to be change agents, beginning in their school, in their homes, in their village and finally in a larger context. Focus differentially on the educational support to be made available to those in Standards XI and XII, and those in Standards VI to X, so that their distinctive needs can be met, Support the construction of infrastructure that provides education, physical, environmental and cultural needs of student life. Salient Features:- EMRS started in the year 1997-98. It is one of the flagship interventions of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. The schools focus not only on academic education but on the all-round development of the students. Each school has a capacity of 480 students, catering to students from Class VI to XII. Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRSs) for ST students are set up in States/UTs with provisioning of funds through “Grants under Article 275(1) of the Constitution”. The establishment of EMRSs is based on the demand of the concerned States/UTs with the availability of land as an essential attribute. There will be an autonomous society under the ministry of tribal affairs — similar to Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti — to run the EMRSs. Apart from school building, including hostels and staff quarters, playgrounds, computer labs and teacher resource rooms are also included in the scheme. Significance:- EMRS can impact quality education for Scheduled Tribes (ST) children. MUST READ: Integrating tribal knowledge systems SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) If a particular area is brought under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which one of the following statements best reflects the consequence of it? (2022) This would prevent the transfer of land from tribal people to non-tribal people. This would create a local self-governing body in that area. This would convert that area into a Union Territory. The State having such areas would be declared a Special Category State. Q.2) At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006? (2021) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climatic Change. Ministry of Panchayat Raj Ministry of Rural Development Ministry of Tribal Affairs Chickenpox Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, U.S. data underscored the benefits of chickenpox vaccination. Background:- On November 14, the U.K. government announced that the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization (JCVI) had recommended a vaccine against chickenpox (varicella) should be added to the routine childhood immunization programme. The vaccine is to be offered to all children in two doses, at 12 and 18 months of age. A final decision to introduce the vaccine has not been taken yet. About Chickenpox:- Chickenpox is an illness caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It brings on an itchy rash with small, fluid-filled blisters. (Delta Variant as contagious as Chicken Pox) Chickenpox spreads very easily to people who haven’t had the disease or haven’t gotten the chickenpox vaccine. Symptoms:- Rash: The rash caused by chickenpox appears 10 to 21 days after you’re exposed to the varicella-zoster virus. The rash often lasts about 5 to 10 days. Other symptoms that may appear 1 to 2 days before the rash include:- Fever. Loss of appetite. Headache. Tiredness and a general feeling of being unwell. Causes: A virus called varicella-zoster causes chickenpox. Transmission:- It can spread through direct contact with the rash. It also can spread when a person with chickenpox coughs or sneezes and you breathe in the air droplets. Treatment:- Most people diagnosed with chickenpox will be advised to manage their symptoms while they wait for the virus to pass through their system. The doctor may prescribe antihistamine medications or topical ointments, or you may purchase these over the counter to help relieve itching. The chickenpox vaccine prevents chickenpox in 98 per cent of people who receive the two recommended doses. (Approaches to Vaccine Making) MUST READ: Ramsay Hunt Syndrome SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2022) Aarogya Setu COWIN DigiLocker DIKSHA Which of the above are built on top of open-source digital platforms? 1 and 2 only 2, 3 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements: (2022) The Serum Institute of India produced a COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using an mRNA platform. The Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 ICC Cricket World Cup 2023 Syllabus Prelims –SPORTS Context: Recently, the Australian cricket team lifted the ICC Cricket World Cup 2023 trophy after defeating India in the finals in Ahmedabad on November 19, 2023. Background:- Travis Head and Marnus Labuschagne stitched a 192-run partnership for the fourth wicket. About ICC Cricket World Cup 2023:- Date: 5th October 2023 – 19th November 2023. The Cricket World Cup was held entirely in India for the first time . Ten participating nations vie for 50-over supremacy. It was the 13th edition of the quadrennial One Day International (ODI) competition. It was contested in the same format as the last edition, with

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   India and Australia Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, India and Australia exchanged views on deepening multifaceted ties in several areas in two-plus two dialogues in New Delhi. Background:- The second India-Australia Two plus Two Dialogue was held in New Delhi . About India and Australia:- The Australia-India relationship was upgraded to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) in June 2020. (India-Australia relations) It is based on mutual understanding, trust, close connections and a shared vision of a stable, open and prosperous Indo-Pacific. Diplomatic Relationship:- Australia and India established diplomatic relations in 1943 when Lieutenant-General Sir Iven Mackay was appointed Australia’s first High Commissioner to India. India’s first High Commissioner to Australia, Sir Raghunath P Paranjpe arrived in Canberra in 1945. Australia is one of only three countries with which India holds annual leader-level summits. The Prime Ministers of Australia and India also regularly interact at major international meetings, including through the Quad, G20 and East Asia Summit. In addition, Australian and Indian Foreign and Defence Ministers meet every second year to discuss strategic issues in a ‘2+2’ format. People-to-people Relationship:- The Indian community is Australia’s second-largest, and fastest-growing, overseas-born group. In the 2021 Census, the number of people reporting Indian heritage was 976,000. Of these, there were 673,000 Indian-born Australians, representing 2.6 per cent of the Australian population. India remains Australia’s largest source of skilled migrants. India is also the second-largest source of international students. Economic relationship:- According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), India is the world’s fifth-largest economy in nominal terms and third-largest by Purchasing Power Parity. The IMF estimates India’s GDP will grow by 5.9 per cent in 2023 and 6.2 per cent in 2025. In 2022, India was Australia’s sixth-largest two-way goods and services trading partner and fourth-largest goods and services export market. Two-way goods and services trade with India was $48.4 billion in 2022. Australia’s exports to India totalled $34.8 billion and imports from India totalled $13.5 billion in 2022. Australia’s stock of investment in India was $17.6 billion in 2022. India’s total investment in Australia was $34.5 billion. Environmental Relationship:- During Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Sydney in May 2023, Australia and India agreed on Terms of Reference for the Australia-India Green Hydrogen Taskforce. The task force will be comprised of Australian and Indian experts in green hydrogen production and deployment. It complements the work of the India-Australia Solar Taskforce welcomed by the Prime Ministers of Australia and India in March 2023. The Solar Taskforce will provide advice on opportunities to accelerate solar PV deployment and enhance supply chains. The Australia-India Green Steel Partnership is helping India meet growing steel requirements while supporting the commercialization of innovative technologies that improve efficiencies and environmental outcomes in steel production. Education Relationship:- Education is Australia’s largest service export to India, valued at $4.4 billion in 2022. As of May 2023, almost 88,000 Indian visa holders were studying in Australia. Defence Relationship:- Australia’s defence engagement with India gathered significant momentum in 2022 and has continued to grow. Since signing our CSP in 2020 and the Mutual Logistics Support Agreement in 2021. For the first time in 2023, Australia will host Exercise Malabar – a joint training initiative with India, the US and Japan. They regularly exercise together during Exercise AUSTRAHIND and AUSINDEX, bilateral army and navy exercises. They conduct Maritime Patrol Aircraft deployments to enhance maritime domain awareness.  MUST READ: India-Australia Economic Co-operation and Trade Agreement SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the “G20 Common Framework”, consider the following statements (2022) It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 together with the Paris Club. It is an initiative to support Income Countries with unsustainable debt. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) The ‘Fortaleza Declaration’ recently in the news, is related to the affairs of:(2015) ASEAN BRICS OECD WTO Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) Syllabus Prelims – ECONOMY Context: Recent data shows that the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) added 17.21 lakh net members during September 2023. Background:- This is an increase of 21 thousand 475 net members over the previous month of August. About Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO):- The EPFO is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India. It is one of the World’s largest Social Security Organisations in terms of clientele and the volume of financial transactions undertaken. It into existence with the promulgation of the Employees’ Provident Funds Ordinance on the 15th of November 1951. It was replaced by the Employees’ Provident Funds Act, of 1952. The Employees’ Provident Funds Bill was introduced in the Parliament in the year 1952 as a Bill to provide for the institution of provident funds for employees in factories and other establishments. The Act is now referred to as the Employees’ Provident Funds & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 which extends to the whole of India. The Act and Schemes framed there under are administered by a tri-partite Board known as the Central Board of Trustees, Employees’ Provident Fund. The Central Board of Trustees : It consists of representatives of Government (Both Central and State), Employers, and Employees. It administers a contributory provident fund, a pension scheme and an insurance scheme for the workforce engaged in the organized sector in India. It is assisted by the Employees’ PF Organization (EPFO), consisting of offices at 138 locations across the country. The Organization has a well-equipped training set-up where officers and employees of the Organization as well as Representatives of the Employers and Employees attend sessions for training and seminars. Vision: An innovation-driven social security organisation aiming to extend universal coverage and ensure Nirbadh (Seamless and uninterrupted) service delivery to its stakeholders through state-of-the-art technology. Schemes under EPFO:- EPF Scheme 1952 It provides for the accumulation plus interest upon retirement and death. Partial withdrawals are allowed for education, marriage, illness and house construction. (Nidhi Aapke Nikat 2.0) Pension Scheme 1995

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   World Television Day Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT DAYS Context: Recently, World Television Day was globally observed. Background:- World Television Day is globally observed today to highlight the importance of visual media and to recognize its increasing impact on decision-making and potential role in shaping global conversations. About World Television Day:- Date: 21st   November Theme for 2023: ‘Accessibility’. Historical Background:- On this day in 1996, the United Nations held the First World Television Forum and decided to observe 21st November every year as World Television Day. TV was invented by a Scottish engineer, John Logie Baird in 1924. TV in India:- It was introduced in India on 15th September 1959 in New Delhi with the assistance of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Daily transmission began in 1965 as a part of Akashvani. National telecast was introduced in 1982 and in the same year, colour television was introduced in the Indian market. During this time, there was only one national channel, the government-owned ‘Krishi Darshan’ was telecast in 1967 as the first and Indian television’s longest-running programme. ‘Ramayana’ and ‘Mahabharata’ were the first major television series produced. Other shows like ‘Hum Log’, ‘Wagle Ki Duniya’ and ‘Buniyaad’ were also popular. The invention of television revolutionised the way we communicate and consume information. On this day, meet-ups at local and global levels take place to raise awareness among people about the role television plays in communication and globalization. (Broadcasting Infrastructure and Network Development (BIND) scheme) Significance:- This day also marks the commitment of governments, news organizations and individuals to deliver unbiased information in times when the authenticity of content on social media platforms is questionable. MUST READ: On regulation of Digital media (Sudarshan TV Case) SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017? (2019) Pregnant women are entitled to three months of pre-delivery and three months of post-delivery paid leave. Enterprises with creches must allow the mother a minimum of six creche visits daily. Women with two children get reduced entitlements. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘stand up India scheme’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) Its purpose is to promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST and women entrepreneurs. It provides for refinancing through SIDBI. Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 54th International Film Festival of India Syllabus Prelims – AWARDS Context: Recently, Veteran Hollywood actor & producer Michael Douglas addressed a Masterclass at the 54th International Film Festival of India in Goa. Background:- The legendary American actor will also be honoured with the Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award at the closing ceremony of IFFI on the same day. About the 54th International Film Festival of India:- Date: 20th to 28th of November. Venue: Goa. Organized by: National Film Development Corporation of India Ltd (NFDC). Ministry: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Historical Background:- Since 1952, India has hosted 53 International Film Festival of India (IFFI) both competitive and non-competitive. The festival became an annual event from 1975 onwards. The 54th edition of the festival, which includes a competition for feature films by Directors from all Continents will be held in Goa. Government of India in collaboration with the State Government of Goa and the Indian Film Industry. The Festival is recognized by the International Federation of Film Producers Associations (FIAPF) as a Competitive Feature Film Festival. Objectives:- providing a common platform for filmmakers of the world to project their excellence in film art. contributing to the understanding and appreciation of film cultures of different nations in the context of their social and cultural ethos promoting friendship and co-operation among people of the world. Categories:- The festival programme is broadly divided into the following categories: – International Competition for Feature Films (up to 15 numbers. Up to three Indian Films will be selected for this section. Fiction Films with a minimum duration of 70 minutes and above). Non-Competition (World Panorama) – for feature films from around the world ( Films with a minimum duration of 70 minutes and above). Country Focus & other specially curated packages (Indian & Foreign) and Special Screenings/Gala Premieres. Indian Panorama – for Indian feature films, Indian Panorama Regulations 2023 will be applicable. Technical Workshops/Masterclasses/other Interactive and academic Sessions/Panel Discussions/Talent Hub etc. both virtual and physical. Film Bazaar: IFFI also hosts the Film Bazaar, South Asia’s largest and One of Asia’s most prolific Film Markets showcasing rich content to potential buyers from different countries across the world. National Film Development Corporation Ltd (NFDC) reserves the right to exclude films that are not in conformity with the philosophy and objective of the festival, which could offend the feelings/susceptibilities of any participating country, or are likely to promote discrimination of any kind. Awards & Prizes:- Best Film: A Cash prize of Rs. 40,00,000/- to be shared equally between the Director and Producer. (The urgent need for CBFC reforms) Director to be given the Golden Peacock and a Certificate in addition to the cash component. Producer to be given a Certificate in addition to the cash component. Best Director: Silver Peacock, Certificate and a cash prize of Rs.15,00,000/- Best Actor (Male): Silver Peacock, Certificate and a cash prize of Rs. 10,00,000/- Best Actor (Female): Silver Peacock, Certificate and a cash prize of Rs. 10,00,000/- Special Jury Award: Silver Peacock, Certificate and a cash prize of Rs. 15,00,000/- given to a film (for any aspect of the film which the jury wishes to award/acknowledge) or an individual (for his/her artistic contribution to a film). The award, if given to a film, will be given to the Director of the film. Award for Best Debut Feature Film of a Director. Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award for Excellence in Cinema This prestigious award, instituted in the name of

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Ozone Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recent reports suggest that the ozone Hole May Not Be Recovering After all. Background:- The hole in the Antarctic ozone layer has been getting deeper in mid-spring over the last two decades, despite a global ban on chemicals that deplete Earth’s shield from deadly solar radiation, new research suggested. About Ozone:- Ozone is a gas composed of three atoms of oxygen. It is both a natural and a man-made product. It occurs in the Earth’s Stratosphere and the Troposphere. Stratospheric ozone is formed naturally through the interaction of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation with molecular oxygen (O2). Ozone is produced naturally in the stratosphere. But this ozone is gradually being destroyed by man-made chemicals referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS), including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform. Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion:- Humans may have severe health problems as a result, including skin conditions, cancer, sunburns, cataracts, rapid ageing, and weakened immune systems. Animals that are directly exposed to UV light develop skin and eye cancer. Strong UV radiation may prevent plants from growing, blooming, or performing photosynthesis. Planktons are greatly affected by exposure to harmful ultraviolet rays. (Ozone Levels Exceeding Permitted Levels) Efforts taken to control ground-level ozone pollution:- Adoption of BS-VI standards The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) for Delhi was prepared by the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEFCC) after the order of the Supreme Court in December 2016. The Environmental Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) is responsible for its implementation. It aims to prevent the worsening of the Air Quality of Delhi-NCR including Ozone pollution. (Ozone Hole Recovery) National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): The government launched this campaign to reduce air pollution in 102 non-attainment cities including Ozone pollution. MUST READ: Preservation of Ozone Hole SOURCE: SCIENCE ALERT PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021) The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is part of a project led by Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research program. The project of CCAFS is carried out under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1,2 and 3 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2022) The Climate Group is an international non-profit organization that drives climate action by building large networks and running them. The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative “EP100”. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals. Some Indian companies are members of EP100. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the “Under2 Coalition”. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1,2, 4 and 5 1,3 and 4 only 2,3 and 5 only 1,2, 3, 4 and 5 ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi welcomed the agreement for the ongoing  ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT. Background:- Israel and the Palestinian terror group Hamas agreed to the release of 50 hostages held in Gaza and a temporary pause in fighting. In his remarks at the virtual G20 Leaders Summit last evening, Mr Modi expressed hope that all the hostages will be released soon. About ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT:- IMAGE SOURCE: express.co.uk Both Israelis and Palestinians have been in a struggle for self-determination and sovereignty over the territory, developing respective movements for their causes. (India, Israel and Palestine) Both Palestinians and Israelis see the territory between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea as their own, and Christians, Jews, and Muslims all hold parts of the land as sacred. The past seven decades have brought war and uprisings. (15th India-Israel Joint Working Group) Historic Timeline:- Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman Empire had controlled that part of the Middle East from the early 16th century until control of most of the region was granted to the British after World War I. In 1916: the Sykes-Picot Agreement secretly negotiated between Britain and France planned to carve up the Middle East into spheres of influence, and determined that the land in question was to be internationalized. In 1917: Britain’s foreign secretary, Lord Arthur Balfour, expressed his government’s support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. 1947: UN resolution 1947: After World War II, nearing the end of the British Mandate for Palestine, the United Nations General Assembly in 1947 passed Resolution 181, urging the partition of the land into two independent states — one Arab and one Jewish. Religiously significant Jerusalem is to be under special international administration. The plan is not implemented after the Arab side rejects it, arguing that it is unfavourable to their majority population. Violence in the regional conflict grows. 1948: Israel declares independence. Israel declared independence in May 1948. The next day, a coalition of Arab states, allied with Palestinian factions, attacked Israeli forces in what became the first of several Arab-Israeli wars. In the end, Israel gains control of an even larger portion of territory — not including the areas of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. 1967: the Six-Day War In June of 1967, a war known as the “Six-Day War” or the 1967 Arab-Israeli War broke out amid lingering conflicts, including Egypt’s continued blockade of shipping into the Gulf of Aqaba. Israel ultimately takes control of the Gaza Strip, Sinai, the West Bank, the Golan Heights, and predominantly Palestinian East Jerusalem. The Arab armies suffered massive losses. 1987: First intifada A Palestinian uprising, or intifada, brings largely spontaneous clashes, protests, and civil disobedience against Israeli occupation in the West Bank, Gaza, and Israel, leading to harsh Israeli military crackdowns. Unrest continues for years, with many killed or injured

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Malaria Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recently, experts say that East Africa may experience a surge in El Nino-related malaria infections. Background:- Impending outbreaks of new infections can wipe away gains in malaria control, they say. About Malaria:- It is a life-threatening mosquito-borne blood disease. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is predominantly found in the tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, South America as well and Asia. It is preventable as well as curable. Symptoms:- Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Symptoms include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. Transmission:- The parasites spread through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. In the human body, parasites initially multiply in liver cells and then attack the Red Blood Cells (RBCs). There are 5 parasite species that cause Malaria in humans and 2 of these species (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax) pose the greatest threat. Prevention:- Using mosquito nets when sleeping in places where malaria is present Using mosquito repellents (containing DEET, IR3535 or Icaridin) after dusk Using coils and vaporizers. Wearing protective clothing. Using window screens. Treatment:- Artemisinin-based combination therapy medicines like artemether-lumefantrine are usually the most effective medicines. Chloroquine is recommended for the treatment of infection with the vivax parasite only in places where it is still sensitive to this medicine. Primaquine should be added to the main treatment to prevent relapses of infection with the P. vivax and P. ovale parasites. Most medicines used are in pill form. Some people may need to go to a health centre or hospital for injectable medicines. (Malaria Vaccine) India’s status:- In India, malaria elimination efforts were initiated in These were intensified after the launch of the National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME) in 2016. It is an initiative under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. NFME is in line with WHO’s 2016-2030 Malaria Strategy. (World Malaria Report 2021) WHO’s 2016-2030 Malaria Strategy: guides the WHO Global Malaria Programme (GMP). Status on elimination: India continues to show a sustained decline in overall malaria but faces several challenges in its malaria elimination journey. MUST READ: New hope for malaria vaccine SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following diseases (2014) Diphtheria Chickenpox Smallpox Which of the above diseases has/have been eradicated in India? 1 and 2 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 None Q.2) Widespread resistance of the malarial parasites to drugs like chloroquine has prompted attempts to develop a malarial vaccine to combat malaria. Why is it difficult to develop an effective malaria vaccine? (2010) Malaria is caused by several species of Plasmodium Man does not develop immunity to malaria during natural infection Vaccines can be developed only against bacteria Man is only an intermediate host and not the definitive host Air Quality Index (AQI) Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY/ ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, the Air Quality Index in the overall Delhi region was recorded at 323. Background:- The air quality level was recorded in the “Very Poor” category in the National Capital. About Air Quality Index (AQI):- Air Quality Index (AQI) is a number used by government agencies to measure air pollution levels and communicate it to the population. (Air pollution) There are six AQI categories, namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderately polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe. Each of these categories is decided based on ambient concentration values of air pollutants and their likely health impacts (known as health breakpoints). AQ sub-index and health breakpoints are evolved for eight pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb) for which short-term (up to 24-hours) National Ambient Air Quality Standards are prescribed. As the AQI increases, it means that a large percentage of the population will experience severe adverse health effects. The measurement of the AQI requires an air monitor and an air pollutant concentration over a specified averaging period. The results are grouped into ranges. Each range is assigned a descriptor, a colour code and a standardized public health advisory. The pollution sources in India and in most Asian countries are numerous and incompletely understood. In Delhi, for example, it comes mostly from light and heavy-duty vehicle traffic emissions, road dust, solid fuel combustion for heating and cooking, biomass, waste burning, thermal power plants, diesel generators, construction and small-scale local industries. ( Delhi and Air Pollution) Government Initiatives:- The National Air Quality Index Standard (NAQI): It was launched by The Minister for Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Shri Prakash Javadekar, on 17 September 2014. The initiative constitutes part of the Government’s mission to introduce the “culture of cleanliness”, as air pollution has been a huge concern in the country, especially in urban areas The National Air Monitoring Program (NAMP): it covers 240 cities in the country, has been operated by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and developed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IIT), providing data in the public domain, on a real-time basis. System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) Portal. Graded Response Action Plan. Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) Reducing Vehicular Pollution: BS-VI Vehicles, Push for Electric Vehicles (EVs), Odd-Even Policy as an emergency measure. Subsidy to farmers for buying Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) Machine. MUST READ: Initiatives and Measures for Prevention of Air Pollution SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following: (2023) Aerosols Foam agents Fire retardants Lubricants In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) In the context of WHO Air Quality Guidelines, consider the following statements: (2022) The 24-hour mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 15 ug/m3 and annual mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 5 ug/m3. In a year, the highest levels of ozone pollution occur during periods of inclement weather. PM10 can penetrate the lung barrier and enter the bloodstream. Excessive ozone in the air can trigger asthma. Which of the statements

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus)   Tropical cyclones Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY Context: Recent studies suggest that Tropical cyclones cause more damage than we think. Background:- India is among the countries facing a high social cost of carbon. About Tropical cyclones:- IMAGE SOURCE: Britannica A cyclone is a pattern of winds (or air mass) that circulates a low-pressure system. It rotates counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. (Naming of Cyclone) It is an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans. It is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. These are formed over slightly warm ocean waters. The temperature of the top layer of the sea, up to a depth of about 60 meters, needs to be at least 28°C to support the formation of a cyclone. April-May and October-December periods are conducive for cyclones. ( Bomb Cyclone) Then, the low level of air above the waters needs to have an ‘anticlockwise’ rotation (in the northern hemisphere; clockwise in the southern hemisphere). During these periods, there was an ITCZ in the Bay of Bengal. MUST READ: (Colour Coded Weather Warning) SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) High clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. Low clouds have a high absorption of infrared radiation emanating from the Earth’s surface and thus cause a warming effect. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2018) The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian territory. Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar. The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 3 only 1 and 3 Igla-S Syllabus Prelims –DEFENCE Context: Recently, India announced the procurement of Igla-S, a powerful air defence system from Russia. Background:- India is all set to procure a powerful anti-aircraft missile system from Russia — its top weapons supplier which will help boost its defence capabilities along the China and Pakistan borders. About Igla-S:- Igla-S is a prominent and highly effective man-portable air defence system (MANPADS) developed by Russia. The Igla-S is developed and manufactured by the Russian state-owned defence company, KBM (Design Bureau of Machine Building), which specializes in designing missile systems. It entered service with the Russian Army in 2004. (Ballistic missiles) It can be fired by an individual or crew to bring down an enemy aircraft. It is a next-generation surface-to-air missile designed for engaging low-flying aircraft, helicopters, drones, and cruise missiles. It offers superior performance over earlier supplied SA-18 missiles to India. It is designed for use against visible aerial targets at short ranges such as tactical aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and cruise missiles, head-on or receding, in the presence of natural (background) clutter and countermeasures. The Igla-S system consists of the 9M342 missile, which is a part of combat equipment. MUST READ: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile SOURCE: THE TIMES OF INDIA PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) India is a member of which of the following? (2015) Asia-Pacific economic corporation. Association of South-East Asian Nations. East Asia Summit Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 3 only 1, 2, and 3 India is a member of none of them Q.2) With reference to ‘The Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)’, Consider the following statements: (2015) It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills It is an alliance meant for maritime security only Which of the following statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Syllabus Prelims –DEFENSE Context: Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited site in Bengaluru. Background:- The visit has come at a crucial time as the Indian Air Force recently issued a tender to HAL for the purchase of 12 advanced Su-30MKI fighter jets. About Hindustan Aeronautics Limited:- HQ: Bangalore, India. MINISTRY: Ministry of Defense. HAL is a state-owned Indian aerospace and defense firm. VISION: To be a global leader in the Aerospace & Defense Industry. The Company which had its origin as Hindustan Aircraft Limited was incorporated on 23 Dec 1940 at Bangalore by Shri Walchand Hirachand in association with the then Government of Mysore, with the aim of manufacturing aircraft in India. In March 1941, the Government of India became one of the shareholders in the Company and subsequently took over its management in 1942. In collaboration with the Inter Continental Aircraft Company of USA, the Company commenced its business of manufacturing Harlow Trainer, Curtiss Hawk Fighter and Vultee Bomber Aircraft. In January 1951, Hindustan Aircraft Limited was placed under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India. It mainly engages in aerospace activities and is presently involved in the fabrication & production of aircraft, design, helicopters, jet engines & their replacement parts. (Dornier aircraft) It has many facilities scattered throughout India, including Bangalore, Kanpur, Nasik, Koraput, Korwa, Lucknow, Kasaragod and Hyderabad.  MUST READ: Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q1. Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q2. Consider the following statements: (2023) Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Sea buckthorn Syllabus Prelims – ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Ladakh is eyeing more production of sea buckthorn post GI tag. Background:- As per official records, at least 600 tonnes of sea buckthorn