June 2025

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) Category: ECONOMICS Context: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) has been awarded the Digital Payments Award 2024–25 by the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance Decoding Context:  It has significant role in expanding digital payments and promoting financial inclusion across India. The award was presented in New Delhi by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and Minister of State for Finance Pankaj Chaudhary. IPPB ranked first among all payments banks in the Performance Index for FY 2024–25, highlighting its strong digital banking performance and citizen-centric approach. By utilizing its vast network of over 2 lakh Postmen and Gramin Dak Sevaks, IPPB has extended digital financial services to remote and rural areas, supporting the government’s vision of a cash-light, digitally empowered economy. Learning Corner: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) – Brief Note Launched: January 30, 2017 Owner: 100% Government of India (under the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications) Headquarters: New Delhi Key Features: Established to leverage the postal network for providing banking services. Uses over 1.5 lakh post offices and 2 lakh postal staff (Postmen & Gramin Dak Sevaks) for last-mile delivery. Offers digital banking services such as savings accounts, money transfers, bill payments, and DBT (Direct Benefit Transfers). Focuses on financial inclusion by reaching unbanked and underbanked populations in rural and remote areas. Payment Banks in India – Overview Concept Introduced by: Reserve Bank of India (RBI) based on Nachiket Mor Committee recommendations in 2014 Launched: First licenses issued in 2015 Purpose: Enhance financial inclusion by providing small savings accounts and payments/remittance services to the underserved. Key Features: Can accept deposits up to ₹2 lakh per customer (limit may be revised by RBI). Cannot issue credit cards or give loans. Can offer services like: Savings/current accounts Mobile and online banking UPI, IMPS, NEFT, AEPS-based transactions Utility bill payments and insurance (through third parties) Examples of Payment Banks: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) Airtel Payments Bank Paytm Payments Bank Fino Payments Bank NSDL Payments Bank Significance: Help bridge the urban-rural banking divide. Promote cashless economy and digital financial literacy. Act as a low-cost, technology-driven solution for basic banking services. Source: PIB India’s core sector Category: ECONOMICS Context: India’s core sector growth slowed to a nine-month low of 0.7% in May 2025 The decline was driven by contractions in electricity (-5.8%), fertilisers (-5.9%), natural gas (-3.6%), and crude oil (-1.8%). While steel (6.7%) and cement (9.2%) recorded strong growth, and coal and refinery products also saw gains, these were not enough to offset the overall weakness. Economists attribute the slowdown to excessive rainfall and early monsoon onset, which affected power generation and mining. Learning Corner: Core Sectors of the Indian Economy – Brief Note The Core Sectors are the key industries that have a major impact on the overall economic activity and industrial performance in India. These sectors are considered the foundation of industrial growth. Eight Core Sectors: Coal Crude Oil Natural Gas Refinery Products Fertilisers Steel Cement Electricity Key Points: These sectors collectively account for ~40.27% of the Index of Industrial Production (IIP). The performance of these sectors is released monthly by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Their growth is a leading indicator for measuring industrial performance and economic momentum. The Combined Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) is used to track their performance. Importance: Core sectors supply essential inputs for other industries and influence infrastructure development, manufacturing, and economic stability. Any fluctuations in these sectors significantly affect the GDP, inflation, and employment levels. Index of Industrial Production (IIP) – Brief Note The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a key economic indicator that measures the growth rate of various sectors of the economy, such as manufacturing, mining, and electricity, over a given period. Released by: National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) Base Year: Currently 2011–12 Components of IIP: Mining Manufacturing Electricity Use-Based Classification: Primary Goods Capital Goods Intermediate Goods Infrastructure/Construction Goods Consumer Durables Consumer Non-Durables Importance of IIP: Measures short-term changes in the volume of production. Acts as a barometer of industrial activity. Helps in economic planning, policy formulation, and investment decisions. Reflects the health of the industrial sector, which contributes significantly to GDP. Relation to Core Sectors: The Eight Core Sectors constitute around 40.27% of the weight in the IIP. Thus, performance in core industries has a direct impact on IIP trends. Source: THE HINDU UK Assisted Dying Bill Category: INTERNATIONAL Context :  British lawmakers have approved a landmark bill legalizing assisted dying for terminally ill adults in England and Wales. UK Assisted Dying Bill – Key Highlights Key Provisions: Applies to mentally competent adults (18+) diagnosed with a terminal illness and a life expectancy of less than six months. Requires approval from two doctors and a specialist panel (including a psychiatrist, social worker, and legal expert). Patients must self-administer the life-ending medication. Includes safeguards such as independent advocates for the disabled and a disability advisory board. Voluntary participation for medical professionals. Public and Political Response: The issue remains deeply divisive, balancing compassionate choice versus concerns over vulnerability and abuse. The Labour government has taken a neutral stance, allowing MPs to vote based on personal conscience. Once enacted, the UK would join countries like Canada, New Zealand, Spain, and several U.S. states in allowing assisted dying for terminally ill patients. Learning Corner: Assisted Dying / Euthanasia in India – Brief Note In India, the issue of assisted dying or euthanasia is legally, ethically, and socially sensitive. While active euthanasia remains illegal, passive euthanasia has been permitted under strict conditions. Types of Euthanasia: Active Euthanasia: Direct action (like administering a lethal injection) to end life. Illegal in India. Passive Euthanasia: Withholding or withdrawing medical treatment (like life support) that prolongs life in terminally ill patients. Legalized in 2018 under certain guidelines. Legal Framework: Key Case: Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) Supreme Court verdict recognized the right to die with dignity as part of Article 21 (Right to Life). Legalized passive euthanasia with strict procedural

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Expansionary policy and economic slowdown Category: ECONOMICS Context: India have recently turned expansionary to address a slowing economy Decoding Context:  Key Points: RBI’s Expansionary Monetary Policy: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has cut the policy repo rate in two successive meetings, now at 5.5%. Falling inflation (within the 4% ± 2% target) has provided room for rate cuts. The aim is to stimulate private investment and growth. Fiscal Policy Shifts: Recent income tax cuts point to an expansionary fiscal stance. These are intended to increase disposable income and consumer spending. Policy Coordination Challenge: For macroeconomic stability, fiscal and monetary policy must be coordinated. If fiscal policy is expansionary but monetary policy is tight (or vice versa), the effects may cancel each other out. Household Behavior Issues: Households may delay spending tax gains, due to uncertainty or a forward-looking mindset, limiting the intended stimulus impact. Muted Growth Signals: Despite policy support, growth is weak: GDP forecast at 6.5%, credit growth fell to 9%, and unemployment rose to 5.6% in May 2025. Deficit Risk: Tax cuts may lead to a revenue shortfall, increasing the fiscal deficit unless offset by spending cuts. This could undermine long-term fiscal sustainability. Learning Corner: Tools to Adopt Expansionary Policy During Economic Slowdown During an economic slowdown, governments and central banks adopt expansionary policies to boost demand, investment, and employment. These tools can be categorized into fiscal and monetary measures: Fiscal Policy Tools (Handled by the Government) a) Increased Government Spending Direct investment in infrastructure, public services, welfare programs, etc. Boosts aggregate demand and creates jobs. b) Tax Cuts Reduction in personal income tax, corporate tax, or GST. Increases disposable income and encourages spending and investment. c) Subsidies & Transfers Targeted subsidies (e.g., on food, fuel) or cash transfers (like PM-KISAN). Helps low-income households maintain consumption during downturns. d) Public Sector Employment Schemes Programs like MGNREGA in India provide rural employment and support consumption. Monetary Policy Tools (Handled by the RBI or Central Bank) a) Repo Rate Cuts Reducing the repo rate lowers borrowing costs for banks, which passes on to consumers and businesses. Encourages loans and investment. b) Reduction in CRR/SLR Lower Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) or Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) frees up more funds for banks to lend. c) Open Market Operations (OMOs) Central bank buys government bonds to inject liquidity into the banking system. d) Quantitative Easing (QE) (used in advanced economies) Large-scale asset purchases by the central bank to infuse liquidity. e) Forward Guidance Assuring markets of low interest rates in the future to build investor confidence. Other Supportive Measures Credit Guarantee Schemes for MSMEs Regulatory Forbearance: Relaxation in banking norms to sustain credit flow Incentives for Exports/Startups Objective of Expansionary Policies Boost aggregate demand Increase employment Stimulate private investment Prevent deflation or recession Source: THE HINDU Antimicrobial Resistance Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Fighting antimicrobial resistance with insect-based livestock feed Key Highlights: Problems with Traditional Livestock Feed: Leads to high greenhouse gas emissions, water and land use. Drives antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to overuse of antibiotics. AMR is a growing threat with projected deaths increasing to 10 million by 2050 if unchecked. Insect-Based Feed: A Sustainable Alternative: Insects like black soldier fly larvae, crickets, locusts, etc., are being considered as high-protein feed sources. They can convert organic waste into protein-rich feed, reducing waste and emissions. Uses less land and water, produces fewer emissions, and is cost-effective. Indian Initiatives: CIBA and ICAR have signed MoUs to explore and scale up insect feed in shrimp and fish farming. Research is ongoing to evaluate nutritional benefits and scalability. Scientific Evidence: Insects offer better digestibility than soy or fish meal. 1 kg of soymeal can be replaced by 0.76 kg of crickets or 0.88 kg of locusts, making it efficient. They are rich in amino acids, healthy fats, and micronutrients. Global Support: The UN FAO supports insect farming to reduce AMR and meet rising protein demand sustainably. Learning Corner: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)  What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites evolve and no longer respond to medicines like antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals. This makes infections harder to treat, increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death. Causes of AMR Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals Incomplete dosage or self-medication Overuse in agriculture and livestock Poor infection control in hospitals and clinics Environmental contamination from pharmaceutical waste Global Impact AMR is a growing global health threat. Could cause 10 million deaths annually by 2050 if unchecked. Increases treatment costs, hospital stays, and mortality. Ways to Reduce AMR Rational Use of Antibiotics Prescribe only when necessary and complete the full course. Avoid self-medication and over-the-counter antibiotic use. Responsible Use in Agriculture Ban non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feed. Promote alternatives like insect-based feed and vaccines. Improved Hygiene and Sanitation Handwashing, clean water, and infection control reduce the need for antibiotics. Stronger Surveillance and Regulation Monitor antibiotic use and resistance patterns. Enforce strict guidelines in healthcare and veterinary sectors. Promote R&D Invest in new antibiotics, diagnostics, and vaccines. Public Awareness Educate communities on the dangers of AMR and safe medicine practices. India’s Efforts National Action Plan on AMR (2017–2021) Red Line Campaign: Marking prescription-only antibiotics with a red line FSSAI regulations to curb antibiotic use in food-producing animals Source: THE HINDU INS Tamal Category: DEFENCE Context :  INS Tamal to be commissioned on July 1, 2025 Key Highlights Final Foreign-Built Warship: Marks the end of India’s reliance on foreign-built warships as focus shifts to indigenous shipbuilding under ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’. Class & Design: 8th Krivak-class frigate 2nd in the upgraded Tushil-class (evolved from Talwar and Teg classes) Displacement: 3,900 tonnes | Length: 125m | Speed: 30+ knots Crew: Over 250 | Blue-water endurance Weapons & Systems: BrahMos cruise missiles, Shtil SAMs A190-01 100mm main gun CIWS, torpedoes, ASW rockets Advanced radar, EW, and electro-optical systems Network-centric warfare capable Indigenous Contribution: 26% Indian-made components Learning Corner: Frigates in Indian Defence What Are Frigates? Frigates

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Iran’s Parliament Moves to Suspend Cooperation with IAEA Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Iran’s parliament is moving forward with legislation to suspend all cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Decoding Context:  Key Points: It proposes halting: Installation of IAEA surveillance cameras On-site inspections Reporting to the IAEA These measures would remain suspended until Iran receives “objective guarantees” on the IAEA’s neutrality and security assurances for its nuclear sites. Iran’s Standpoint: Iranian leaders accuse the IAEA of bias and of acting under political influence. The move is seen as a response to perceived threats to Iran’s nuclear infrastructure and national sovereignty. International Response: The IAEA has convened an emergency meeting and urged renewed diplomacy to prevent further escalation. Western nations have expressed concern, warning that reduced oversight could raise nuclear proliferation risks. Implications: If passed by the full parliament, the bill would drastically reduce transparency into Iran’s nuclear program. It could heighten regional instability and deepen Iran’s international isolation. Learning Corner: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1957. Its headquarters is in Vienna, Austria. Purpose: Promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons (non-proliferation). Ensure nuclear safety and security worldwide. Key Functions: Safeguards and Verification: Inspects nuclear facilities in member states to verify that nuclear materials are not diverted to weapons programs. Technical Assistance: Helps countries develop nuclear technology for uses in medicine, agriculture, energy, etc. Standards and Safety: Sets international safety standards for nuclear operations and radiation protection. Crisis Monitoring: Responds to nuclear emergencies and monitors compliance with international agreements like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Structure: General Conference: All member states meet annually. Board of Governors: Makes key policy decisions. Secretariat: Executes daily functions, headed by the Director General. Source: THE HINDU Iran Votes to Close Strait of Hormuz Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The Iranian parliament has approved a proposal to close the Strait of Hormuz in retaliation for recent U.S. airstrikes on its nuclear sites Strategic Importance of the Strait Located between Iran and Oman, it handles 20–30% of global oil shipments and a major share of liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports. Closure would cause a global supply shock and spike oil prices. Impact on India India imports: ~50% of its crude oil ~60% of natural gas via the Strait. A blockade could: Push Brent crude to $110–$130 per barrel. Trigger domestic fuel inflation, increase transport and production costs, and hurt GDP growth. Learning Corner: Strait of Hormuz The Strait of Hormuz is one of the world’s most strategically important maritime chokepoints, located between Iran and Oman, connecting the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. Key Facts: Width: Narrowest point is about 33 km (21 miles) wide. Shipping Lane: Only 3 km wide in each direction, with a 2 km buffer zone. Oil Transit: Carries 20–30% of global seaborne oil shipments. Nearly 17–18 million barrels of oil per day pass through. Natural Gas: Major route for liquefied natural gas (LNG), especially from Qatar. Geopolitical Importance: Borders Iran to the north and UAE and Oman to the south. Iran has previously threatened to close the Strait during tensions with the West. Any disruption here can cause a global energy crisis and spike in oil prices. Source: THE HINDU Battle of Okinawa Category: HISTORY Context :  Okinawa commemorated the 80th anniversary of the end of the Battle of Okinawa on June 23, 2025 Historical Context: The Battle of Okinawa began on April 1, 1945, and ended on June 22, 1945. It was one of World War II’s deadliest battles, with around 200,000 deaths, including over 188,000 Japanese (many Okinawan civilians) and 12,000 Americans. About 25% of Okinawa’s population was killed. The destruction led to U.S. occupation for 27 years and a lasting American military presence. Legacy: The battle remains central to Okinawa’s identity and Japan’s pacifist outlook. Monuments like the Cornerstone of Peace honor those lost and underscore Okinawa’s mission to share the realities of war and advocate for peace.   Learning Corner: Major Battles of World War II Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943) Location: Soviet Union Combatants: Nazi Germany vs Soviet Union Significance: Turning point on the Eastern Front; marked the beginning of German retreat. Outcome: Decisive Soviet victory; one of the bloodiest battles in history. Battle of El Alamein (1942) Location: Egypt (North Africa) Combatants: British-led Allied forces vs German-Italian Axis forces Significance: Ended Axis threat to the Suez Canal; major Allied victory in North Africa. D-Day / Battle of Normandy (June 6, 1944 – August 1944) Location: France Combatants: Allied Forces (US, UK, Canada, etc.) vs Nazi Germany Significance: Largest amphibious invasion in history; opened the Western Front in Europe. Outcome: Liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control. Battle of Midway (June 1942) Location: Pacific Ocean Combatants: United States vs Japan Significance: Turning point in the Pacific theatre; U.S. Navy decisively defeated the Japanese fleet. Outcome: Japan lost four aircraft carriers; momentum shifted to Allies. Battle of Britain (1940) Location: United Kingdom Combatants: Royal Air Force (UK) vs Luftwaffe (Germany) Significance: First major military campaign fought entirely by air forces. Outcome: British victory; prevented German invasion of Britain. Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 – January 1945) Location: Belgium Combatants: Nazi Germany vs Allied Forces Significance: Germany’s last major offensive on the Western Front. Outcome: Allied victory; German forces weakened severely. Source :  THE HINDU State of the Climate in Asia 2024 Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : According to the WMO’s State of the Climate in Asia 2024, the continent is warming at nearly twice the global average, with 2024 ranking as the warmest or second warmest year ever recorded in Asia. Decoding Context Key Findings: Temperature Increase: Asia’s average temperature in 2024 was 1.04°C above the 1991–2020 average. Extreme Weather: The warming has intensified heatwaves, floods, droughts, rainfall extremes, and tropical cyclones. Glaciers and Oceans: Glacier melt worsened in the central Himalayas and Tian Shan, with 23 of 24 monitored glaciers

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) CAR T-Cells Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Technique to Make CAR T-Cells In Vivo Could Transform Cancer Care Decoding Context:  Overview CAR T-cell therapy retrains immune cells (T-cells) to recognize and destroy cancer cells by inserting synthetic genetic instructions for a molecule called CAR (chimeric antigen receptor). A major advancement now allows scientists to engineer CAR T-cells inside the body (in vivo) instead of the traditional complex and expensive lab processing. Key Innovation A new method uses mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver CAR gene instructions directly into the bloodstream, targeting CD8+ T-cells, enabling them to fight cancers like B-cell lymphoma. This avoids viruses and ex vivo processing, reducing risks like immune system suppression and genetic side effects. Advantages Cost-effective: Conventional CAR T-cell therapy costs ₹60–70 lakh; the new platform is significantly cheaper. Efficient & quicker: Lipid nanoparticles (like Lipid 829) show faster response, reduced inflammation, and eliminate the need for harvesting and manipulating cells in the lab. Scalable & accessible: Easier to implement in resource-limited settings like India. Preclinical Success In monkey trials, treatment showed up to 85–95% tumor clearance. Mice also showed effective tumor regression with different targeting (CD20, CD19). CAR T-cells were generated in vivo and worked without requiring preconditioning regimens. Risks & Safety Reduced risks compared to virus-based methods. However, one monkey had a severe reaction similar to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), underscoring the need for careful dosing and clinical monitoring. Implications for India India faces a growing burden of B-cell cancers and autoimmune disorders. The new platform could provide affordable and scalable therapy, bypassing infrastructure challenges. If clinical trials succeed, it may revolutionize treatment for both cancer and immune diseases. Learning Corner: CAR-T Therapy (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy) CAR-T therapy is a type of immunotherapy that uses specially modified T-cells (a type of white blood cell) to fight cancer. What is CAR-T? CAR-T stands for: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell. It involves genetically engineering a patient’s own T-cells to express receptors (CARs) that can recognize and bind to specific proteins on cancer cells. How It Works: T-cell Collection: T-cells are collected from the patient’s blood. Genetic Modification: In a lab, these T-cells are modified to produce CARs on their surface. Cell Multiplication: The modified cells are multiplied in large numbers. Reinfusion: These engineered CAR-T cells are infused back into the patient. Attack Cancer: The CAR-T cells identify and kill cancer cells carrying the target antigen. Applications: Effective mainly for blood cancers such as: B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Multiple Myeloma Clinical trials are ongoing for solid tumors. CAR-T in India: India’s first indigenously developed CAR-T therapy is “NexCAR19”, jointly developed by IIT Bombay and ImmunoACT, launched in 2024. It significantly reduces cost compared to global CAR-T therapies. Challenges: High cost and complex manufacturing Risk of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurological side effects Limited success so far in solid tumors Source: THE HINDU 50 years to declaration of emergency Category: POLITY Context: The Emergency in India, declared on 25 June 1975 and lasting until 21 March 1977 National Emergency (Article 352 of the Indian Constitution) A National Emergency is a constitutional provision under Article 352 that allows the central government to assume sweeping powers in case of grave threats to the nation’s security. Grounds for Proclamation: National Emergency can be proclaimed by the President of India on the following grounds: War External Aggression Armed Rebellion (added by the 44th Amendment; replaced “internal disturbance”) Procedure: Must be based on a written recommendation of the Union Cabinet (not just the PM). Must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within 1 month. Once approved, it remains in force for 6 months and can be extended indefinitely with six-monthly parliamentary approvals. Special majority is required in Parliament for continuation. Effects of National Emergency: Federalism weakened: Centre can give directions to states on any matter. Fundamental Rights (Article 19): Can be suspended during Emergency due to war/external aggression (not for armed rebellion). Article 358: Automatically suspends Article 19. Article 359: Allows suspension of enforcement of other rights (except Article 20 & 21 after 44th Amendment). Lok Sabha tenure: Can be extended by 1 year at a time (maximum 6 months after Emergency ends). Instances in Indian History: 1962 – Indo-China War (External Aggression) 1971 – Indo-Pak War (War) 1975–1977 – Declared by Indira Gandhi (Internal Disturbance); most controversial Constitutional Safeguards (44th Amendment, 1978): “Internal disturbance” replaced with “armed rebellion”. Cabinet approval in writing made mandatory. Fundamental Rights under Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended. Learning Corner: Types of Emergencies in the Indian Constitution President’s Rule (State Emergency) – Article 356 Ground: Failure of constitutional machinery in a state Key Features: Invoked when Governor reports breakdown of state governance President takes over state functions Parliament legislates for the state Needs Parliamentary approval within 2 months Valid for 6 months, extendable up to 3 years with conditions Widely misused in early decades; restricted post SR Bommai case (1994) Financial Emergency – Article 360 Ground: Threat to financial stability or credit of India Key Features: Declared by the President Needs Parliamentary approval within 2 months Never used so far Centre can reduce salaries, including those of judges and civil servants Can direct states to follow financial propriety measures  Comparison Table Type Article Grounds Approval Needed Used? National Emergency 352 War, External Aggression, Armed Rebellion Yes (Both Houses) 3 times President’s Rule 356 State machinery failure Yes 100+ times Financial Emergency 360 Financial instability Yes Never Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Global SDG Rankings Category: INTERNATIONAL Context India has entered the top 100 in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) rankings for the first time, securing the 99th position out of 193 countries in the 2025. Key Highlights: Current Rank (2025): 99th Previous Ranks: 109th (2024), 112th (2023), 121st (2022) SDG Index Score: 67 Regional Comparison: Ahead of Bangladesh (114th), Pakistan (140th); behind Maldives (53rd), Bhutan (74th), Nepal (85th), Sri Lanka (93rd) Reasons for Improvement: Progress in poverty reduction, clean energy access, healthcare, housing, and

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Axiom-4 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Indian Astronaut in Space After 41 Years Decoding Context:  Mission Highlights Launch: June 25, 2025, from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center on SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and Crew Dragon “Grace”. Crew: Peggy Whitson (USA), Sławosz Uznański (Poland), Tibor Kapu (Hungary), and Shukla (India). Duration: 14 days aboard the ISS. Objectives: Conducting over 60 scientific, educational, and commercial experiments, including seven from Indian researchers selected by ISRO. Historic First: Shukla is the first Indian to visit the ISS. Historical Context Rakesh Sharma’s 1984 Mission: Conducted aboard a Soviet Soyuz to Salyut 7 for 7 days, focused on Earth observation. Shukla’s Mission: Broader scientific goals with international cooperation, longer duration, and commercial involvement. Comparison: Rakesh Sharma vs. Shubhanshu Shukla Feature Rakesh Sharma (1984) Shubhanshu Shukla (2025) Spacecraft Soviet Soyuz SpaceX Crew Dragon (Grace) Launch Site Kazakhstan Florida, USA Space Station Salyut 7 (Soviet) ISS (International) Duration ~7 days ~14 days Focus Earth observation Scientific & educational National Context Soviet collaboration International, commercial   Learning Corner: International Space Station (ISS) The International Space Station (ISS) is a large, habitable space laboratory orbiting Earth, where astronauts from around the world live and work. It represents one of the greatest examples of international scientific and technological collaboration. Key Facts Launched: First module in 1998 Orbit: About 400 km above Earth Speed: Travels at ~28,000 km/h; orbits Earth every ~90 minutes Size: Largest human-made body in space, size of a football field Participating Space Agencies NASA (USA) Roscosmos (Russia) ESA (Europe) JAXA (Japan) CSA (Canada) Other nations also participate through collaborations. Objectives Microgravity Research: Study biology, physics, astronomy, and materials science in space conditions Technology Testing: For future missions (e.g., Moon, Mars) International Cooperation: Symbol of peaceful space exploration Commercial and Educational Activities: Includes experiments by private companies and student research  Source: THE HINDU GST Council Category: POLITY Context: The 56th GST Council meeting, expected in late June or early July 2025, will consider a proposal to eliminate the 12% GST slab, aiming to simplify India’s current four-rate system (5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) into a three-tier structure. Key Proposals Remove 12% Slab: Items currently taxed at 12% may be shifted either to: 5% (essential/common-use items), or 18% (non-essential/higher-value items). Alternative Option: A new 15% slab by merging 12% and 18% is also under discussion, though less favored. Rationale Simplification: Part of efforts to streamline the tax structure. Revenue Neutrality: Supported by consistently strong GST collections. Stakeholder Demand: Industry and states have long advocated for a less complex GST system. Possible Impact Items like butter, ghee, fruit juice, processed food, and mobile phones—currently under 12%—may see GST rates revised depending on their essentiality. Learning Corner: GST Council The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council is a constitutional body established under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution by the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016. It is responsible for making key decisions related to the implementation and administration of the GST regime in India. Composition Chairperson: Union Finance Minister Members: Union Minister of State (Finance) State Finance Ministers (or Ministers nominated by states) Functions The GST Council makes recommendations on: Tax rates for goods and services. Exemptions from GST. Threshold limits for registration. Model GST laws, rules, and principles of levy. Special provisions for some states (e.g., NE & hill states). Dispute resolution between Centre and States. Decision-Making Voting pattern: Centre: 1/3rd weightage States (collectively): 2/3rd weightage A decision requires at least a 3/4th majority of weighted votes. Significance Ensures cooperative federalism in tax administration. Promotes uniformity in the indirect tax structure across India. Plays a vital role in revenue sharing and resolving disputes among stakeholders. Source: THE HINDU NATO Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : At the NATO summit in The Hague on June 25, 2025, member states agreed to raise defence and security spending to 5% of GDP by 2035, marking the alliance’s largest military commitment since the Cold War. Key Highlights New Spending Target: Total: 5% of GDP Core Defence (troops, weapons, etc.): 3.5% Broader Security (infrastructure, innovation, civil preparedness): 1.5% Annual Progress Review: Countries must submit yearly plans; a formal review will take place in 2029. Collective Defence Reaffirmed: Emphasizes NATO’s solidarity amid rising threats from Russia, terrorism, and cyber warfare. U.S. Influence: The decision follows long-standing U.S. pressure for greater burden-sharing among European allies. Divergence in Support: While most members back the plan, some like Spain, Belgium, and Slovakia have expressed difficulty in meeting the 5% target due to budgetary constraints. Strategic Context This move supports NATO’s largest rearmament drive in decades and reflects the need for stronger deterrence, enhanced readiness, and adaptability to modern threats, including the war in Ukraine and cyberattacks. Learning Corner: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a political and military alliance formed in 1949 to ensure collective defence and security for its member nations. Founding and Purpose Established: April 4, 1949, by the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty) Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium Motto: “Animus in consulendo liber” (A mind unfettered in deliberation) Primary Objective: Safeguard the freedom and security of member countries through political and military means Key Features Collective Defence: Under Article 5, an attack on one member is considered an attack on all. Invoked only once: After the 9/11 attacks in 2001. Members: 32 countries (as of 2025), including the U.S., Canada, most European nations, and new entrants like Finland and Sweden. Decision-Making: Based on consensus among all member states. Functions Military Cooperation: Joint defense, training, and strategic planning Crisis Management: Peacekeeping and conflict resolution missions Cyber & Hybrid Threats: Addressing modern security challenges beyond traditional warfare Partnership Programs: Works with non-member countries to promote global stability Source :  THE HINDU CRISPR Technology Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: In agriculture, it is revolutionizing how crops respond to biotic (diseases) and abiotic (heat, drought) stresses  How It Works Uses Cas9 enzyme guided by custom RNA to target specific genes. Enables knockout of genes that cause disease susceptibility or enhancement of genes that promote resistance. Offers faster, more accurate

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Cancer treatment drugs Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A recent investigation by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, published in The Hindu, has revealed that many cancer drugs shipped globally have failed quality tests. Common Chemotherapy Drugs Covered: Cisplatin Type: Platinum-based Use: Treats testicular, ovarian, bladder, and lung cancers Mechanism: Binds to cancer DNA, blocking division Side Effects: Kidney damage, sickness, immune suppression, hearing issues Oxaliplatin Type: Platinum-based Use: Advanced colorectal cancer Mechanism: Similar to cisplatin Side Effects: Similar to cisplatin Cyclophosphamide Use: Breast cancer, leukemia, sarcoma, lymphoma Mechanism: Damages cancer DNA, lowers white blood cells Side Effects: Inflammation in bladder, immune suppression Doxorubicin Nickname: “Red devil” (due to color and toxicity) Use: Breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoma Mechanism: Interferes with DNA replication Side Effects: Heart damage, infections, skin issues, hair loss Methotrexate Use: Leukemia, lymphoma, tumor types Mechanism: Blocks DNA synthesis Side Effects: Toxic at high doses; managed by leucovorin Leucovorin Type: Not a direct chemotherapy drug Use: Taken with methotrexate to reduce its toxicity Function: A form of vitamin B9 used to protect healthy cells Learning Corner: Cancer Care and Treatment in India Cancer is a major public health challenge in India, with over 1.5 million new cases diagnosed annually. The country is working to strengthen its cancer care system through a mix of public health programs, infrastructure development, and financial assistance schemes.   Key Components of Cancer Treatment in India Types of Treatment Available Surgery: Removal of tumors or cancerous tissues Radiation therapy: Use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells Chemotherapy: Use of anti-cancer drugs Immunotherapy & Targeted Therapy: Advanced treatments to boost the body’s immune response or attack specific cancer cells Bone marrow transplant: For blood cancers like leukemia Palliative care: To improve quality of life in advanced stages Government Initiatives and Support National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) Focuses on early detection, screening, and referral for cancer Implemented under Ayushman Bharat Health & Wellness Centres Tertiary Cancer Care Centres (TCCC) Upgrading existing medical colleges and hospitals to provide advanced cancer care Financial Assistance Schemes Ayushman Bharat–PMJAY: Free treatment for poor and vulnerable families Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund Support from state-level insurance schemes (e.g., Arogyasri in Telangana/AP) Recent Developments Launch of Digital Cancer Registry and AI-based diagnostics Expansion of National Cancer Grid (NCG) to link over 300 cancer centers Promotion of indigenous cancer drugs and equipment to lower treatment costs Source: THE HINDU Golden Jubilee of the Department of Official Language Category: POLITY Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah, speaking at the Golden Jubilee of the Department of Official Language in New Delhi. Key highlights: The importance of promoting India’s official and regional languages. The department’s role in implementing the Official Languages Act and preserving linguistic diversity. Recognition of the department’s contributions over the past 50 years. A call for continued efforts to strengthen the use of Hindi and regional languages in governance and public communication. The address reinforced the government’s commitment to linguistic inclusivity and national unity through effective language use. Learning Corner: Provisions on Language in the Indian Constitution The Indian Constitution includes detailed provisions to manage the country’s rich linguistic diversity. These are mainly covered under Articles 343 to 351 in Part XVII. Official Language of the Union (Articles 343–344): Article 343: Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of the Union. English was to be used for official purposes along with Hindi for 15 years (till 1965), and continues today due to the Official Languages Act, 1963. Article 344: A Commission and Committee of Parliament to be constituted to recommend measures to promote Hindi and restrict the use of English. Regional Languages (Articles 345–347): Article 345: State legislatures can adopt any one or more languages in use in the state as official language(s). Article 346: For communication between the state and the Union, Hindi or English will be used unless the President permits otherwise. Article 347: President can recognize a language spoken by a section of the population of a state if there is a demand. Language of the Judiciary and Laws (Articles 348–349): Article 348: English to be used in Supreme Court and High Courts and for laws unless Parliament provides otherwise. Article 349: Parliament must consider recommendations of the President and Language Commission before changing the official language of legislation. Special Directives (Articles 350–351): Article 350: Citizens can submit grievances in any language used in the Union or State. Article 350A: States must provide facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary level for children of linguistic minorities. Article 350B: Provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to report to the President. Article 351: The Union must promote the spread and development of Hindi, drawing from Sanskrit and other Indian languages, without harming other languages. Official Languages Act, 1963 The Official Languages Act, 1963 was enacted to regulate the use of Hindi and English for official purposes of the Union of India, especially after the expiry of the 15-year constitutional limit (1950–1965) for English use under Article 343. Key Provisions: Continuation of English: Even after 1965, English can continue to be used for official purposes of the Union alongside Hindi. This was done to avoid backlash from non-Hindi-speaking states (especially southern states like Tamil Nadu). Communication Between Union and States: Hindi or English to be used for communication between the Union and Hindi-speaking states. English to be used for communication with non-Hindi-speaking states. Optional Use of Regional Languages: States can use their own official languages for state-level administration. English translations must be provided when communicating with the Union or other states. Bilingual Communication: Central government documents, notifications, and bills should be issued in both Hindi and English. Amendment in 1967: The Official Language (Amendment) Act, 1967 ensured indefinite continuation of English along with Hindi for all official purposes. Source: PIB MSME Day 2025 Category: ECONOMICS Context : President Droupadi Murmu will preside over the MSME Day 2025 – Udyami Bharat celebrations on June 27,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Coal Bed Methane Syllabus Prelims – Geography and Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, the Union Minister of Coal, Mines and Parliamentary Affairs spoke on the extraction of Coal Bed Methane in the Lok Sabha. About Coal Bed Methane:- IMAGE SOURCE: Natural Gas Drilling Basics – Lawrence & Mercer ALLARM – A Citizen Science Initiative from Westminster College (google.com) It is an unconventional form of natural gas. It is found in coal deposits or coal seams. It is formed during the process of coalification, the transformation of plant material into coal. Extraction:- Coal Bed Methane is extracted from unconventional gas reservoirs Unconventional gas reservoirs are where gas is extracted directly from the rock that is the source of the gas For example shale in the case of shale gas and coal in the case of CBM Process:- The methane is held underground within the coal and is extracted by drilling into the coal seam and removing the groundwater. The resulting drop in pressure causes methane to be released from the coal. Uses of Coal Bed Methane:- It can be used in Power generation. It can be used as Compressed natural gas (CNG) auto fuel. It can be used as a feedstock for fertilisers. It can be used for Industrial uses such as cement production, rolling mills, steel plants, and methanol production. Reserves in India:- IMAGE SOURCE: Coal Bed Methane IN INDIA MAP UPSC – Bing The country’s coal and CBM reserves are found in around 12 states of India. The Gondwana sediments of eastern India hold the bulk. The Damodar Koel valley and Son valley are prospective areas for CBM development. CBM projects existing in Raniganj coalfields, the Parbatpur block in Jharia coalfield and the East and West Bokaro coalfields. The Son valley includes the Sonhat North and Sohagpur East and West blocks. MUST READ: Methane Emissions SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to India, consider the following statements: (2022) Monazite is a source of rare earth. Monazite contains thorium. Monazite occurs naturally in the entire Indian coastal sands in India. In India, Government bodies only can process or export monazite. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1, 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 4 only 3 and 4 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2020) Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury. Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the environment. High ash content is observed in Indian coal. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 and 3 only 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Western Disturbances Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recent studies suggest that Climate change is causing Western Disturbances to weaken. About Western Disturbances:- IMAGE SOURCE: Readying to pack your woollens up? Think again! Extreme weather conditions in North-West India next week will chill you to the bone – India Today These are low-pressure areas embedded in the Westerlies. Westerlies: the planetary winds that flow from west to east between 30°-60° latitude. Disturbance in the name indicates an area of “disturbed” or reduced air pressure. Western disturbances are formed naturally. They are labelled as an extra-tropical storms. Extra-tropical: it means outside the tropics. As the WD originates outside the tropical region, the word “extra-tropical” is used for them. They originate in the Mediterranean region and travel over Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan to enter India loaded with moisture In India, the Himalayas obstruct them, causing rain and snow in the western Himalayas. They usually bring mild rain during January-February, which is beneficial to the rabi crop. Since wheat is one of the most important Rabi crops and is the staple diet of people in this region, winter showers contribute to meeting India’s food security. These are associated with a cloudy sky, higher night temperatures and unusual rain. Excessive precipitation due to western disturbances can cause crop damage, landslides, floods and avalanches over the Indo-Gangetic plains. They occasionally bring cold wave conditions and dense fog. MUST READ: NORTHEAST (WINTER) MONSOON SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) High clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. Low clouds have a high absorption of infrared radiation emanating from the Earth’s surface and thus cause a warming effect. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2021) In the tropical zone, the western sections of the oceans are warmer than the eastern sections owing to the influence of trade winds. In the temperate Zone, westerlies make the eastern sections of oceans warmer than the western sections Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 Vedic Heritage Portal Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: Recently, the Vedic Heritage Portal created by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts was inaugurated. About Vedic Heritage Portal:- The ‘Vedic Heritage Portal’ created by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). It is a one-stop solution for common users and researchers seeking any information regarding ‘Vedic heritage. It gives detailed information about oral traditions, a textual traditions in form of published books/manuscripts or implements. It aims to communicate messages enshrined in the Vedas. It will help common people to have a general understanding of the Vedas. The audio-visual recording of four Vedas has been uploaded on the Vedic Heritage portal. The portal has over 18 thousand mantras of the four Vedas with a duration of over 550 hours.  About Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts:- The IGNCA comes under of Ministry of Culture. It was established in 1987 as an autonomous institution. The founder trustees of IGNCA were Shri Rajiv Gandhi, Shri R. Venkataraman, Shri P.V. Narasimha Rao, Smt. Pupul Jayakar, the Finance Minister of 1987, Shri H. Y. Sharada Prasad and Dr. Kapila Vatsyayan. It is

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Finance Bill 2023 Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, the Finance Bill 2023 was approved with amendments. About Finance Bill 2023:- Key Highlights of the bill:- The withholding tax rate on royalties and fees for technical services paid to non-residents has been raised from 10% to 20%This may increase the cost of import of technology. Options contracts will now attract 0.021% STT from 0.017% earlier and futures will attract a levy of 0.0125%, up from 0.01% The Finance Bill has paved the way for setting up GST Appellate Tribunals across the country, with a principal bench in New Delhi and several State benches. The Tribunal will be headed by a former Supreme Court judge or a retired Chief Justice of a High Court. The stock market has seen an increase in Securities Transaction Tax (STT) on futures and options contracts from April 1, 2023. It is to discourage excessive trade in F&O. Significance of the amendment:- This increase in  STT will shore up revenues for the Government. The main idea behind this could be to discourage excessive trade in the F&O segment where a large number of retail traders end up losing money as per a recent SEBI study. An incidental effect of this could be shifting the F&O trades to SGX, Gift and other locations that do not attract such taxes for participants who have access to them. REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) and InvITs (Infrastructure Investment Trusts): the government has tweaked the Budget proposal to tax distribution from business trusts as income from other sources. Any amount received in excess of the issue price would be taxable as income. The draft rules related to valuation shall be shared with the stakeholders for their input in April itself, and exclusions, currently provided to domestic Venture Capital Funds etc, shall also be considered for similar overseas entities. This will impact all mutual funds that offer schemes with nomenclatures such as conservative hybrid funds, that invest predominantly in debt but have an equity exposure of up to 35% in their portfolios. An arbitrage is being created right now where interest income from a debt mutual is not distributed and converted into long-term capital gains of 20% (with indexation). Debt mutual fund: where not more than 35% is invested in shares in the domestic company. Thus many taxpayers are able to reduce their tax liability through this arbitrage. Money Bill vs Finance Bill:- A Finance Bill is a bill that deals with the country’s finances, as the name implies – it could be about taxes, government spending, government borrowings, revenues, and so on. The Union Budget is enacted as a Finance Bill because it deals with these issues. The finance bill is classified into two categories: Financial bill (I) Financial bill (II) Money Bills, as the name implies, are bills whose provisions are entirely concerned with all or any of the issues specified in Article 110(1). It includes issues such as the imposition, repeal, and regulation of taxes, the control of government borrowing, the protection of Consolidated or Contingency Funds and the influx or outflow of money from any such funds, the allocation of money from the Consolidated Fund of India, and so on. Types of Financial Bills:- Financial bills (I)–Article 117 (1) A financial bill (I) is a measure that includes not only any or all of the subjects stated in Article 110, but also other general legislative provisions. A finance bill (I) is comparable to a money bill in two ways: (a) both can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha and (b) both can be introduced only on the president’s advice. In all other ways, a finance bill (I) follows the same parliamentary procedure as an ordinary bill. Financial bills (II)–Article 117 (3) A financial bill (II) has provisions affecting Consolidated Fund of India spending but does not include any of the items enumerated in Article 110. It is considered an ordinary bill and is subject to the same parliamentary procedure as an ordinary bill in all aspects. The single distinguishing element of this bill is that it cannot be enacted by either House of Parliament unless the President has requested that the measure be considered by that House. As a result, finance bill (II) can be filed in either House of Parliament, and the President’s approval is not required. In other words, the President’s suggestion is not necessary at the introduction stage but is required during the consideration step. Either the House of Parliament has the option of rejecting or amending it. If the two Houses disagree on such a law, the President might call a joint session of the two Houses to break the stalemate. When the measure is given to the President, he can either grant his consent to it, withhold his assent to it, or return it to the Houses for reconsideration. MUST READ: Angel Tax SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements (2022) An increase in Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) indicates the appreciation of the rupee. An increase in the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) indicates an improvement in trade competitiveness. An increasing trend in domestic inflation relative to inflation in other countries is likely to cause an increasing divergence between NEER and REER. Which of the above statements is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following situations best reflects “Indirect Transfers” often talked about in media recently with reference to India? (2022) An Indian company investing in a foreign enterprise and paying taxes to the foreign country on the profits arising out of its investment A foreign company investing in India and paying taxes to the country of its base on the profits arising out of its investment An Indian company purchases tangible assets in a foreign country and sells such assets after their value