Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Battle of Haifa Syllabus Prelims –HISTORY Context: India and Israel commemorated the Battle of Haifa recently. Background:- Every year on September 23, diplomats from India’s Embassy in Israel and Israeli government officials representing the municipality of the northern port city of Haifa gather at the Haifa War Cemetery to pay respects to the Indian soldiers who were killed and wounded in battle, on foreign soil. About the Battle of Haifa:- IMAGE SOURCE: BRITANNICA The 23rd of September is designated as ‘Haifa Day’. It commemorates the city’s capture following a daring cavalry action by the 15th Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade during World War I. Haifa Day commemorations were initiated in 2010. Teen Murti Chowk in India was renamed Teen Murti Haifa Chowk in honour of the Battle of Haifa’s centenary. Historical background:- The Battle of Haifa was fought during the First World War as a part of the Sinai and Palestine campaigns.( India, Israel, and Palestine) The 5th Cavalry Division comprising the 13, 14, and 15 Cavalry Brigades were tasked with capturing Haifa. The 15 Cavalry Brigade comprised the Jodhpur Lancers and the Mysore and Hyderabad Lancers. The British Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, and the French Third Republic, fought alongside the Arab Revolt, in opposition to the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the German Empire. The Indian Cavalry Brigade, played a decisive role, leading to the capture of Haifa and Acre from the Ottoman Empire. Significance:- The Battle of Haifa is a testament to the valour of Indian soldiers, including Sikhs and Rajputs, in global conflicts. It highlights India’s contributions during the First World War. It adds a historic significance in strengthening India-Israel relations.( 15th India-Israel Joint Working Group) MUST READ: India and Israel SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements: (2022) The Dutch established their factories/warehouses on the east coast on lands granted to them by the Gajapati rulers. Alfonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate. The English East India Company established a factory at Madras on a plot of land leased from a representative of the Vijayanagar Empire. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) The ‘Fortaleza Declaration’ recently in the news, is related to the affairs of:(2015) ASEAN BRICS OECD WTO Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime Achievement Award Syllabus Prelims –ART AND CULTURE Context: Waheeda Rehman will be honoured with the 53rd Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime Achievement Award for the year 2023. About Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime Achievement Award:- Established: 1969. Presented at the National Film Awards ceremony. Presented by: President of India. First awardee: Devika Rani. Naming: This award commemorates Dadasaheb Phalke. Dadasaheb Phalke was the director of India’s inaugural full-length feature film, “Raja Harishchandra,” in 1913. He is known as the “Father of Indian Cinema”. The Dadasaheb Phalke Lifetime Achievement Award is India’s highest cinema honour. It is presented annually at the National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals. The award is presented by the President of India in the presence of the Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting, the Chairpersons of the juries, the representatives of the Film Federation of India, and the Confederation of All India Cine Employees among senior officials. It is awarded for outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2020 was accorded to legendary actress Ms Asha Parekh. Decoration:- The prize includes:- Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus) medallion a shawl a cash prize of 10 lakh. MUST READ: Golden Globes Award SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the 44th Chess Olympiad, 2022: (2023) It was the first time that the Chess Olympiad was held in India. The official mascot was named Thambi. The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Vera Menchik Cup. The trophy for the winning team in the women’s section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup. How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards: (2021) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titled under Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India. Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once. The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year. Which of the above statements is not correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) Syllabus Prelims –POLITY/ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, Punjab submitted the State Action Plan and District-wise Action Plans for tackling the problem of stubble burning to the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM). Background:- The Action Plans commit to an overall reduction of more than 50% in paddy stubble burning incidents this year as compared to 2022. About Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM):- Establishment: 2020. It is a permanent body. (Air pollution) The Commission has been set up for Air Quality Management in the National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas. It aims for better coordination, research, identification, and resolution of problems surrounding the air quality index and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. It is a statutory mechanism to coordinate and oversee diverse efforts to improve air quality in Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and UP, with the underlying remedial approach. CAQM will supersede all existing bodies, including the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), as well as state governments in matters of air pollution mitigation. Significance: The establishment of CAQM has the potential to address the problem of air pollution but an institution by itself is not a solution. Historical Background:- The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) was established under the Air Quality Management in the National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Ordinance in October 2020. The parliament was not

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: Recently, the Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC) recently appealed to diamond industries to stop importing rough diamonds from October 15 to December 15. Background:- The decision has been taken due to the lack of demand for polished natural diamonds and studded jewellery in the international market. In a statement, GJEPC said that the demand for loose polished diamonds and jewellery from large economies like the USA and China has been affected over the last many quarters. About Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC): – Establishment: 1966. HQ: Mumbai. Ministry: Ministry of Commerce and Industry. VISION: to make India the preferred source for quality gems and jewellery. (India’s Gems & Jewellery sector ) The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council is the apex body which aims to promote the gems and jewellery products and industry. It is considered to be one of the leaders in diamond manufacturing and trading. It is a central administrative and statutory body looking over the gems and jewellery industry in India. It has regional offices in New Delhi, Kolkata, Jaipur and Surat. It drives India’s export-led growth in the gem and jewellery sector. (Export-oriented units) Objectives: – PROMOTING BRAND INDIA: – Organizing India’s biggest and second-biggest trade shows, IIJS Premiere and IIJS Signature. Organizing joint participation in international jewellery shows. CONNECTING GOVERNMENT & TRADE: – Facilitating better interaction on trade-related issues between the industry and the Government of India, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Ministry of Finance, DGFT, Dept of Commerce, Dept. of Finance. UPHOLDING DIAMOND INTEGRITY: – Executing the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme in the country, as the Nodal Agency appointed by the Government of India. SPREADING EDUCATION: – Running training institutes that impart manufacturing skills, and technical and design excellence in six cities – Mumbai, Delhi, Surat, Jaipur, Varanasi and Udupi. INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE: – Providing MSMEs with affordable modern machines and tools at Common Facility Centres. Setting up Jewellery Parks across the country. HEALTH AND WELL-BEING:- Providing health insurance for the employees of the Council’s member companies through the group mediclaim scheme called Swasthya Ratna. PAYING BACK TO SOCIETY:- Founded by GJEPC in 2014, Jewellers for Hope has donated Rs.1 crore every year to one or more NGOs/charities doing exceptional work in supporting the underprivileged. MUST READ:  New Foreign Trade Policy SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at (2016) bringing small entrepreneurs into the formal financial system providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating particular crops providing pensions to old and destitute persons funding the voluntary organizations involved in the promotion of skill development and employment generation Q.2) What is/are the purpose/purposes of `District Mineral Foundations in India? (2016) Promoting mineral exploration activities in mineral-rich districts Protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations Authorizing State Governments to issue licences for mineral exploration Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: As per recent reports of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), international Shipping emissions increased by 20% in the last decade. Key highlights of the report: – In 2023, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping were 20 per cent higher than 10 years earlier. (Shipping Industry in India) It advocates for system-wide collaboration, swift regulatory intervention and stronger investments in green technologies and fleets. It states that full decarbonization by 2050 will require massive investments and could lead to higher maritime logistics costs, raising concerns for vulnerable shipping-reliant nations like small island developing states. It emphasizes the need to balance environmental goals with economic needs. It states that beyond cleaner fuels, the industry needs to move faster towards digital solutions like AI and blockchain to improve efficiency as well as sustainability. In its analysis of global maritime trends, the report highlights shipping’s resilience despite major challenges stemming from global crises, such as the war in Ukraine. It states that maritime trade is expected to grow 2.4% in 2023 and more than 2% between 2024 and 2028. It states that balancing environmental sustainability, regulatory compliance and economic demands is vital for a prosperous, equitable and resilient future for maritime transport. About the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD):- IMAGE SOURCE: SlideServe Established: 1964. HQ: Geneva in Switzerland. UNCTAD is the UN’s leading institution dealing with trade and development. It is a permanent intergovernmental body established by the United Nations General Assembly. UNCTAD is part of the UN Secretariat. Membership: it has a membership of 195 countries. The Conference ordinarily meets once in four years. The second UNCTAD Conference took place in New Delhi, India in 1968. Functions of UNCTAD: – It supports developing countries to access the benefits of a globalized economy more fairly and effectively. It provides economic, and trade analysis, and facilitates consensus building. It offers technical assistance to help developing countries use trade, investment, finance and technology for inclusive and sustainable development. Important reports: – Trade and Development Report: Annual World Investment Report: Annual The Least Developed Countries Report: Annual. Commodities and Development Report: Annual. MUST READ: GREEN MARITIME SECTOR SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Rapid Financing Instruments” and “Rapid Credit Facility” are related to the provisions of lending by which of the following: (2022) Asian Development Bank International Monetary Fund United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative World Bank Q.2) With reference to foreign-owned e-commerce firms operating in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2022) They can sell their own goods in addition to offering their platforms as marketplaces. The degree to which they can own big sellers on their platforms is limited. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 India and Finland Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Diabetes Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Recent studies have found out that India has the 2nd-highest number of diabetes diagnostic centres globally. Background:- In 2021, nearly seven million people died globally as a result of diabetes, while $970 billion was the world’s quantified healthcare expenditure that year, according to a new report titled Diabetes Global Industry Overview 2023. Currently, 537 million adults globally are living with diabetes, with three in four of them living in low- and middle-income countries. After the US, the highest numbers of medical centres for diabetes are located in India (58), Canada (51), the UK (42), Japan (29), and Australia (24). About Diabetes:- IMAGE SOURCE: vecteezy.com Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It is a condition that happens when the blood sugar (glucose) is too high. It develops when your pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or any at all, or when the body isn’t responding to the effects of insulin properly. Diabetes affects people of all ages. Types of diabetes:- There are several types of diabetes. The most common forms include:- Type 2 diabetes: With this type, the body doesn’t make enough insulin, and/or the body’s cells don’t respond normally to the insulin (insulin resistance). This is the most common type of diabetes. Prediabetes: The blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be officially diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes: This type is an autoimmune disease in which your immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in your pancreas for unknown reasons. Gestational diabetes: This type develops in some people during pregnancy. Symptoms:- feeling very thirsty needing to urinate more often than usual blurred vision feeling tired losing weight unintentionally Management and Treatment:- Blood sugar monitoring. Oral diabetes medications. Insulin injections. Diet management. Exercise. Prevention:- Keeping a healthy body weight. Staying physically active with at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise each day. Eating a healthy diet and avoiding sugar and saturated fat. Avoiding smoke tobacco. Avoiding stress. (Mental Health) Government initiatives:- India’s National non-communicable disease (NCD) Target aims to prevent the rise in obesity and diabetes prevalence. (Disease Surveillance System) National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) in 2010, was launched to provide support for diagnosis and cost-effective treatment at various levels of health care. MUST READ: Non communicable and communicable diseases SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of probiotics: (2022) Probiotics are made of both bacteria and yeast. The organisms in probiotics are found in foods we ingest but they do not naturally occur in our gut. Probiotics help in the digestion of milk sugars. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only 1 and 3 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body? (2022) They protect the environmental allergens. body They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation. They act as immunosuppressants in the body. They protect the body from the diseases caused by pathogens. National Turmeric Board Syllabus Prelims –POLITY-GOVERNANCE Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently, announced the setting up of a National Turmeric Board for Telangana. About National Turmeric Board:- Location: Telangana. Set up: 2023. Objective: to harness the potential of our turmeric farmers and give them the support they rightly deserve. The National Turmeric Board will focus on value addition to the supply chain. The board will extend help to all turmeric farmers on all aspects of Turmeric crops. It would serve various purposes, including enhancing value addition in the turmeric supply chain. It will help in addressing infrastructure-related needs for farmers. It will help the Telangana farmers in having a value chain right from production to export and research in addition to infrastructure. It will boost the country’s position as a key player in the global turmeric market. Significance:- These infrastructure and developmental projects will increase employment opportunities. It improves the lives of people. Turmeric:- Turmeric is a flowering plant. (Lakadong Turmeric) It is used as a condiment, dye, drug, and cosmetic in addition to its use in religious ceremonies. Its color comes mainly from curcumin, a bright yellow phenolic compound. It requires temperatures between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F). Significance of Turmeric for India:- India holds a prominent position as a major producer, consumer, and exporter. Currently, India contributes to approximately 80 percent of the world’s turmeric production, yielding nearly 1.1 million tonnes of spice annually. The top five turmeric-producing states of India in 2020-21 are Telangana, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Awareness of the health benefits of turmeric had grown during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to increased demand for the spice globally. Turmeric exports have been on the rise, with shipments totaling around 1.5 lakh tonnes, particularly since the onset of the pandemic. Health Benefits of Turmeric:- Depression Type 2 Diabetes Viral Infections Premenstrual Syndrome High Cholesterol MUST READ: Soil-less agriculture SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) If a particular area is brought under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which one of the following statements best reflects the consequence of it? (2022) This would prevent the transfer of land from tribal people to non-tribal people. This would create a local self-governing body in that area. This would convert that area into a Union Territory. The State having such areas would be declared a Special Category State. Q.2) Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: (2019) PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Matangini Hazra Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES Context: Matangini Hazra was remembered on the 81st anniversary of her martyrdom. About Matangini Hazra:- Birth: 1869. Birth place Tamluk, West Bengal. Death:1942. Matangini Hazra was 73 when she fell to British bullets, leading a protest march in 1942 in Tamluk, Bengal. Her death made her a martyr for many, inciting revolutionaries to establish their own parallel government in Medinipur, which functioned till 1944. Early Life:- She was married at a young age and became widowed at 18. After her husband’s death, she dedicated herself to social causes. Ideology:- She supported Mahatma Gandhi’s ideals.  (Mahatma Gandhi) People fondly called her Gandhi Buri (Old Lady Gandhi) for her dedication to Gandhian principles. (India and Mahatma Gandhi) Political Participation:– She became an active member of the Indian National Congress and took to spinning her own Khadi. She participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement, the Salt March, and the Quit India Movement. 1933: When Sir John Anderson, Governor of Bengal visited Tamluk to address a public gathering, Matangini craftily managed to avoid the security and reached the dais where she waved a black flag. She was awarded six months of rigorous imprisonment for her bravado. 1942: During the Quit India Movement in 1942, at the age of 73, she led a large procession of around 6,000 protesters, advocating for the takeover of the Tamluk police station. In the ensuing clash with British authorities, she was shot and killed, becoming a martyr for the cause of Indian independence. MUST READ: India’s Women Unsung Heroes of Freedom Struggle SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) By which one of the following Acts was the Governor General of Bengal, designated as the Governor General of India? (2023) The Regulating Act The Pitt’s India Act The Charter Act of 1793 The Charter Act of 1833 Q.2) Consider the following freedom fighters: (2022) Barindra Kumar Ghosh Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee Rash Behari Bose Who of the above was/were actively associated with the Ghadar Party? 1 and 2 2 only 1 and 3 3 only UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) Syllabus Prelims –POLITY Context: India expressed commitment towards combating organized crimes at the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) recently. About the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime( UNTOC):- Adopted by the UN General Assembly: 15 November 2000. Entry into force: 29 September 2003. Signatories: 147. Parties: 191 (as of 20 February 2023) The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, is the main international instrument in the fight against transnational organized crime. It is also known as the Palermo Convention. Objective: combatting transnational organized crime, fostering international cooperation, and strengthening legal frameworks. UNTOC enables cooperation between member states for tackling international organized crime. All member parties to the convention must take measures including: Creating domestic criminal offenses. Adopting frameworks for extradition, mutual legal assistance, and law enforcement cooperation. Promoting training and technical assistance for upgrading or building the adequate capacity of national authorities. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is the custodian of the UNTOC. Three protocols of UNTOC:- The UNTOC is supplemented by three Protocols, namely:- Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children Adopted in 2003, it is the first global legally binding instrument with an agreed definition of trafficking in persons. Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air Adopted in 2004, this protocol deals with the problem of organized criminal groups who smuggle migrants, often at high risk to the migrants and at great profit for the offenders. Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition Adopted in 2001, its objective is to promote, facilitate, and strengthen cooperation among States in order to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms, their parts and components, and ammunition. India and UNTOC:- India ratified the UNTOC in 2011 becoming the fourth South Asian country to do so. The nodal agency for all dealings with UNTOC is the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). About UNODC:- Establishment: HQ: Vienna, Austria. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) contributes to global peace and security, sustainable development, and human rights by helping to make the world safer from drugs, crime, corruption, and terrorism. It provides technical assistance, research, and normative support to Member States to help them develop and implement comprehensive, evidence-based solutions to the complex and interconnected threats that they face at the national, regional, and global levels. In today’s challenging times, our work is needed more than ever. Functions:- Tackling the world drug problem Preventing corruption Countering terrorism Counter-Terrorism Strategy Combating organized crime Preventing crime and promoting Funding:- UNODC relies on voluntary contributions, mainly from governments, to carry out the majority of our work. MUST READ: World Drug Report and UNODC SOURCE: BUISNESS STANDARD PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (2022) A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Which of the statements given above are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2019) The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’. The UNCAC is the ever-first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument. A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Badis limaakumi Syllabus Prelims –ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Context: Recently, a new species of fish Badis limaakumi, was discovered in Nagaland. Background:- Scientists have recently discovered a new fish species from the Milak River, Nagaland. About Badis limaakumi:- Family: Badidae. Genus: Badis. Location: Nagaland, Northeast India. It was found in Nagaland’s Malak River. Habitat: It is found in various freshwater habitats, including rivers, ponds, and marshes. Distribution: These fish are primarily found in freshwater bodies across northern India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal. Around 25 recognized species, 15 of which are in India. Naming: it has been named after Limaakum, assistant professor and head of the zoology department at Fazl Ali College, Nagaland. Unique feature: This fish can change its colour like a chameleon. It belongs to the often-called Chameleon fish for their ability to rapidly change colors during breeding, camouflage, or stress. (National Surveillance Programme for Aquatic Animal Diseases (NSPAAD)) Local Names: “Tepdang” and “Sempi,”. Physical Features:- It has a large and slender body. It lacks blotches on its sides and fins and possesses a significant number of lateral-line scales. Diet: These fish are predatory by nature and primarily feed on small freshwater invertebrates. (Zebrafish) About Milak River: Milak River is situated in Mokokchung district in Nagaland, India. The nearest town to this river is Naga Town. Main tributary of Milak River is Tsurong. MUST READ: Puffer Fish SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) ‘Invasive Species Specialist group’ (that develops Global Invasive Species Database) belongs to which one of the following organizations? (2023) The International Union for Conservation of Nature The United Nations Environment Programme The United Nations World Commission for Environment and Development The World Wide Fund for Nature Q.2) Which of the following organisms ·perform the waggle dance for others of their kin to indicate the direction and the distance to a source of their food? (2023) Butterflies Dragonflies Honeybees Wasps Hirakud reservoir Syllabus Prelims –GEOGRAPHY Context: High levels of cancer-causing heavy metals such as lead and chromium have been found in eight wetlands in Odisha, including the Hirakud reservoir recently. Background:- The findings were recorded in a new study published in the journal Scientific Reports on September 28, 2023. The selected eight wetlands were: Natural ones such as Chandaneswar, Chilika, Daringbadi, and Koraput as well as constructed ones like Bhadrak, Hirakud, Talcher, and Titlagarh. The highest concentrations of heavy metal pollutants, lead (51.25 micrograms per gram) and chromium (266 micrograms per gram) were recorded in Hirakud. Heavy metal pollutants that commonly accumulate in wetlands as a result of human activity include lead, chromium, cadmium, copper, mercury, nickel, zinc, manganese, and arsenic. These metals can enter crops through the soil, which are then consumed by humans. About Hirakud reservoir:- IMAGE SOURCE: MapsofIndia Location: Odisha. Area: 65,400 ha River: Mahanadi. (Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd (MCL)) The Hirakud reservoir is one of the largest human-made reservoirs in India. It is built across the Mahanadi River by a combination of earth and modern dams with a total length of almost 26 kilometers. The reservoir helps regulate the water level of the river. It thereby moderates the impact of floods in the Mahanadi Delta. It was designated a Ramsar site in 2021 (COP14 of Ramsar Convention on Wetlands) Biodiversity: It provides habitat for over 130 bird species and about 54 fish, with one classified as endangered and six others as near-threatened. Economic significance: 21 fish species are economically important to the region as they provide a total yield of 480 tonnes per year, supporting the livelihoods of over 7,000 fishermen. The reservoir also produces around 350 megawatts of hydropower. It also irrigates 436,000 hectares of land. Tourism: The rich biodiversity and other recreational activities in and around the reservoir make it a popular tourist destination, with over 30,000 tourists visiting annually. MUST READ: National Dam Safety Authority SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following has been constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986? (2022) Central Water Commission Central Ground Water Board Central Ground Water Authority National Water Development Agency Q.2) Consider the following Rivers: (2021) Brahmani Nagavali Subarnarekha Vamsadhara Which of the above rises from the Eastern Ghats? 1 and 2 2 and 4 3 and 4 1 and 3 Sastra Ramanujan Prize Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT PRIZE Context: The 2023 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize was awarded to Ruixiang Zhang of the University of California, Berkeley. Background:- His fundamental work spans analytic number theory, combinatorics, Euclidean harmonic analysis, and geometry. The prize will be awarded at an International Conference in Number Theory on December 20-22 at SASTRA University in Kumbakonam, Ramanujan’s hometown. About Sastra Ramanujan Prize:- Established in 2005. Instituted by: Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA). Time Period: annual. Objective: to acknowledge and encourage exceptional achievements in mathematics. It is a prestigious Award in the field of mathematics. It promotes mathematical research and honors exceptional achievements. This prize is for outstanding contributions by individuals in areas of mathematics influenced by Indian mathematics great Ramanujan. Decoration: A cash prize of USD 10,000. (Golden Globes Award) Age limit: It is presented to individuals aged 32 and below. The age limit of 32 years is to commemorate the fact that Ramanujan accomplished a phenomenal body of work in this short span. SASTRA Ramanujan Prize 2023 will be awarded to Ruixiang Zhang of the University of California, Berkeley. (Padma awards) His fundamental work spans analytic number theory, combinatorics, Euclidean harmonic analysis, and geometry. Building on his doctoral thesis, he and Shaoming Guo proved a generalization of the main conjecture in Vinogradov’s mean value theorem, which is concerned with the sums of numbers raised to a certain power. MUST READ: Chess Olympiad SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the 32nd Summer Olympics: (2021) The official motto for this Olympics is ‘A New World’. Sports climbing, Surfing, Skateboarding, Karate, and Baseball are included in this. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) TIR Executive Board (TIRExB) Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs, Ministry of Finance (CBIC) recently requested support for India’s candidature for the TIR Executive Board (TIRExB). Background:- The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs, Ministry of Finance, in association with the Ministry of External Affairs organized an event in New Delhi yesterday for ambassadors and delegates from Contracting Parties to the Convention on International Transport of Goods Under Cover of TIR Carnets (TIR Convention, 1975). About TIR Executive Board (TIRExB):- The TIR Executive Board (TIRExB) is a subsidiary body of the TIR Administrative Committee. Composition: it is composed of 9 members, each from different Contracting Parties to the TIR Convention. The TIRExB supervises and provides support in the application of the TIR procedure at the national and international levels. About TIR Convention:- Establishment: 1975. The TIR Convention stands for the “Convention on International Transport of Goods Under Cover of TIR Carnets.” The Customs Convention on the International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR Carnets (TIR Convention, 1975). It is one of the most successful international transport conventions. It is so far the only universal Customs transit system in existence. (International Customs Day, 2023) To date, it has 78 Contracting Parties, including the European Union. It covers the whole of Europe and reaches out to North Africa and the Near and Middle East. More than 33,000 operators are authorized to use the TIR system and around 1.5 million TIR transports are carried out per year. It is an international harmonized system of Customs control, which enables seamless transport of goods crossing multiple international borders using a single customs document (TIR Carnet) and a unified system of guarantee. India and TIR:- India became a party to the TIR Convention in 2017. India is a significant trading nation in the Asia Pacific region. It has been a key participant in the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). Since its accession to the Convention, India has taken several measures to promote the use of TIR. A National Guaranteeing Association has been appointed and a Circular 48/2018-Cus has been issued detailing the procedure and authorizing ports and other customs stations of the country. India has also conducted pilot runs, including one using digital TIR. (Free Trade Agreements regime) Measures have been initiated to ensure effective usage of TIR through stakeholder consultations. MUST READ: Need for Reforms in UN SOURCE: PIB  PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following infrastructure sectors: (2023) Affordable housing Mass rapid transport Health care Renewable energy On how many of the above does the UNOPS Sustainable Investments in Infrastructure and Innovation (S3i) initiative focus on its investments? Only one Only two · Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2021) 21st February is declared International Mother Language Day by UNICEF. The demand that Bangla has to be one of the national languages was raised in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Swachhata Hi Seva Campaign Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNANCE Context: Recently, Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA) began the ‘Ek Taarikh, Ek Ghanta, Ek Saath’ Cleanliness Initiative under Swachhata Hi Seva Campaign. Background:- As part of the ongoing ‘Swachhata Hi Seva’ Campaign 3.0, Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA) joined the nation in organizing ‘Ek Taarikh, Ek Ghanta, Ek Saath’ cleanliness drive, at its office premises in Bhikaiji Cama Place, Delhi and adjoining areas recently. Ek Tareekh Ek Ghanta Ek Saath:- It is an initiative that is a massive voluntary effort for cleanliness in India, endorsed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The initiative encourages citizens to engage in one hour of “shramdaan” (voluntary labour) for cleanliness at 10 a.m. on October 1st as a tribute to Mahatma Gandhi. About Swachhata Hi Seva Campaign:- Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). Duration: The Swachhata Hi Seva (SHS) campaign is being celebrated from 15th September to 2nd October this year (2023). It is being celebrated as a prelude for the Swachh Bharat Diwas (2nd October) with nationwide participation. Implementation: It is under the joint aegis of DDWS & MoHUA. Theme of SHS-2023: ‘Garbage Free India’. Focus: visual cleanliness and welfare of SafaiMitras. The focus of these swachhata drives would be on high footfall public places like bus stands, railway stations, cantonment boards, beaches, tourist places, zoos, national parks & and sanctuaries, historical monuments, heritage sites, river fronts, ghats, drains and nallahs etc. in both rural & urban areas of State/ UT. Objectives:- For undertaking shramdaan activities aiming to generate Jan andolan through community participation. To provide impetus for the implementation of SBM. To disseminate the importance of a sampoorna swachh village. To reinforce the concept of Sanitation as everyone’s business. Activities:- Activities proposed for States / Districts / Blocks to organize SHS from 15th September 2023 to 2nd October 2023 are as follows:- Removal of garbage from all important places. Repair, painting, cleaning, and branding of all sanitation assets like litter bins, public toilets, dhalaos, waste transport vehicles, MRFs, etc. in the area. Drives to clean riverbanks and remove of waste (including plastic) from water bodies, especially in Ganga Grams and Ganga Towns. Cleaning of zoos, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. under MoEFCC along with regulation of plastic materials in protected areas to prevent littering. Cleanliness drives of tourist spots, ASI protected monuments along with IEC initiatives to discourage usage of single-use plastic items, saturating dry and wet waste bins in line with the Hara Geela Sookha Neela campaign, etc. MUST READ: Swachh Bharat 2.0 SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana : (2023) It is a safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Seventh India-EU Cyber Dialogue Syllabus Prelims –INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Context: The Seventh India-EU Cyber Dialogue was held recently. About Seventh India-EU Cyber Dialogue:- Date: 05 October 2023. Venue: Brussels, Belgium. In the context of the vibrant Strategic Partnership between India and the EU, the two sides expressed appreciation for the Cyber Dialogue mechanism. Objective: to provide a platform to discuss a wide range of issues related to cyberspace. Both sides exchanged views on cyber policies, strategies, and areas of mutual interest. They discussed cyber cooperation in multilateral fora, including at the United Nations, and in regional settings, including at OSCE, ARF, and G20. They also discussed cooperation in promoting capacity building in cyberspace and combating the criminal use of ICTs. About India-EU Relations:- The EU is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union and EU citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993. India was one of the first countries to establish relations with the European Economic Community in the 1960s. The retreat of the U.S. from global leadership has provided opportunities for EU-India cooperation.  Political Cooperation:- 2000: The first India-EU Summit was held in 2000 which marked a watershed in the development of the relationship. 2004: The relationship was upgraded to a ‘Strategic Partnership’ during the 5th India-EU Summit held in 2004. 2018: the EU’s strategy on India entitled “A Partnership for Sustainable Modernization and Rules-based Global Order” was issued by the European Commission and the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. Trade:- India is an important trade and investment partner for the EU. (India-EU: Trade talks) It is the second-largest destination for Indian exports after the United States. India’s bilateral trade with the EU amounted to USD 116.36 billion in 2021-22. Despite the global disruptions, bilateral trade achieved impressive annual growth of 43.5% in 2021-22. The trade agreement with the EU would help India further expand and diversify its exports of goods and services, including securing the value chains. Defense & Security:- EU and India have instituted several mechanisms for greater cooperation on pressing security challenges like counterterrorism, maritime security, and nuclear non-proliferation. Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region in New Delhi (IFC-IOR) has recently been linked up with the Maritime Security Centre – Horn of Africa (MSC-HOA) established by the EU Naval Force (NAVFOR). Climate Change:- EU and India also underline their highest political commitment to the effective implementation of the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC. (EU’s Sustainability Push on India) The India-EU Clean Energy and Climate Partnership was agreed at the 2016 Summit. EU and India also cooperate closely on the Clean Ganga initiative. Research and Development:- The India-EU Science & Technology Steering Committee meets annually to review scientific cooperation. Both have official mechanisms in fields such as Digital Communications, 5G technology, Biotechnology, artificial intelligence, etc. ISRO has had a long-standing cooperation with the European Union, since the 1970s. It has contributed to the EU’s satellite navigation system Galileo. Challenges:- Deadlock over BTIA: The negotiations for a Broad-based Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) were held between 2007 to 2013 but have remained dormant/suspended since then. EU primarily remains a trade bloc: This has resulted in a lack of substantive agreements on matters such as regional security and connectivity. China’s influence: The EU has a high dependence on the Chinese market. It is a major partner in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Ukrainian war: EU expects India to criticize Russia. MUST READ: India-EU ties SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to India’s projects on connectivity, consider the following statements: (2023) The East-West Corridor under the Golden Quadrilateral Project connects Dibrugarh and Surat. A Trilateral Highway connects Moreh in Manipur and Chiang Mai in Thailand via Myanmar. Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor connects Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh with Kunming in China. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2023) Statement-I: Recently, the United States of America (USA) and the European Union (EU) have launched the Trade and Technology Council’. Statement-II: The USA and the EU claim that through this, they are trying to bring technological progress and physical productivity under their control. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I Statement-I is correct but Statement II is incorrect Statement-I is incorrect but Statement II is correct International Criminal Court Syllabus Prelims –IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS Context: The Armenian parliament recently, voted to join the International Criminal Court. Background:- The move is likely to further strain Armenia’s deteriorating relation with its ally Russia, which last month called Armenia’s push to join the ICC an “unfriendly step.” About Armenia:- IMAGE SOURCE: operationworld.org Continent: Asia. Capital: Yerevan. Armenia is a landlocked country. It is located toward the end of the southern Caucasus Mountains. Bordering countries: Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (a disputed territory), Turkey, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (an exclave of Azerbaijan), Georgia, and Iran. About International Criminal Court:- Establishment: 2002. HQ: Hague, Netherlands. Official languages: English, French, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Spanish. The International Criminal Court (ICC) is an international organization and international tribunal. The Court’s founding treaty, called the Rome Statute. India is not a party to the Rome Statute along with US and China. It is the world’s first permanent international criminal court. ​The International Criminal Court (ICC) investigates and, where warranted, tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community. ICC’s Jurisdiction:- It grants the ICC jurisdiction over four main crimes. First: the crime of genocide. It is characterized by the specific intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group by killing its members or by other means: causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group.

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Swavlamban 2.0 Syllabus Prelims –DEFENSE Context: The second edition of the Indian Navy’s Naval Innovation and Indigenization Seminar, Swavlamban 2.0, took place in Delhi recently. Background:- The event will unveil the Autonomous Weaponized Boat Swarms for the Indian Navy. About Swavlamban 2.0:- Date: 4th and 5th October 2023. Venue: New Delhi. Maiden edition of the seminar: July 2022. Naming: the term”Swavlamban” signifies self-reliance or self-sufficiency in Hindi. “Swavlamban 2.0” is an updated indigenization roadmap aimed at fostering self-reliance in technological capabilities. (Military Exercises) Objective: to showcase the Navy’s achievements in developing new technologies and outline the course for future developments. It is the Naval Innovation & Indigenisation Organisation’s (NIIO) annual seminar. Niche technologies are being progressed across the spectrum, including:- Blue-green lasers for underwater application Autonomous weaponised swarms and Underwater swarm drones Multiple firefighting aid Introduction of Artificial Intelligence (Al) for various uses Development of an ultra-endurance small drone for maritime missions. 75 prototypes of these will be showcased during “Swavlamban-2023”. This will include a live demo of a few promising technologies. Historic Background:- The Hon’ble Prime Minister launched the 75 challenges for the start-ups/ MSMEs as a part of the ‘SPRINT’ initiative. The ‘SPRINT Challenges’, are aimed at giving a boost to the usage of indigenous technology in the Indian Navy, and the Navy is committed to developing at least 75 technologies/ products as part of the ‘Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav’. SPRINT is a collaborative initiative being undertaken in conjunction with the Defence Innovation Organisation (DIO) and stands for Supporting Pole-Vaulting in R&D through Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX), NIIO and Technology Development Acceleration Cell (TDAC). Significance:- It aims to reduce dependence on foreign technologies and promote domestic innovation. It aligns with efforts to involve Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and start-ups in developing futuristic technologies that meet global standards at a more economical cost. MUST READ: New Naval Ensign (flag) for the Indian Navy SOURCE: FINANCIAL EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to Home Guards, consider the following statements: (2023) Home Guards are raised under the Home Guards Act and Rules of the Central Government. The role of the Home Guards is to serve as an auxiliary force to the police in the maintenance of internal security. To prevent infiltration on the international border/ coastal areas, the Border Wing Home Guards Battalions have been raised in some states. How many of the above statements are correct? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Recently, India signed a deal known as ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field’ with which of the following countries? (2019) Japan Russia The United Kingdom The United States of America GST Council Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: The Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will chair the 52nd GST Council meeting in New Delhi recently. About GST Council:- The GST Council is a constitutional body established under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution. It is a joint forum of the Centre and the states to discuss issues relating to GST. GST is one of the biggest indirect tax reforms in the country. It has subsumed indirect taxes like excise duty, Value Added Tax (VAT), service tax, luxury tax, etc. The 101st Amendment Act of 2016 (122nd Amendment Bill), paved the way for the implementation of GST. Salient features of GST Council:- Article 279-A: gives the President the authority to appoint a GST Council by executive order. Members: The members of the Council include the Union Finance Minister (chairperson), and the Union Minister of State (Finance) from various states. Chairperson: The GST Council is chaired by the Union Finance Minister. Functions:- As per Article 279, is meant to make recommendations to the Union and the states on important issues related to GST. These include the goods and services that may be subjected or exempted from GST and model GST Laws. It also decides on various rate slabs of GST. MUST READ: GST- Five years on SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following situations best reflects “Indirect Transfers” often talked about in media recently with reference to India? (2022) An Indian company investing in a foreign enterprise and paying taxes to the foreign country on the profits arising out of its investment A foreign company investing in India and paying taxes to the country based on the profits arising out of its investment An Indian company purchases tangible assets in a foreign country and sells such assets after their value increases and transfers the proceeds to India A foreign company transfers shares and such shares derive their substantial value from assets located in India  Q.2) What is/are the most likely advantages of implementing ‘Goods and Services Tax (GST)’? (2017) It will replace multiple taxes collected by multiple authorities and will thus create a single market in India. It will drastically reduce the ‘Current Account Deficit’ of India and will enable it to increase its foreign exchange reserves. It will enormously increase the growth and size of the economy of India and will enable it to overtake China in the near future. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Syllabus Prelims –Medieval History Context: As per recent announcements, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s ‘wagh nakh’ will be brought back to Maharashtra from a London museum. About the story of Shivaji’s Wagah Nakh:- The wagh nakh is a medieval claw-like dagger, designed to either fit over the knuckles or be concealed under the palm. It literally means ‘tiger claws’. It was used across the Indian subcontinent. The weapon consisted of four or five curved blades affixed to a glove or a bar of some kind. It was a weapon used for personal defense or stealth attack, and could easily slice through skin and flesh. The most famous use of the wagh nakh in history comes from the story of Afzal Khan’s killing by Shivaji used

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Abort Mission 1(TV-D1) Syllabus Prelims –SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-SPACE Context: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has started preparing for the flight test Vehicle Abort Mission 1(TV-D1) for the Gaganyaan mission. Background:- The Space Agency has said that the unmanned flight tests for the Gaganyaan mission will commence soon. ISRO will also test the efficacy of the Crew Escape System which is a crucial part of the Gaganyaan mission, resulting in unmanned and manned missions to outer space by 2024. About Abort Mission 1(TV-D1):- Conducted by: The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Objective: to ensure crew safety during the Gaganyaan mission. The abort missions are meant to test the systems that can help the crew escape from the spacecraft mid-flight in case of a failure. ISRO has developed test vehicles for the abort missions. These can send the systems up to a certain height, simulate failure, and then check the escape system. Test Vehicle (TV-D1) is the first development flight. The Test Vehicle is a single-stage liquid rocket. Payloads: consist of the Crew Module (CM) and Crew Escape Systems (CES) with their fast-acting solid motors, along with CM fairing (CMF) and Interface Adapters. Escape system is designed with five “quick-acting” solid fuel motors with a high burn rate propulsion system, and fins to maintain stability. The Crew Escape Systems (CES) will separate from the crew module by firing explosive nuts. Mission plan:- This flight will simulate the abort condition during the ascent trajectory corresponding to a Mach number of 1.2 encountered in the Gaganyaan mission. CES with CM will be separated from the Test Vehicle at an altitude of about 17 km. Subsequently, the abort sequence will be executed autonomously commencing with the separation of CES and deployment of the series of parachutes. Finally, culminating in the safe touchdown of CM in the sea, about 10 km from the coast of Sriharikota. Significance:- The success of this test flight will set the stage for the remaining qualification tests and unmanned missions, leading to the first Gaganyaan mission with Indian Astronauts. It will help ISRO focus on perfecting the system that will launch and land Indians on missions to space and protect the astronauts if the mission fails. MUST READ: Space Economy of India SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System? (2023) Australia Canada Israel Japan Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2023) Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Card-on-file tokenization facility Syllabus Prelims –ECONOMY Context: The RBI recently, announced the introduction of a card-on-file tokenization facility at the issuer bank level. Background:- Currently, Card-on-File (CoF) tokens can only be created through merchant applications or on the webpage of the e-commerce website. Given the growing acceptance and benefits of tokenization of card data, it is now proposed to introduce Card-on-File Tokenisation (CoFT) creation facilities directly at the issuer bank level. About card-on-file tokenization facility:- The central bank introduced Card-on-File Tokenization (CoFT) in September 2021 and began implementation on October 1, 2022. Objective: to enhance convenience for cardholders in getting tokens created and linking them to their existing accounts with e-commerce applications. Tokenization is the replacement of actual credit and debit card details with an alternate code called the “token”, which will be unique for a combination of card, token requestor, and device. A CoF transaction occurs when a cardholder authorizes a retailer to store the cardholder’s Mastercard or Visa payment information. The cardholder then authorizes the business to charge the stored Mastercard or Visa account. Card information is typically stored in the systems of e-commerce companies, airlines, and supermarket chains. Significance: The move will facilitate the creation and linking of tokens to cardholders’ existing accounts with e-commerce applications. Benefits of tokenization:- Enhanced safety and security: It eliminates the risk of storing card details online and ensures the uncompromised convenience of storing customer’s token details on the merchant site. Quicker checkouts: Tokenized Mastercard will allow the convenience of quick checkouts as one doesn’t need to punch in the card number for each purchase. No more ‘False Declines’: Many times, legitimate online payments using valid cards are declined on the grounds of the transaction looking like a fraud. With tokenization, this becomes a thing of the past as the usage of tokens for payments confirms the security of the highest order. Easy card management: With tokenization, one can also keep track of all their cards and the merchants they have been tokenized with. No need for a physical card Added benefits: Tokenization also comes with cashback benefits when secured with platforms like Amazon, Paytm, Swiggy, etc. MUST READ: Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) SOURCE: BUSINESS LINE PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements: If the inflation is too high, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is likely to buy government securities. If the rupee is rapidly depreciating, RBI is likely to sell dollars in the market. If interest rates in the USA or European Union were to fall, that is likely to induce RBI to buy dollars. Which of the statements given above are correct? (2022) 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), consider the following statements: They enable the digital representation of physical assets. They are unique cryptographic tokens that exist on a blockchain. They can be traded or exchanged at equivalency and therefore can be used as a medium transactions of commercial Which of the statements given above are correct? (2022) 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI)

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) SHRESHTA (Residential Education for Students in High Schools in Targeted Areas) Syllabus Prelims –GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Context: The expenditure under the Scheme for Residential Education for Students in High Schools in Targeted Areas (SHRESHTA) from 2020-21 to 2023-24 was released recently. About SHRESHTA (Residential Education for Students in High Schools in Targeted Areas):- Launched: June 2022. Ministry: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. Objective: for the purpose of providing seats for the meritorious SC boys and girls in the best private residential schools in the country. Salient Features:- This scheme was launched for Scheduled Castes, as they have faced historical injustices in a hierarchical society and education is the most powerful tool to empower them as a community. The scheme will provide a level playing field to the poor and meritorious SC students. (New National Education Policy) It aims to enhance the reach of development Intervention of the Government and to fill the gap in service-deficient SCs dominant areas, in the sector of education through the efforts of grant-in-aid institutions (run by NGOs) and residential high schools offering high-quality education and provide the environment for socio-economic upliftment and overall development of the Scheduled Castes (SCs). Modes of implementation:- The scheme is being implemented in two Modes:- SHRESHTA schools:- Under this, each year a specified number of meritorious SC students in States/UTs will be selected through the National Entrance Test for SHRESHTA (NETS) to be conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA). These would be admitted to the best private residential schools affiliated by the CBSE/State Board in classes 9th and 11th for completion of education till 12th standard. Selection of schools: Best performing CBSE-based private residential schools, having more than 75% pass percentage for classes 10 and 12 for the last three years are selected by a Committee for admission of selected students. Eligibility/Selection of students: Approx 3000 (1500 for 9th class and 1500 for class 11th tentative) SC students, whose parent’s annual income is up to 2.5 lakh, are selected every year under the Scheme through a national-level test conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA). The choices of schools shall be offered to the students in accordance with their merit. (Education & Nation Building) NGO/VO-operated Schools/Hostels: These include EXISTING COMPONENT, Guidelines hereinafter applicable only for Mode 2 of the Scheme, Schools/Hostels. These are run by VOs/NGOs and other organizations having higher classes (up to class 12) and who have been receiving Grant-in-aid will be continued, subject to satisfactory performance. MUST READ: Gender gap in education SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of the “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India? (2018) Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centers within our national geographical boundaries. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places, and major tourist centres. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) What is the aim of the programme ‘Unnat Bharat Abhiyan’? (2017) Achieving 100% literacy by promoting collaboration between voluntary organizations the government’s education system and local communities. Connecting institutions of higher education with local communities to address development challenges through appropriate technologies. Strengthening India’s scientific research institutions in order to make India a scientific and technological power. Developing human capital by allocating special funds for health care and education of rural and urban poor, and organizing skill development programmes and vocational training for them. Afghanistan Earthquake Syllabus Prelims – GEOGRAPHY Context: A 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck about 40km from the western city of Herat, Afghanistan recently. Background:- In Afghanistan, the death toll from strong earthquakes has risen to over 2,400 as search and rescue efforts continue amid reports that some people may be trapped under collapsed buildings. About Earthquake:- An earthquake is the shaking or trembling of the earth’s surface. It is caused by the seismic waves or earthquake waves that are generated due to a sudden movement (sudden release of energy) in the earth’s crust (shallow-focus earthquakes) or upper mantle (some shallow-focus and all intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes). A seismograph, or seismometer, is an instrument used to detect and record earthquakes. Hypocentre/Focus: The point where the energy is released. Epicentre: The point on the surface directly above the focus. Isoseismic line: A line connecting all points on the surface where the intensity is the same. Causes of Earthquakes:- Fault Zones Plate tectonics Volcanic activity Human-Induced Earthquakes Types of Earthquakes:- Tectonic Earthquakes The most common ones are tectonic earthquakes. The Earth is made of four basic layers (generally three): a solid crust, a hot, nearly solid mantle, a liquid outer core, and a solid inner core. Tectonic plates (Lithospheric plates) are constantly shifting as they drift around on the viscous, or slowly flowing, mantle layer below. When tectonic plates move, it also causes movements at the (Anatolian Plate) Thus, the slipping of land along the faultline along convergent, divergent and transform boundaries causes earthquakes. Volcanic Earthquake Earthquakes produced by stress changes in solid rock due to the injection or withdrawal of magma (molten rock) are called volcano earthquakes. ( Volcano) Human Induced Earthquakes In areas of intense mining activity, sometimes the roofs of underground mines collapse causing minor tremors. These are called collapse earthquakes. Ground shaking may also occur due to the explosion of chemical or nuclear devices. Such tremors are called explosion earthquakes. MUST READ: Reimagining Disaster Management SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following has been constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986? (2022) Central Water Commission Central Ground Water Board Central Ground Water Authority National Water Development Agency Q.2) consider the following statements: (2020) Jet streams occur in the Northern Hemisphere only. Only some cyclones develop an eye. The temperature inside the eye of a cyclone is nearly