Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Lines of Credit (LoCs) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recent reports suggest that India’s future Lines of Credit (LoCs) to Africa could focus on defence exports to meet the requirements of the continent. About Lines of Credit (LoCs):- IMAGE SOURCE: INVESTOPEDIA It is a credit facility extended by a bank or any other financial institution that enables the customer to draw the maximum loan amount. Lender: it can be given by a bank or any other financial institution. Borrower: it can be given to a government, business or individual customer. Time limit: the set borrowing limit can be tapped into at any time. Transaction Limit: the borrower can take money out until the maximum limit is reached. Usage in international relations: it is a soft loan provided on concessional interest rates to developing countries. It is not a grant and has to be repaid by the borrowing government. Types of credit lines:  personal, business, and home equity, among others. Advantages: it has built-in flexibility, which is its main advantage. Borrowers can request a certain amount, but they do not have to use it all.  They can tailor their spending from the LOC to their needs. They owe interest only on the amount that they draw, not on the entire credit line. Disadvantages: high-interest rates, penalties for late payments, and the potential to overspend. India-Africa Relations:- IMAGE SOURCE: YourStory Historical Ties India’s trade relations with Africa date back several centuries.  (UPSC CSE: India-Africa: Challenges & Way Ahead) The presence of Indians in East Africa is documented in the ‘Periplus of the Erythraean Sea’ or Guidebook of the Red Sea by an ancient Greek author written in 60 AD. Mahatma Gandhi: he began his political career in South Africa. (UPSC CSE: India and Mahatma Gandhi) Non-Alignment Movement (NAM): India was a forerunner as a champion of the interests of the developing countries from Africa among other third-world countries. (UPSC CSE: NAM) Importance of Africa Africa is home to over half a dozen of the fastest-growing countries in the world. African continent has a population of over one billion with a combined GDP of 2.5 trillion dollars making it a huge potential market. Africa is a resource-rich nation dominated by commodities like crude oil, gas, pulses and lentils, leather, gold and other metals, all of which India lack in sufficient quantities. India is seeking diversification of its oil supplies away from the Middle East and Africa can play an important role in India’s energy matrix. India’s Initiatives in Africa India Africa Forum Summit ) is the official platform for African-Indian relations. It was launched in 2008. India is investing in capacity building providing more than $1 billion in technical assistance and training to personnel under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program. ITEC: is the leading capacity-building platform of the Ministry Of External Affairs. Instituted in 1964. Have trained more than 200,000 officials from 160+ countries in both the civilian and the defence sectors. India has invested $100 million in the Pan-African E-Network. Objective: to bridge the digital divide in Africa, leveraging its strengths in information technology. Indian military academies offer training to military officers from a number of African states. Asian Africa Growth Corridor: jointly prepared by Indian and Japanese think tanks. The corridor will focus on Developing Cooperation Projects, Quality Infrastructure and Institutional Connectivity, skill enhancement, and People-to-People Partnerships. MUST READ: Credit in the Economy SOURCE: THE ECONOMIC TIMES PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) “Rapid Financing Instrument” and “Rapid Credit Facility” are related to the provisions of lending by which of the following: (2022) Asian Development Bank International Monetary Fund United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative World Bank Q.2) With reference to the “G20 Common Framework”, consider the following statements: (2022) It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 together with the Paris Club. It is an initiative to support Low-Income Countries with unsustainable debt. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Cyclone Biparjoy Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Heavy to extremely heavy rainfall was predicted over Kutch, north Gujarat, and south Rajasthan regions recently as Cyclone Biparjoy moved northeastwards. About Cyclonic Storm Biparjoy:- IMAGE SOURCE: AIR A deep depression over the southeast Arabian Sea intensified into a cyclonic storm Biparjoy. Origin:  southeast Arabian Sea Naming: Bangladesh gave a tropical cyclone the name “Biparjoy,” which is Bengali for “calamity” or “disaster. (UPSC CSE: Naming of Cyclone) Cyclone: a low-pressure system that forms over warm waters.  Usually, a high temperature anywhere means the existence of low-pressure air, and a low temperature means high-pressure wind. Frequency of Cyclones in the Arabian Sea Frequency: It has fewer cyclones compared to the Bay of Bengal. This is because the Bay of Bengal is warmer. Favorable Month: June Factors Influencing Cyclone Formation: Cyclones form due to low-pressure systems over warm waters. The Arabian Sea is getting warmer due to climate change, leading to an increase in cyclones. (UPSC CSE: More cyclones in the Arabian Sea) Tropical Cyclones Intense circular storm over warm oceans with low pressure. It brings high winds and heavy rain. Conditions for formation: Warm sea surface temperatures, anticlockwise rotation of low-level air, favourable atmospheric conditions. Tropical Cyclones in India:- Origin: Tropical cyclones striking India generally originate in the Bay of Bengal. Frequency: Cyclones occur in the months of May–June and October–November. MUST READ: Cyclones forecast SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) High clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. Low clouds have a high absorption of infrared radiation emanating from the Earth’s surface and thus cause a warming effect. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year normally occurs in the: (2022) First half of the month of June The second half of the month of June The first half of the month

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Gandhi Peace Prize 2021 Syllabus Prelims – Important Awards Context: According to recent reports, the Gandhi Peace Prize 2021 will be conferred to Gita Press, Gorakhpur. About Gandhi Peace Prize 2021:- Origin: it was instituted in 1995, on the occasion of the 125th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. 1995: Dr Julius K. Nyerere, former President of Tanzania was awarded the first award. Dr Julius K. Nyerere: was also the major force behind the movements for African Unity. Time: it is an annual award. (UPSC CSE: Nobel peace prize 2021) Significance: it is a tribute to the ideals espoused by Mahatma Gandhi. (UPSC CSE: Mahatma Gandhi) Mahatma Gandhi: a lawyer, nationalist, and anti-colonial activist.  He led a non-violent mass movement against the British rule of India. Early movements by Gandhiji: Champaran Satyagraha (1917), Kheda Satyagraha (1918), 1920: Non-Cooperation Movement(1920), Civil Disobedience Movement(1930), Quit India movement(1942). Works: newspapers including Harijan(Gujarati), Indian Opinion and Young India(English). Autobiography: The Story Of My Experiments with Truth. Eligibility for Award: the award is open to all persons regardless of nationality, race, language, caste, creed or gender. Ministry: Ministry of Culture The award carries an amount of one crore rupees, a citation and a plaque. Jury: it is chaired by Hon’ble Prime Minister, and comprises two ex-officio members, namely the Chief Justice of India and  Leader of the single largest Opposition Party in Lok Sabha. Recent Awardees:- 2020: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. (UPSC MAINS: 971 Indo-Pak war) Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: Father of Nation in Bangladesh. 2021: Gita Press. Gita Press: it was established in 1923, and is one of the world’s largest publishers. MUST READ: Gandhi Mandela Award SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements in respect of the Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards. (2021) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titled under Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India. Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once. The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year. Which of the above statements is not correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following best defines the term “State”? (2021) A community of persons permanently occupying a definite territory independent of external control and possessing an organized government. A politically organized people of a definite territory possessing an authority to govern them, maintain law and order, protect their natural rights and safeguard their means of sustenance. A number of persons who have been living in a definite territory for a very long time with their own culture, tradition and government. A society permanently living in a definite with a central authority, an executive responsible to the central authority and an independent judiciary. WASP-76b Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: An international team of astronomers announced they conducted a detailed study of the extremely hot giant exoplanet WASP-76 b. About WASP-76b: The planet orbits the massive star WASP-76, which is about 634 light-years away from our planet in the direction of the constellation Pisces. WASP-76 b orbits very close to its parent star, around 12 times closer than Mercury is to the Sun. The planet has a mass similar to that of Jupiter, but it is more than six times larger by volume. The planet is tidally-locked, meaning that one of its sides permanently faces the star that it orbits. This means that one side is constantly superheated while another side is much colder. This could mean that the wind carries the iron atoms from the dayside to the night side. When the iron reaches the transition point between the two sides, the temperature decreases and the iron will condense into liquid drops that fall to the land. The researchers used the MAROON-X instrument of the Gemini-North Telescope to conduct a detailed study of the planet. Source:   IE International Monetary Fund (IMF) Syllabus Prelims – Important Institutions Context: Bangladesh recently announced that it will adopt the International Monetary Fund (IMF) mandated method to calculate its foreign reserves. About IMF:- IMAGE SOURCE: IMF It is an international organization that works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its member countries. Established in 1944 HQ: Washington, D.C. (United States of America) Members: 190 India is a member. Any other state, whether or not a member of the UN, may become a member of the IMF. Structure:– At the top of its organization is the Board of Governors. The day-to-day work of the IMF is overseen by its 24-member Executive Board. The Managing Director is the head of the IMF staff and Chair of the Executive Board. S/he is assisted by four Deputy Managing Directors. Funding: the IMF’s resources mainly come from the money that countries pay as their capital subscription (quotas) when they become members. Objectives of IMF:- Foster global monetary cooperation. Secure financial stability. Facilitate international trade. Promote high employment and sustainable economic growth. Reduce poverty around the world. (UPSC MAINS: Role of IMF) Macroeconomic growth. Policy advice & financing for developing countries. Promotion of exchange rate stability, and an international payment system. Functions:- Lending The IMF provides loans including emergency loans to member countries experiencing actual or potential balance of payments problems. The aim is to help them rebuild their international reserves, stabilize their currencies, continue paying for imports, and restore conditions for strong economic growth while correcting underlying problems. Surveillance The IMF monitors the international monetary system and global economic developments.  It identifies risks and recommends policies for growth and financial stability. Capacity Development The IMF provides technical assistance and training to governments, including central banks, finance ministries, revenue administrations, and financial sector supervisory agencies. FLAGSHIP PUBLICATIONS:- World Economic Outlook Global Financial Stability Report Fiscal Monitor IMF and India India is a founder member of the IMF. Post-partition period: IMF came to the rescue when India had a serious balance of payments deficits, particularly with the dollar and

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Sickle Cell Anaemia Disease Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: Recently, a workshop to educate people about Sickle Cell Anaemia Disease was held in New Delhi. About Sickle Cell Anaemia Disease:- IMAGE SOURCE: SlideServe Discovery:  in 1910 by James Herrick. Sickle cell anaemia is a group of inherited disorders known as sickle cell disease.(UPSC CSE: Rare Diseases) It affects the shape of red blood cells. Red blood cells: contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen to all parts of the body. Cause: It is transmitted by parents carrying a defective ‘beta globin’ gene. Disease condition: under normal conditions, the red blood cells being round and flexible move easily through blood vessels. However, in sickle cell anaemia, some of the red blood cells acquire the shape of sickles or crescent moons. These sickle cells become rigid and sticky. When they travel through small blood vessels, they get stuck and clog the blood flow. This can cause pain and other serious health problems such as infection, acute chest syndrome and stroke. .  (UPSC CSE: Polio Disease) The sickle cells also die early, which causes a constant shortage of red blood cells.  Symptoms:- Chronic Anaemia: leading to fatigue, weakness, and paleness. Painful episodes (also known as sickle cell crisis): these can cause sudden and intense pain in the bones, chest, back, arms, and legs. Delayed growth and puberty. Mortality rate:- Mortality rate refers to the percentage of people with a condition who died within a certain period. Sickle cell disease mortality burden is highest in children. However, the mortality rate of SCA for children has dropped dramatically over the last few decades. A 1975 study indicated a mortality rate of 9.3 per cent for people with SCA under the age of 23. However, by 1989, the mortality rate for people with SCA under the age of 20 dropped to 2.6 per cent. Treatment:- Blood Transfusions: These can help relieve anaemia and reduce the risk of pain crises. Hydroxyurea: This is a medication that can help reduce the frequency of painful episodes and prevent some of the long-term complications of the disease. It can also be treated by bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. Bone marrow transplant: a medical treatment that replaces the bone marrow with healthy cells. It can be used to treat certain types of cancer, such as leukaemia, myeloma, and lymphoma, and other blood and immune system diseases that affect the bone marrow. Government initiatives:- Ministry of Tribal Affairs: launched a portal wherein people can register themselves, in order to collate all information related to SCA among tribal groups. National Health Mission guideline on Hemoglobinopathies: it also identifies “establishing services at the community level for pre-marital and pre-conception screening backed by genetic counselling services” as a strategy for addressing SCA. Government released technical operational guidelines: for the prevention and control of hemoglobinopathies in 2016 including sickle cell anaemia. Integrated centres: have been established in 22 tribal districts for treatment and diagnosis. State Haemoglobinopathy Mission: established in Madhya Pradesh to address the challenges in screening and management of the disease. Union Budget 2023-24: the government has announced a mission to eliminate Sickle cell Anemia by 2047. Under this universal screening of seven crore people in the age group of 0-40 years in affected tribal areas would be done through collaborative efforts of central ministries and state governments. MUST READ: Disease Surveillance System SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements: (2021) Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondrial replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of the egg. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from the mother and not from the father. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Consider the following statements: Adenoviruses have single-stranded DNA genomes whereas retroviruses have double-stranded DNA genomes. Common cold is sometimes caused by an adenovirus whereas AIDS is caused by a retrovirus. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Ketoprofen and Aceclofenac Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Recently, the Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB), recommended banning the manufacture, sale and distribution of Ketoprofen and Aceclofenac. About Aceclofenac:- IMAGE SOURCE: SlideShare Aceclofenac is an oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). NSAID: medications used for reducing pain (analgesic), decreasing fever (antipyretic), preventing blood clots (anti-thrombotic) and decreasing inflammation (anti-inflammatory). Uses:  to treat non-inflammatory conditions such as migraine, period pain and postoperative pain, and to reduce fever. Common NSAIDs: aspirin (such as Disprin), ibuprofen (such as Nurofen) , naproxen (such as Naprosyn), diclofenac (such as Voltaren), celecoxib (such as Celebrex). Aceclofenac has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Analgesic: medicines used to reduce pain. Anti-inflammatory: medicines used to decrease inflammation. Working Mechanism: Aceclofenac works by preventing the release of a chemical substance that causes pain and swelling in your body. Uses- It is used in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. It provides relief from pain, stiffness, and swelling due to various conditions related to the bone and joints. It is also used to provide relief from headaches, toothaches, backaches, menstrual pain, sprains, and strains. Side effects: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, stomach pain, indigestion, and diarrhoea. Ketoprofen Ketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to treat pain or inflammation caused by arthritis. Other Uses:- It is used to relieve pain, tenderness, swelling and stiffness in conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.  It is also used to relieve minor aches and pains from headaches, menstrual periods, toothaches, the common cold, fever, muscle aches, backaches, etc. Side effects:- Indigestion, Dizziness, Headache, Nausea, Diarrhea, Rash, Abdominal pain etc. Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) DTAB is a statutory body under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. It is the highest decision-making body on technical matters related to drugs in the country. It is part of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) International Day of Yoga (IDY) Syllabus Prelims –Governance Context: Recently, the Indian Navy announced its plan to organise the ‘Ocean Ring of Yoga’ to commemorate International Yoga Day. About International Day of Yoga (IDY):- IMAGE SOURCE: WordPress.com The International Day of Yoga (IDY) is celebrated on 21 June, every year. June 21 was selected as “Yoga Day” because it is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere (Summer Solstice). It is also considered important in Indian mythology as it marks the start of Yogic science. Objective: to inculcate a habit of meditation for the peace of mind and the self-awareness which is necessary to survive in a stress-free environment. First Yoga Day celebrations: 2015. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued a commemorative coin of 10 rupees, in 2015 to mark the International Day of Yoga. UN Postal Administration (UNPA) issued 10 stamps on Asanas in UNPA: is the postal agency of the United Nations, which issues postage stamps and postal stationery. Theme 2023: Yoga for Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam Historical Background:- The idea of the International Day of Yoga (IDY) was proposed by India during the opening of the 69th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), held in 2014. This proposal was backed by 177 nations, which led the UN to declare June 21 as the “International Day of Yoga. The UN proclaimed 21st June as IDY by passing a resolution in December 2014. The first Yoga Day celebrations at Rajpath in New Delhi created two Guinness World Records. It was the world’s largest yoga session with 35,985 people. Significance of the Day:- It spreads awareness about the practice of yoga. Its holistic approach helps maintain physical and mental well-being. Yoga The word ‘yoga’ is derived from Sanskrit and means to join or to unite. It symbolizes the union of body and consciousness. Yoga is an ancient physical, mental and spiritual practice. It originated in India. UNESCO put it on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2016. UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity: includes forms of expression that demonstrate the diversity of intangible heritage and raises awareness of its importance. India has 13 intangible heritage including Yoga as a part of this list. (UPSC CSE: UNESCO Heritage Sites in Maharashtra) Related Initiatives M-Yoga App:-The app is a work of collaboration between the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (Ministry of AYUSH), Government of India. New website for International Day of Yoga (IDY):-This web portal provides all the updated and relevant information relating to the International Day of Yoga. Yoga as a sport:-The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, after reviewing the categorization of various Sports disciplines, recognized Yoga as a sports discipline and placed it in the ‘Priority’ category in 2015. Common Yoga Protocol:-It is an initiative of the Ministry of AYUSH. Vocational Education Courses in Yoga:-The Beauty & Wellness Sector Skill Council (B&WSSC) has vocational education courses in Yoga for CBSE schools. Skilling initiatives:-Thousands of candidates have been trained as yoga instructors and trainers through various skilling initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY). PMKVY: it is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. Fit India Movement:-Yoga is also a part of the Fit India Movement. Fit India Movement: a nationwide campaign that aims at encouraging people to include physical activities and sports in their everyday lives. Ocean Ring of Yoga Ocean Ring of Yoga symbolizes unity and solidarity. Organized by: Ministry of Defence and other ministries. Implementation: Indian Navy ships deployed in the Indian Ocean Region will be visiting various ports of friendly foreign countries in support of the IDY-23 initiative. They will spread the message of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’, which is also the theme for IDY 23. The Indian Navy has been an ambassador for Yoga across the seas for several years. This year, Indian Navy is actively supporting the IDY at a global scale as port calls are planned at Chattogram, Bangladesh; Safaga, Egypt; Jakarta, Indonesia; Mombasa, Kenya; Toamasina, Madagascar; Muscat, Oman; Colombo, Sri Lanka; Phuket, Thailand; and Dubai, UAE by IN Ships Kiltan, Chennai, Shivalik, Sunayna, Trishul, Tarkash, Vagir, Sumitra and Brahmaputra respectively. The IDY-23 activities by the Indian Naval ships at foreign ports are planned to involve the ship’s crew and personnel from the host country. MUST READ: New sites added to India’s tentative list of UNESCO world heritage sites SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) consider the following statements: (2021) 21st February is declared International Mother Language Day by UNICEF. The demand that Bangla has to be one of the national languages was raised in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Q.2) Consider the following pairs: (2018) Crafts                              Heritage of Puthukkuli Shawls          Tamil Nadu Sujni Embroidery            Maharashtra Uppada Jamdani saris    Karnataka Which of the pairs given above is /are correct? 1 only 1 and 2 3 only 2 and 3 Employees Provident Fund Organisation Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Recent data released by the Employees Provident Fund Organisation, revealed that it has added 17.20 lakh net members in April this year. About Employees Provident Fund Organisation:- EPFO is one of the World’s largest Social Security Organizations in terms of clientele and the volume of financial transactions undertaken. Establishment: 1952. Ministry: Ministry of Labour & Employment. HQ: New Delhi. It is a government organization that manages the provident fund (PF) and pension accounts of member employees. Provident fund (PF): it is an investment fund contributed to by employees, employers, and (sometimes) the state, out of which a lump sum is provided to each employee on retirement. Functions: It implements the Employees’ Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952. Historical

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Mesolithic period rock painting Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: A Mesolithic period rock painting has been found in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh recently. About the news: IMAGE SOURCE: SlideShare About Mesolithic-era rock paintings in Guntur:- The time period of these paintings is estimated to be Mesolithic Age, roughly from 5000 BC. These paintings were made with “natural white kaolin and red ochre pigments”. Ochre: a pigment composed of clay, sand, and ferric oxide. Kaolinite: a soft, earthy, and usually white mineral produced by the chemical weathering of aluminum silicate minerals like feldspar. The social life and culture of the people who lived in the area are depicted through them. One of the paintings depicted a man catching a wild goat with his left hand while wielding a hook-like implement to control it. Another showed two couples standing with their hands raised while a child stood behind them. The paintings depicted a person tilling a piece of land. This can be an indication of a semi-settled life pattern in which members of this community cultivated crops. Mesolithic period:- The phase fall between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic Periods. (UPSC SCE: Ratnagiri’s pre-historic rock art) Time Period: While the start and end dates of the Mesolithic Period vary by geographical region, it dates approximately from 12,000-10,000 years ago. Lifestyle: During the Mesolithic period, human societies were predominantly hunter-gatherer communities. Tools: Stone tools found during this period are generally tiny and are called Besides the use of microliths, the Mesolithic people made a number of technological innovations like the bow and arrow for hunting, querns, grinders and hammer stones for grinding and pulverising plant foods like roots, tubers etc. Indian Mesolithic sites:- Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. Tilwara, Bagor , Ganeshwar in Rajasthan Patne, Pachad, Hatkhamba in Maharashtra Pachmarhi, , Bhimbetka, Baghor II, Baghor III, Ghagharia in Madhya Pradesh Paisra in Bihar Kuchai in Odisha Birbhanpur in West Bengal Muchatla Chintamanu Gavi, Gauri Gundam in Andhra Pradesh Sanganakallu in Karnataka Tenmalai in Kerala. Specific characteristics of Mesolithic rock paintings:- This period mainly saw the use of red colour. It has a larger variety of themes but the paintings are smaller in size. Themes of paintings: The hunting scenes were predominant in the period. The paintings depict: People hunting in groups. Hunting armed with barbed spears, pointed sticks, arrows and bows. Animals depicted: elephants, bison, tiger, boar, deer, antelope, leopard, panther, rhinoceros, fish, frog, lizard, squirrel and at times birds. Animals were painted in a naturalistic style and humans were depicted in a stylistic manner. Social life: The young, old, children and women equally find a place in these paintings. Women are painted both nude and clothed. In many of the rock shelters handprints, fist prints, and dots made by the fingertips are found. One of the most prominent examples of the Mesolithic rock painting is found in Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh. (UPSC CSE: Bhimbetka cave) MUST READ: Weathering of oldest rock paintings due to climate change SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2022) Historical place                 Well-known for Burzahom             Rock-cut shrines Chandraketugarh Terracotta art Ganeshwar             Copper artefacts Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 only 1 and 2 3 only 2 and 3 Q.2) Which one of the following statements is correct? (2022) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of the Waghora River. Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of the Chambal River. Pandu – Lena cave shrines lie in the gorge of the Narmada River. Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of the Godavari River. GEMCOVAC-OM Syllabus Prelims – Science and Technology Context: India’s first mRNA-based Omicron-specific booster vaccine GEMCOVAC-OM was approved recently. About GEMCOVAC-OM:- IMAGE SOURCE: healthfeedback.org It was developed using indigenous (UPSC CSE: Nation’s first mRNA-based vaccine) Developed by: Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Ltd. It is supported under the Mission COVID Suraksha. It is a thermo-stable vaccine, which does not require ultra-cold chain infrastructure used for other approved mRNA-based vaccines. This makes it easy for deployment all across India. It is delivered intra-dermally using a needle-free injection device system. Intradermal injection: it is a shallow or superficial injection of a substance into the dermis (located between the epidermis and the hypodermis). When administered intradermal in participants as a booster, it generates significantly higher immune responses. Available: for adults over the age of 18. Dosage: two doses will be administered intramuscularly 28 days apart. mRNA vaccine It contains messenger RNA (mRNA). (UPSC CSE: mRNA Vaccine) mRNA: it is a single-stranded RNA molecule that complements DNA. It is created in the nucleus when DNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase to create pre-mRNA. Working: mRNA vaccines work by introducing a piece of mRNA that corresponds to a viral protein. It is usually a small piece of protein found on the virus’s outer membrane. Individuals who get an mRNA vaccine will not be exposed to the same virus again. Advantages of mRNA vaccines:- Safe: these are non-infectious, non-integrating in nature, and degraded by standard cellular mechanisms. Highly Efficient: they are highly efficacious because of their inherent capability of being translatable into the protein structure inside the cell cytoplasm. Faster to produce: mRNA vaccines are synthetic and do not require a host for growth, e.g., eggs or bacteria. Therefore, they can be quickly manufactured. Mission COVID Suraksha In 2020, the Government of India has announced the stimulus package of Rs. 900 crore for the Mission COVID Suraksha. Mission COVID Suraksha is India’s targeted effort to enable the development of indigenous, affordable and accessible vaccines for the country and will complement the ongoing mission of Atmanirbhar Bharat. It will be led by DBT and implemented by a dedicated Mission Implementation Unit at the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC). The existing activities under National Bio Pharma Mission (NBM) and Ind-CEPI Mission will provide complementary strengths to this Mission. The DBT is supporting the implementation of the Ind-CEPI Mission, “Epidemic preparedness through rapid vaccine development: Support of Indian vaccine development aligned with the global

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Syllabus Prelims – Important Institutions Context: Recently, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has published new standards for Food Serving Utensils Made from Agri By-Products. About Food Serving Utensils made from Agricultural by products: It is aimed at reducing plastic pollution and promoting sustainability. Advantages of implementing this standard:- Using biodegradable agri by-product utensils can contribute towards environmental safety, conserve natural resources, and promote a circular economy. These utensils are free from harmful additives and ensure consumer well-being. The standard also creates economic opportunities for farmers.  It supports sustainable agricultural practices, contributing to rural development.  In India, numerous large-scale and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises level manufacturers are actively contributing to the production of biodegradable cutlery, they will benefit immensely from this Standard. About the Bureau of Indian Standards:- BIS is the National Standard Body of India. (UPSC CSE: BIS) It was established in 1986. It was originally enacted under Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986. A new act (to replace the BIS Act of 1986) was introduced in the Lok Sabha, which was subsequently passed by both houses of the Parliament in 2016. HQ: New Delhi. Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution. Regional Offices: Kolkata (Eastern), Chennai (Southern), Mumbai (Western), Chandigarh (Northern) and Delhi (Central). Objectives of BIS:- Harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods. To provide thrust to standardization and quality control. Activities of BIS:- Standards formulation Product Certification Hallmarking Laboratory services Training services – National Institute of Training for Standardization Consumer Affairs and Publicity MUST READ: Quality Council of India (QCI) SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian credit rating agency. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2020) Quantitative restrictions on imports by foreign investors are prohibited. They apply to investment measures related to trade in both goods and services. They are not concerned with the regulation of foreign investment. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Directorate of Civil Aviation (DGCA) Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutes Context: Recently, the Directorate of Civil Aviation (DGCA) suspended the licence of a pilot of Air India. About Suspension of licence:- Time period: DGCA suspended the license of the Air India pilot for one year. Reason: This was done for allowing an unauthorized person into the cockpit during the Chandigarh-Leh flight. About the Directorate of Civil Aviation (DGCA):- It is the regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation primarily dealing with safety issues. (UPSC CSE: DGCA) Historical Background: DGCA was formally recognized as a body constituted by the Central Government after the revision to Section 4A of the Aircraft Act, 1934 in 2020. Objective: to carry out safety oversight and regulatory functions in respect of matters specified in the Act or the rules made thereunder. HQ: New Delhi. Ministry: Ministry of Civil Aviation. Headed by: Director General of Civil Aviation. Mandate: DGCA is responsible for the regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety, and airworthiness standards. Functions:- Registration of civil aircraft. Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft registered in India. Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers and flight engineers. It conducts examinations and checks for that purpose. Licensing of air traffic controllers. Air traffic controllers: they are responsible for ensuring the safe and efficient movement of aircraft in the airspace. Conducting an investigation into accidents/incidents and taking accident preventive measures. Coordination at the national level for flexible use of air space by civil and military air traffic agencies. Interaction with ICAO for the provision of more air routes for civil use through Indian air space. International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO): is a specialized agency of the United Nations that coordinates the principles and techniques of international air navigation. Promoting indigenous design and manufacture of aircraft. MUST READ: Reforms In Civil Aviation Industry SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to the “Tea Board” in India, consider the following statements: (2022) The Tea Board is a statutory body. It is a regulatory body attached to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. The Tea Board’s Head Office is situated in Bengaluru. The Board has overseas offices in Dubai and Moscow. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 3 2 and 4 3 and 4 1 and 4 Q.2) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements is correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. BBB helps Public Sector Banks develop strategies and capital-raising plans. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Global Gender Gap Report 2023 Syllabus Prelims – Social Issues Context: World Economic Forum (WEF) published the Global Gender Gap Report 2023 recently. About Global Gender Gap Report:- The Global Gender Gap Index is published annually since 2006. Published by: World Economic Forum (WEF). WEF:  a non-profit organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. It engages the foremost political, business, cultural and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. It benchmarks the current state and evolution of gender parity across four key dimensions:-  Economic Participation and Opportunity  Educational Attainment  Health and Survival Political Empowerment On each of these four sub-indices as well as on the overall index the GGG index provides scores between 0 and 1. 1: full gender parity 0: complete imparity.  It

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Artemis Accord Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: India and the United States of America signed the Artemis Accord recently. About the Indo-US talks:- The Artemis Accord along with some other significant decisions was signed during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s recent USA visit. It is expected to take India and US cooperation in Space Research and bilateral relations to a new high. ISRO is also likely to team up with NASA for a manned mission on the moon by 2025. About Artemis Accord:- IMAGE SOURCE: nasawatch.com Artemis Accord is a non-binding set of principles designed to guide civil space exploration and use in the 21st century. It is a non-binding agreement with no financial commitments. Objectives:- Enhancing the governance of civil exploration. Use of outer space with the intention of advancing the Artemis program. It ensures that space exploration is conducted in a safe, sustainable and transparent manner and in full compliance with international law. Establishment: 2020. Established by: NASA, in coordination with the U.S. Department of State, established the Artemis Accords with eight founder nations. Founding members of the Artemis Accords:  Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the US. Artemis Accords signatories as of May 2023: Australia, Bahrain, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, New Zealand, Nigeria, Poland, the Republic of Korea, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Aims of Artemis Accord:- Peaceful Purposes: Consistent with the Outer Space Treaty, the Artemis Accords affirm that cooperative activities should be exclusively for peaceful purposes and in accordance with international law.  (UPSC CSE: Indian Space Association) Outer Space Treaty: it provides the basic framework of international space law. Transparency: signatories are committed to the broad dissemination of information regarding their respective national space policies and space exploration plans in accordance with their national rules and regulations. Interoperability: Interoperability enhances the potential for space exploration that is safe and robust among cooperating nations. Emergency Assistance: Accords signatories commit to taking all reasonable efforts to render necessary assistance to personnel in outer space who are in distress. Registration of Space Objects: The Artemis Accords reinforce the importance of meeting the obligations under the Registration Convention. Release of Scientific Data: Sharing scientific data with the global community in a timely and transparent manner. Protecting Heritage: Accords signatories intend to preserve historically significant human or robotics landing sites, artefacts, spacecraft etc. Space Resources: The utilization of space resources should be done in a manner that complies with the Outer Space Treaty, can benefit humankind and is critical to sustainable operations. Deconfliction of Activities: Artemis Accords signatories need to provide notification of their activities and coordinate. The area covered by the notification and coordination is referred to as a “safety zone.” Orbital Debris and Spacecraft Disposal: Planning to mitigate orbital debris, as well as disposing safely of spacecraft, is critical to maintaining a safe environment in space. MUST READ: Space SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media? (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions. A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same surface. speed and places a probe on it. Q.2) If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (2022) GPS and navigation systems could fail. Tsunamis could occur in equatorial regions. Power grids could be damaged. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, 4 and 5 only 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Food Corporation of India (FCI) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, the Central Government directed the Food Corporation of India (FCI) to conduct e-auctions of wheat and rice. Background:- The government took the decision to check inflationary trends in retail prices. In order to control the hoarding of wheat, the government has decided that the declaration in the Wheat Stock Monitoring System portal is mandatory for participation in the auctions.  In addition to this, a valid Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) License has also been made mandatory for participation. FSSAI: statutory body established under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Established in 2008. HQ: New Delhi It is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety. The maximum quantity that a buyer can bid is limited to 100 Metric tonnes in this e-auction. To accommodate the small wheat processors and traders, the minimum quantity has been kept to 10 Metric tonnes. About Food Corporation of India (FCI):- The Food Corporation of India is a statutory body under the Food Corporation’s Act 1964. Established: 1965. Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. HQ: New Delhi Objectives of FCI:- Effective price support operations for safeguarding the interests of the farmers. Distribution of food grains throughout the country for the public distribution system. Maintaining a satisfactory level of operational and buffer stocks of foodgrains to ensure National Food Security. Effective Price Support Operations for safeguarding the interest of farmers. Functions of FCI:- Price stabilization through market intervention operations. Procurement and distribution of pulses, edible oils and sugar. (UPSC CSE: Procurement Reforms ) Management of Foodgrains godowns and cold storage. Implementation of a Food Security Scheme in

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Smart City Mission Syllabus Prelims – Governance Context: Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs hailed the progress of the Smart City Mission. Background:- The Smart City Mission has completed eight years recently. Union Minister Hardeep Singh Puri appreciated the achievements of the Smart City Mission. About Smart City Mission:- Launched in 2015. (UPSC CSE: SMART CITY MISSION @ 100) Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Smart Cities Mission is a joint effort of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), and all state and union territories (UT) governments. It is an innovative and new initiative by the Government of India to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people. Objectives of Smart Cities Mission:-                                                To promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of Smart Solutions. To drive economic growth and improve quality of life through comprehensive work on social, economic, physical and institutional pillars of the city. The focus is on sustainable and inclusive development through the creation of replicable models, which act as inspirations to other aspiring cities. The six fundamental principles on which the concept of Smart Cities is based are:- IMAGE SOURCE: smartcities.gov.in Financing:- The Smart City Mission is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS). The Central Government gives financial support to the Mission to the extent of Rs. 48,000 crores over five years i.e. on an average of 100 crore per city per year. An equal amount, on a matching basis, will have to be contributed by the State/ULB. Implementation:- The implementation of the Mission at the City level will be done by a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV). SPV: A special purpose vehicle, also called a special purpose entity (SPE), is a subsidiary created by a parent company to isolate financial risk. The SPV is promoted by the state/Union Territory and the urban local body, with a 50% equity shareholding each. The SPV formed as a limited company is governed by the Companies Act, 2013. Duration:- The Mission was to cover 100 cities and its duration will be five years (FY2015-16 to FY2019-20). It was aimed to be completed by 2019-20 but has since been extended. Smart city is envisaged to have four pillars:- Social Infrastructure. Physical Infrastructure. Institutional Infrastructure (including Governance). Economic Infrastructure. MUST READ: Smart Cities and Academia Towards Action & Research (SAAR) SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Atal Innovation Mission is set up under the (2019) Department of Science and Technology Ministry of Labour and Employment NITI Aayog Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Q.2) Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India ? (2018) Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres. Select the correct answer using the code given below : 1 and 2 only 3 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Mahadayi River Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Recently, tenders floated for the Kalasa Banduri project on the Mahadayi River have not shown success. Background:- Tenders for implementation of the controversial Kalasa Banduri scheme were floated by the previous BJP government minutes before the Karnataka Assembly elections were announced. They were put out without obtaining forest and environment clearance. The tenders are open for bidding till 21st August 2023 but are unlikely to find takers. About Mahadayi River:- IMAGE SOURCE: MapsofIndia The Mahadayi River is also known as the Mandovi River. Origin: It originates in the Western Ghats from the Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary in the Belgaum district of Karnataka. End point: It flows for about 81 km before emptying into the Arabian Sea. The river is formed by the confluence of two rivers: the Daddi and the Markandeya. Left Bank Tributaries: Daddi River, Malaprabha River, and Markandeya River. Right Bank Tributaries: Tambaraparani River, Bainganga River, Wardha River. Dams on the Mahadayi River:- The Hidkal Dam: Located in the Belagavi district of Karnataka. The Hidkal Dam: Located in the Belagavi district of Karnataka. The Selaulim Dam: Located in South Goa. The Virdi Dam: Located in the Belagavi district of Karnataka The Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is situated on the island of Chorao, which is located in the Mandovi River. Significance: The Mahadayi River is of great importance to the states of Goa and Karnataka, serving as a source of water for drinking, irrigation, and tourism. Kalasa-Banduri Nala Project It is a project of the Government of Karnataka. Planned: in Objective: to divert water from Mahadayi to satisfy the drinking water needs of the Belagavi, Dharwad, Bagalkot and Gadag districts of Karnataka. It involves building dam across Kalasa and Banduri, two tributaries of the Mahadayi River to divert water to the Malaprabha River. Kalasa-Banduri Nala Project Dispute Background 1989: The project was planned by the Government of Karnataka. 2002: two-and-a-half decades since the proposal, the Karnataka government decided to implement the project, after the Centre cleared it. Goa’s stand: it approached the Centre, urging it to assess the available resources in the river and allocate water to the three basin states: Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Due to the protests in Goa, the project was put on hold by the then central government. 2006: The dispute gained steam in 2006 when the coalition government in Karnataka decided to start work on the project. Goa then approached the Supreme Court, seeking the creation of a Tribunal to settle the water-sharing dispute. The Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal was set up in Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra are parties to the tribunal. 2018: The Tribunal 13.42 thousand million cubic feet (TMC) of water from the Mahadayi river basin to Karnataka, 1.33 TMC to Maharashtra and 24 TMC to 2019: After the Tribunal

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Indian Meteorological Department Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Recently, the Indian Meteorological Department issued an orange alert for rain in various parts of the country. Background:- The Indian Meteorological Department issued an orange alert for rain in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Western Uttar Pradesh, Eastern Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Vidarbha and Konkan. The water level of the rivers and drains has increased. The administration appealed to the people not to go near the banks of the rivers and drains. About Indian Meteorological Department:- Established: 1875. Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences. IMD Headquarters: New Delhi. It is the National Meteorological Service of the country. It is the principal government agency in all matters relating to meteorology and allied subjects. Objectives:- To take meteorological observations and provide current and forecast meteorological information for optimum operation of weather-sensitive activities like agriculture, irrigation, shipping, etc. To warn against severe weather phenomena tropical cyclones, duststorms, heavy rains and snow, cold and heat waves,, which cause the destruction of life and property. To conduct and promote research in meteorology and allied disciplines. To provide meteorological statistics required for agriculture, water resource management, industries, oil exploration and other nation-building activities. The IMD uses four colour codes:- Green (All is well): No advisory is issued. (UPSC CSE: Colour Coded Weather Warning) Yellow (Be Aware): Yellow indicates severely bad weather spanning several days. Orange/Amber (Be prepared): The orange alert is issued as a warning of extremely bad weather with the potential of disruption in commute with road and rail closures, and interruption of power supply. Red (Take Action): When extremely bad weather conditions are certainly going to disrupt travel and power and have significant risk to life, the red alert is issued. MUST READ: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) may introduce new monsoon models SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following : (2023) Aerosols Foam agents Fire retardants Lubricants In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2022) High clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth. Low clouds have a high absorption of infrared radiation emanating from the Earth’s surface and thus cause a warming effect. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award-TANNA Syllabus Prelims – Important Awards Context: The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports invited nominations for Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award-TANNA 2022. About Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award-TANNA :- Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards are given every year. First awarded: 1994. Ministry: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. The award is named after Tenzing Norgay. (UPSC CSE: Rural Sports in India) Tenzing Norgay: one of the first two individuals to reach the summit of Mount Everest along with Edmund Hillary in 1953. Objectives To recognize the achievements of the person in the field of adventure. To encourage young people to develop the spirit of endurance, risk-taking, cooperative teamwork, and quick, ready, and effective reflexes in challenging situations. To provide incentives to young people for getting exposed to adventure activities. Eligibility A person should have excellent performance and outstanding qualities of leadership, a sense of adventure discipline and continuous achievement in one particular field of adventure Land, Air or Water (Sea). The award may be given posthumously if such an occasion arises. Exclusions No award will be conferred for a second time to the same person under the same category. The government of India may cancel or annul the award to any person under circumstances, which, in the opinion of the Government, might render such person unworthy of the award. Decoration The award consists of a Bronze statuette, a certificate, a blazer with a silken tie/a saree and an award money of Rs. 15 Lakhs. The Awards are presented to the winners along with Arjuna Awards by the Government of India. Arjuna Awards: they are given for Outstanding Performance in Sports and Games. It is the second-highest sporting honour in India, the highest being the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award. No. of Awardees Awards can be given in four categories namely: Land Adventure, Water (Sea) Adventure, Air Adventure and Life Time Achievement. Ordinarily not more than one Award will be made in each category. The Ministry may increase the number of awards in a particular year with the approval of the Hon’ble Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports. MUST READ: Golden Globe Awards. SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs with regard to sports awards : (2023) Major Dhyan Chand:                   For the most Khel Ratna Award spectacular and outstanding performance by a sportsperson over the period of the last four years. Arjuna Award:                              For the lifetime achievement of a sportsperson. Dronacharya Award:                   To honour eminent coaches who have successfully trained sportspersons or teams. Rashtriya Khel:                          To recognize the Protsahan Puraskar contribution made by sportspersons even after their retirement. How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? Only one Only two Only three All four Q.2) Consider the following statements in respect of the 44th Chess Olympiad, 2022: (2023) It was the first time that Chess Olympiad was held in India. The official mascot was named Thambi’. The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Vera Menchik Cup. The trophy for the winning team in the women’s section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup. · How many of the statements given above are correct? Only one Only two Only three All four Order of the Nile Syllabus Prelims – International Relations Context: Recently, Egypt’s ‘Order of the Nile’ was conferred to Prime Minister Modi. Background:- Prime Minister Narendra Modi received the ‘Order of the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Congo rainforest Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recent reports suggest, that the Congo rainforest continues to vanish with half a million hectares lost in 2022. Key findings of the study:- The Congo rainforest lost half a million hectares (mha) of forest last year. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) lost over 500,000 hectares in 2022. It noted that 4.1 mha of primary tropical forest were lost worldwide last year Of this, Brazil accounted for 43 per cent of the total tropical primary forest loss, followed by DRC (12.1 per cent) and Bolivia. This destruction in natural forests generated 2.7 billion tonnes of CO2. The total area of humid primary forest in DRC decreased by 6.1 per cent during this period. Primary forests: forests of native tree species, where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities. Most of the primary forest loss consists of small clearings near cyclical agricultural areas, according to the report. Cyclical agricultural areas: land that is cleared (using slash-and-burn techniques) for the short-term cultivation of crops and left fallow for forests and soil nutrients to regenerate. Economic factors may be driving deforestation. Most Congolese rely on forests to meet their food and energy needs and thus reducing primary forest loss in the region remains a challenge. The drivers of forest loss across DRC are slash-and-burn agriculture, uncontrolled bushfires, charcoal production for local and regional markets, cattle ranching, and illegal (artisanal) logging Charcoal is the dominant form of energy in the region, which is generated by cutting and burning timber. About Congo rainforest:- IMAGE SOURCE: adlance22.blogspot.com The Congo is the world’s second-largest rainforest. (UPSC MAINS: India’s stakes in Africa) World’s largest rainforest is the Bordering countries: The Congo Rainforest encompasses six African countries:– Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Climate: it has a tropical climate year-round, with heavy precipitation and high humidity and temperatures. Plants: It houses approximately 10,000 tropical plants, 30% unique to the region. Wildlife: There are also 400 species of mammals, over 600 tree species, 10,000 animal species, 1,000 bird species, and 700 fish species. This includes endangered wildlife such as forest elephants, chimpanzees, and bonobos. Economic Significance: the Congo Basin provides food, medicine, water, materials and shelter for over 75 million people. Human inhabitants: More than 150 ethnic groups have lived in the Congo rainforest area for over 50,000 years. Among these ethnic groups, the Ba’Aka, BaKa, BaMbuti, Efe and other related groups are often referred to as Pygmy: a member of any human group whose adult males grow to less than 59 inches (150 cm) in average height. They rely on hunting and gathering for survival in the rainforest. MUST READ: India-Africa: Challenges & Way Ahead SOURCE: DOWN TO EARTH PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following trees: (2023) Jackfruit (Artoca7pus heterophyllus) Mahua (Madhuca indica) Teak (Tectona grandis) How many of the above are deciduous trees? Only one Only two All three None Q.2) Which one of the following is a part of the Congo Basin? (2023) Cameroon Nigeria South Sudan Uganda Provident Fund (PF) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) has extended the deadline for members and pensioners to apply for higher Provident Fund (PF). About Provident Fund (PF):- Provident fund (PF) is a fixed amount of money that is contributed by employees from their salary until retirement. It is used to provide a lump sum or monthly payments to salaried employees when they retire. Regulator: the government regulates provident funds and in India through the Employees’ Provident Fund Organization (EPFO). Benefits of PF:- The provident fund provides good investment opportunities to individuals upon retirement. The one-time inflow of money can aid them in changing homes, opening new businesses, educating dependents, medical emergencies or just investing in mutual funds. Type of Provident funds There are various types of provident funds: some are exclusive to government employees while others are meant for private employees. Employees Provident Fund (EPF) It is the most popular type of PF in India. Applicability: All businesses or corporations with more than 20 employees must offer retirement benefits to the employees and contribute to the PF. It also covers certain other establishments which may be notified by the Central Government even if they employ less than 20 persons each. Implementation:– The employee has to pay a certain contribution towards the provident fund (PF) and the employer on a monthly basis pays the same amount. At the end of retirement or during the service (under some circumstances), the employee gets the lump sum amount including the interest on the PF contributed. Benefits: It offers higher interest rates. The amount that the employee pays is matched by the employer. A major part of the sum is handed out at the time of retirement. The rest is paid in instalments as a Partial withdrawals for education, marriage, illness and house construction is allowed. Maturity: the EPF matures only on retirement. Taxation: The amount received is tax-free as long as the employee has been working with the company for more than 5 years. Public Provident Fund (PPF) The Public Provident Fund is a saving scheme. It is available to everyone in India. It can be opened by both permanently employed or self-employed individuals. Eligibility: PPF can be opened by any resident of India. Amount deposited: The minimum amount to be deposited is ₹500, and the maximum is ₹1.5 lacs in a financial year. The amount is paid after 15 years at pre-decided rates.These rates are fixed by the central government every quarter. Taxation: PPF amounts received on maturity are tax-free. PPF Vs EPF: PPF is mainly a savings scheme, while EPF also offers pensionary benefits. General Provident Fund (GPF) General Provident Fund is also known as the Statutory Provident Fund. Eligibility: It is only available for government servants. These include permanent employees, re-employed pensioners, or temporary employees with at least one year of service. Amount contributed: 6