June 21, 2025

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Galapagos Islands Syllabus Prelims –Geography Context: Ecuador’s government recently pledged to spend about $18 million annually for two decades on conservation in the Galapagos Islands. About Galapagos Islands:- IMAGE SOURCE: Britannica Kids The Galápagos Islands are a chain of islands in the Pacific Ocean. (UPSC PRELIMS: Galapagos Islands) They are part of the country of Ecuador, in South America. There are thirteen major islands and a handful of smaller islands that make up the Galápagos archipelago. The largest of the islands is called Isabela. Repeated volcanic eruptions helped to form the rugged mountain landscape of the Galápagos Islands. The Galápagos Islands are located near the equator, yet they receive cool ocean currents. (UPSC PRELIMS: Ocean Currents) This makes for a strange mix of tropical and temperate climates. British naturalist Charles Darwin came to the Galápagos in 1835, on a ship called the HMS Beagle. His observations of wildlife on the island inspired his theory of evolution by natural selection. Wildlife:- It contains aquatic species such as manta rays and sharks which have been endangered by commercial fishing. It also hosts a wide array of aquatic wildlife, including marine iguanas, and waved albatrosses. (UPSC CSE: Wildlife Protection ) Also, the giant tortoises found here – ‘Galápagos’ in old Spanish – give the islands their name.  Many species are endemic. Endemic: they are not found anywhere else in the world. These include the giant Galápagos tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra), the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), the flightless cormorant (Phalacrocoraz harris), and the Galápagos penguin. Galápagos penguin, Galápagos fur seal and Galápagos sea lion are critically endangered. The Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) is the only penguin species to live in the Northern Hemisphere. Protection Status:- Ecuador made a part of the Galapagos a wildlife sanctuary in 1935. The sanctuary became the Galapagos National Park in 1959. In 1978, the islands became UNESCO’s first World Heritage Site.  MUST READ: Islands SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Region often mentioned in the news:   Country (2022) Anatolia                                                    Turkey Amhara                                                    Ethiopia Cabo Delgado                                          Spain Catalonia                                                  Italy How many pairs given above are correctly matched? Only one pair Only two pairs Only three pairs All four pairs Q.2) Consider the following statements: (2021) In the tropical zone, the western sections of the oceans are warmer than the eastern sections owing to the influence of trade winds. In the temperate Zone, westerlies make the eastern sections of oceans warmer than the western sections Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 and 2 Arab League Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Recently, the Arab League voted to reinstate Syria’s membership after its suspension more than 10 years ago About Arab League:- IMAGE SOURCE: Arab League, League of Arab States, Political Map Stock Vector – Illustration of the middle, mapping: 138942280 (dreamstime.com) The Arab League, formally known as the League of Arab States, was established in 1945. It is a regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa. The founding member states were Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan (now Jordan), Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Currently, it has 22 member states, who have pledged to cooperate on economic and military affairs, among other issues. Other members are Libya (1953); Sudan (1956); Tunisia and Morocco (1958); Kuwait (1961); Algeria (1962); Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (1971); Mauritania (1973); Somalia (1974); the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; 1976); Djibouti (1977); and Comoros (1993). Each member has one vote on the League Council, decisions being binding only on those states that have voted for them. (UPSC PRELIMS: Gulf region) The signing on April 13, 1950, of an agreement on joint defence and economic cooperation also committed the signatories to the coordination of military defences measures. (UPSC PRELIMS: Arab Spring) MUST READ: Contribution of Indian Diaspora SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2022) International agreement/ set-up Subject Alma-Ata Declaration – Healthcare of the people Hague Convention – Biological and Chemical Weapons Talanoa Dialogue – Global Climate Change Under2 Coalition – Child Rights Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 2 only 4 only 1 and 3 only 2,3 and 4 only Q.2) The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2022) China Israel Iraq Yemen Scary Barbie Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Scientists named the recently discovered black hole “Scary Barbie,” after a beloved children’s character. About Scary Barbie:- IMAGE SOURCE: BlackHole Info: r/nasa (reddit.com) Scary Barbie is a supermassive black hole that is devouring a star with a thousand times the brightness of a supernova. (UPSC PRELIMS: Black Hole) It was first observed in 2020. It was named ZTF20abrbeie. It is one of the most luminous, energetic, long-lasting transient objects in the sky. It is also extremely far away and in a somewhat neglected corner of the sky. (UPSC MAINS: Can outer space be considered a resource ) The researchers discovered it using an AI engine called REFITT (Recommender Engine For Intelligent Transient Tracking). The AI engine looks through observations from many different telescopes around the World. MUST READ: IN-SPACe SOURCE: THE INDIAN EXPRESS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (2022) GPS and navigation systems could fail. Tsunamis could occur in equatorial regions. Power grids could be damaged. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, 4 and 5 only 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Q.2) Recently, scientists observed the merger

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) CISO Deep-Dive Training Programme Syllabus Prelims – Governance Context: Recently, NeGD organised the 36th CISO Deep-Dive Training Programme under Cyber Surakshit Bharat. About CISO Deep-Dive Training Programme:- IMAGE SOURCE: Infographic: The 8 most common types of Cyber Attacks – CyberOne It’s a training programme, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). It is a five-day intensive training programme. The CISO training programme was launched in 2018 under the Public Private Partnership (PPP) model. NeGD has organized 36 sessions of CISO deep-dive training programs for more than 1,419 CISOs and IT officials since that time. Participants: it had 24 participants, including CISOs, technical wings of police and security forces, CTOs, and members of technical/PMU teams from Central Line Ministries and States/UTs. The purpose of the CISO Deep-Dive training programme is to provide CISOs with a comprehensive understanding of cyber-attacks, the latest safeguarding technologies, and how to communicate the benefits of a strong e-infrastructure to organizations and the public. (UPSC PRELIMS: India’s cyber infrastructure) Additionally, the training seeks to give a comprehensive view of legal provisions and help build concrete crisis management plans for cyber-attacks. (UPSC CSE: Cybercrime) Coverage of Topics:- Governance Risk and Compliance, the Landscape of Cyber Security Products in India, Security for Endpoints and Digital Workplaces, Network Security, Security for Applications and Data, Incident Response and CCMP, Mobile Security, Cryptography, Cyber Security Testing and Audit, Cyber Security related Provisions of IT Act and ISMS Standards such as ISO 27001, as well as Security Logging and Operation and Monitoring of Security Operation Centers. Cyber Surakshit Bharat:- It is the initiative of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) It was conceptualised with the mission to spread awareness about cybercrime and build capacities of Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) and frontline IT officials, across all government departments, for ensuring adequate safety measures to combat the growing menace. MUST READ: Cyber Attacks in India SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) In India under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (2020) Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2 and 4 only 1, 3 and 4 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, 3 and 4 Q.2) Consider the following pairs of Terms sometimes seen in news vs Context /Topic: (2018) Belle II experiment: Artificial Intelligence Blockchain technology: Digital/ Cryptocurrency CRISPR — Cas9: Particle Physics Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 and 3 only 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, the Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council(GJEPC) launched India Jewellery Exposition 2023. About Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council(GJEPC):- IMAGE SOURCE: Gems and Jewellery Industry in India by 10rahulcc on DeviantArt The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council is the apex body founded in 1966. It drives India’s export-led growth in the gem and jewellery sector. (UPSC MAINS: Export-oriented units) Headquartered in Mumbai. It has regional offices across the country and over 7,500 members in its fold. VISION: to make India the preferred source for quality gems and jewellery. (UPSC PRELIMS: India’s Gems & Jewellery sector ) Objectives:- PROMOTING BRAND INDIA:- Organising India’s biggest and second-biggest trade shows, IIJS Premiere and IIJS Signature Organising joint participation in international jewellery shows CONNECTING GOVERNMENT & TRADE:- Facilitating better interaction on trade-related issues between the industry and the Government of India, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Ministry of Finance, DGFT, Dept of Commerce, Dept. of Finance UPHOLDING DIAMOND INTEGRITY:- Executing the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme in the country, as the Nodal Agency appointed by the Government of India SPREADING EDUCATION:- Running training institutes that impart manufacturing skills, technical and design excellence in six cities – Mumbai, Delhi, Surat, Jaipur, Varanasi and Udupi  INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE:- Providing MSMEs with affordable modern machines and tools at Common Facility Centres Setting up Jewellery Parks across the country  HEALTH AND WELL-BEING:- Providing health insurance for the employees of the Council’s member companies through the group mediclaim scheme called Swasthya Ratna PAYING BACK TO SOCIETY:- Founded by GJEPC in 2014, Jewellers for Hope has donated Rs.1 crore every year to one or more NGOs/charities doing exceptional work in supporting the underprivileged. Providing relief to victims of natural calamities and emergency situations through the Gem & Jewellery National Relief Foundation (GJNRF). MUST READ: New Foreign Trade Policy SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at (2016) bringing small entrepreneurs into the formal financial system providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating particular crops providing pensions to old and destitute persons funding the voluntary organizations involved in the promotion of skill development and employment generation Q.2) What is/are the purpose/purposes of `District Mineral Foundations in India? (2016) Promoting mineral exploration activities in mineral-rich districts Protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations Authorizing State Governments to issue licences for mineral exploration Select the correct answer using the code given below. 1 and 2 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) Syllabus Prelims –Economy Context: Recently, the Finance Minister chaired the meeting of the Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC). About Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC):- IMAGE SOURCE: What is the meaning of fiscal deficit? – OneMint The Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) was constituted by executive order in 2010. It is a non-statutory apex council. It works under the Ministry of Finance. The Council can invite experts to its meeting if required. The Raghuram

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Rabindranath Tagore Syllabus Prelims –Important Personalities Context: Recently, a political row erupted following Union Home Minister Amit Shah’s remark that Rabindranath Tagore had composed “national songs” of two countries. About Rabindranath Tagore:- IMAGE SOURCE: Tagore wins Nobel Prize (bl. UK) Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali poet, novelist, artist, painter and educational theorist. He is credited with composing the National Anthem of India. Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 for his collection Gitanjali. He was the first Indian and non-European to receive a Nobel Prize. He received the British Knighthood in 1915. However, he renounced it in protest against the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre in 1919. (UPSC PRELIMS: Jallianwala Bagh) Social Philosophy:- He fought against the evils of his society such as poverty, superstition, and untouchability. He welcomed Western science and Western beliefs in individual worth, freedom, and democracy. Independence movement:- He believed that nationalism deteriorated from patriotism to chauvinism. He is credited for giving the Mahatma title to Mahatma Gandhi. (UPSC MAINS: Gandhi as a Political thinker and a Social Reformer) He strongly protested against the partition of Bengal in 1905. He wrote many national songs and attended protest meetings against the decision to partition Bengal. Religion:- Tagore advocated the religion of humanity. Education:- In his view, traditional schools imprison children. Hence, he started a model school after the ancient hermitage schools of India named Santiniketan (the abode of peace). Santiniketan engaged many scholars from across the world, including his English friends, Oxford professor E J Thompson, missionary C F Andrews and Lord Elmhirst. He also widened his educational commitment by founding a university – Visva Bharati  Visva Bharati: promoted an international culture of unity in diversity. Literary Contributions:- Poems: Manasi (The Ideal One,1890)  Sonar Tari (The Golden Boat,1894)  Gitanjali (Song Offerings,1910) Gitimalya (Wreath of Songs,1914) Balaka (The Flight of Cranes,1916) Plays: Raja (1910) [The King of the Dark Chamber], Dakghar (The Post Office,1912) Achalayatan (The Immovable,1912) Muktadhara (The Waterfall,1922) Raktakaravi (Red Oleanders,1926) Short stories and Novels: Gora (1910), Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World, 1916) and Yogayog (Crosscurrents, 1929) MUST READ:   (Book Review – Gitanjali by Rabindranath Tagore) SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Who among the following is associated with ‘Songs from Prison’, a translation of ancient Indian religious lyrics in English? (2021) Bal Gangadhar Tilak Jawaharlal Nehru Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Sarojini Naidu Q.2) Who among the following was associated as Secretary with Hindu Female School which later came to be known as Bethune Female School? (2021) Annie Besant Debandranath Tagore Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Sarojini Naidu Enforcement Directorate Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Recently, the Enforcement Directorate conducted a search at gold-backed lender Manappuram Finance. About Enforcement Directorate:- IMAGE SOURCE: Enforcement Directorate (ED) and its Functions – Enterslice The Enforcement Directorate is a multi-disciplinary organization founded in 1956. It is a law enforcement organization tasked with enforcing economic laws and combating economic crime in India, such as money laundering and foreign exchange irregularities. It works under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. Headquarters: New Delhi The functions of the Directorate include the enforcement of the following Acts:- The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) (UPSC PRELIMS: Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002) The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA): A civil law under which ED conducts an investigation into suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations. (UPSC PRELIMS: Foreign Exchange Management Act) The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1973 Sponsoring Organizations under the 1974 Foreign Exchange Conservation and Smuggling Activity Prevention Act The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA): A law whereby the Directorate is mandated to attach the properties of the fugitive economic offenders who have escaped from India warranting arrest and providing for the confiscation of their properties to the Central Government. (UPSC CSE: Fugitive Economic Offenders) Director of Enforcement:- Appointed by the central government on the recommendation of a committee chaired by the Central Vigilance Commissioner and members comprising of Vigilance Commissioners, Home Secretary, Secretary DOPT and Revenue Secretary. Tenure: up to 5 years. Recruitment of other officers:- Other officers may be recruited directly from other investigative agencies or indirectly.  It is made up of representatives from the police, excise, customs, and income tax departments of the Indian Revenue Services (IRS), the Indian Police Services (IPS), and the Indian Administrative Services (IAS). MUST READ: CBI and ED SOURCE: THE HINDU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements: (2022) In India, credit rating agencies are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The rating agency popularly known as ICRA is a public limited company. Brickwork Ratings is an Indian credit rating agency. Which of the statements given above is correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) With reference to the ‘Banks Board Bureau (BBB)’, which of the following statements is correct? (2022) The Governor of RBI is the Chairman of BBB. BBB recommends the selection of heads for Public Sector Banks. BBB helps the Public Sector Banks develop strategies and capital raising plans. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Geological Survey of India (GSI) Syllabus Prelims –Important Institutions Context: Recently, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) denied media reports claiming large lithium reserves being identified in Rajasthan. About the Geological Survey of India (GSI):- The Geological Survey of India (GSI) is a scientific agency of India founded in 1851. (UPSC MAINS: Geological Survey of India ) It works under the Ministry of Mines. Background: It was set up in 1851 primarily to find coal deposits for the Railways. It is one of the oldest organisations in the world and the second oldest survey in India after Survey of India. (UPSC PRELIMS: Survey of India) Objectives:- Conducting geological surveys and studies of India. Being the prime provider of basic earth science information to government, industry and the general public, as well as the official participant in steel,

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) LIGO-India Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently, laid down the foundation stone of LIGO-India on the occasion of National Technology Day. About LIGO-India:- IMAGE SOURCE: Gravitational waves discovery: India’s imprint in landmark LIGO project – Times of India (indiatimes.com) LIGO is the world’s most powerful observatory. It exploits the physical properties of light and space to detect and understand the origins of gravitational waves. At the moment, there are two such observatories in the US. These are separated by a distance of 3000 kilometres that work in tandem to pick up these gravitational waves. Each LIGO detector consists of two arms. LIGO-India will be the fifth node of this international network of gravitational wave observatories. It will be located in Maharashtra, India. It is envisaged as a collaborative project between a consortium of Indian research institutions and the LIGO Laboratory in the USA, along with its international partners. It will be built by the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, with a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the National Science Foundation, the US, along with several national and international research and academic institutions. LIGO-India is a collaboration between the LIGO Laboratory (operated by Caltech and MIT in the US) and three Institutes in India namely:-  the Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology (RRCAT, in Indore),  the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR in Ahmedabad), and the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA, in Pune). When LIGO-India is completed, it will join a global network of gravitational-wave observatories that includes Virgo in Italy and KAGRA in Japan. Significance:- LIGO-India will provide opportunities for Indian youth to pursue research careers in cutting-edge areas of science and technology. It will lead to advancement in gravitational-wave astronomy and astrophysics. It will lead to the development of cutting-edge technologies.(UPSC MAINS: Privatisation in Space Sector) Gravitational Waves:- A gravitational wave is an invisible (yet incredibly fast) ripple in space. (UPSC MAINS: Gravitational waves)  They travel at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second). These waves squeeze and stretch anything in their path as they pass by. Einstein predicted that when two bodies such as planets or stars orbit each other it causes ripples in space. These ripples would spread out like the ripples in a pond when a stone is tossed in.  Scientists call these ripples of space gravitational waves. MUST READ: India’s Space Economy SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in media? (2022) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space. A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions. A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth. A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same surface. speed and places a probe on it. Q.2) If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (2022) GPS and navigation systems could fail. Tsunamis could occur in equatorial regions. Power grids could be damaged. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 1, 2, 4 and 5 only 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Monlam Chenmo Syllabus Prelims –Art and Culture Context: The annual five-day-long ‘Monlam Chenmo’ Festival, began recently in Ladakh. About Monlam Chenmo:- Monlam Chenmo is an annual five-day-long Great Prayer Festival of Ladakh. (UPSC PRELIMS: Ladakh) It is a mass prayer camp by Buddhist monks and nuns for world peace and happiness. The annual Mass Prayer is resuming this year after three years of discontinuation due to Covid. The event is being organised by the All Ladakh Gonpa Association. It is a major annual prayer of the Sangha Community of Ladakh gathered at one platform. The Festival falls on the 21st to 25th days of the third month of the Tibetan lunar calendar. It is being held since 1991. Seva for Sangha:- It is a special camp for Sangha Community. Objective: to help the Sangha Community avail benefits of different government schemes. It is led by the Member of Parliament for Ladakh Constituency Jamyang Tsering Namgyal in collaboration with district administration Leh. (UPSC CSE: Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC), Leh) The camp is being organised for the first time for Sanga Community. Different government departments, including banks, will come forward and offer the benefits of about 20 schemes of the government to the monks and nuns. The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) has also joined hands with the organisers to set up medical camps during the camp. MUST READ: India’s first-ever night sky sanctuary in Ladakh SOURCE: AIR PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following pairs: (2018) Tradition                                 State Chapchar Kut festival              Mizoram Khongjom Parba ballad          Manipur Thang-Ta dance                      Sikkim Which of the pairs given above is/are correct? 1 only 1 and 2 3 only 2 and 3 Q.2) Consider the following pairs: (2015) Traditions                                     Communities Chaliha Sahib Festival             Sindhis Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra               Gonds Wari-Warkari                          Santhals Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? 1 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only None of the above Hydrogen sulphide Syllabus Prelims –Science and Technology Context: Preliminary evidence, from post-mortem and clinical features of the survivors of the recent Giaspura tragedy, suspect hydrogen sulphide gas as the cause. About Hydrogen sulphide:- IMAGE SOURCE: Overview of environmental sources and the fate of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in… | Download Scientific Diagram (researchgate.net) Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a colourless chalcogen hydride gas with a characteristic foul

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Palak Lake Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, a Nature walk was organised along Palak Lake in  Mizoram. About Palak Lake:-   IMAGE SOURCE: Mizoram map showing the location of nest boxes | Download Scientific Diagram (researchgate.net) Palak Lake is the largest natural lake in Mizoram. (UPSC CSE: Assam-Mizoram border dispute ) It is situated near Phura village which is about 391 km to the south of Aizawl. The Palak Lake wetland conservation area falls under the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. It is rich in biodiversity. It is oval in shape and covers about 1 square km. It is surrounded by lush virgin forests rich in flora and fauna. It is home to most of the common wetland birds and hill birds  (UPSC MAINS: Wetland Conservation) It is believed to be a winter stop-over for migrating Pintail Duck. A few elephants still roam the surrounding virgin forests. National Museum of Natural History (NMNH):- The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) is located in New Delhi, India. It was established in 1972. It opened its doors to the public on 5th June 1978, coinciding symbolically with World Environment Day. It works under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. It is an institution devoted to environmental education. It derives its strength principally from theme-based exhibition galleries and experiential resource centres. Objectives:- To extend its activities at the regional/local levels. To develop museum-based educational projects. To develop environmental education resource materials (such as audio-visual aids, low-cost teaching aids, school loan kits, etc.) to promote environmental education To develop national and international cooperation with other organizations, professional bodies or museums. National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM):- It is under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. It undertakes studies and research in the area of Coastal Zone Management including coastal resources and environment. It is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Objective:- It aims to promote integrated and sustainable management of the coastal and marine areas in India. It works for the benefit and well-being of the traditional coastal and island communities. It also intends to promote sustainable coasts through increased partnerships. Role:- It has various research divisions including, Geospatial Sciences, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Coastal environmental impact assessment, Conservation of Coastal & Marine Resources, etc. Survey of India and NCSCM have mapped the Hazard Line for the entire coast of India. It also advises the Union and State Governments and other associated stakeholders on policy, and scientific matters related to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). National Institute of Himalayan Environment:- It was established in 1988-89 as an autonomous Institute. It is under the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Govt. of India. It is identified as a focal agency to:-  advanced scientific knowledge  evolve integrated management strategies  demonstrate their efficacy for the conservation of natural resources  ensure environmentally sound development in the entire Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) The institute pays particular attention to the preservation of fragile mountain ecosystems, indigenous knowledge systems and sustainable use of natural resources. MUST READ: COP14 of Ramsar Convention on Wetlands SOURCE: PIB PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With references to India, Didwana, Kuchaman, Sargol and Khatu are the names of (2021) Glaciers Mangrove areas Ramsar sites Saline lakes Q.2) What is common to the places known as Aliyar, Isapur and Kangsabati? (2019) Recently discovered uranium deposits Tropical rain forests Underground cave systems Water reservoirs Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Recently, NTCA wrote to the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State to initiate action against illegal resorts and homestays in enclosures of BRT Tiger Reserve. About Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve:- IMAGE SOURCE: Location of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve. Triangle… | Download Scientific Diagram (researchgate.net) It derives its name ‘BILIGIRI’  from the white rocky cliff on the top of which is a temple of Lord VISHNU locally known as Rangaswamy. In Kannada, Biligiri means white hills – hence the name. It is situated in the middle of the bridge between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats in South India. It was constituted as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1974. (UPSC CSE: Wildlife Protection ) BRT Wildlife Sanctuary was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2011. (UPSC PRELIMS: Global Conservation Assured|Tiger Standards (CA|TS)) Flora:- The forests are principally of dry deciduous type and are interspersed with moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, evergreen and shola patches occurring at varying altitudes. Fauna:- Animals found here include tiger, elephant, leopard, wild dog, bison, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, four-horned antelope, sloth bear, wild boar, common langur, bonnet macaque, varieties of reptiles, birds, etc. Tiger Reserves in Karnataka:- Karnataka has been declared as No.1 State in Tiger Population in the country.  At present the Tiger population is estimated around 300. As per India Tiger estimate 2010 conducted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India. The State has 5 Tiger Reserves namely:-  Bandipur:- The park is situated at the foothills of the Western Ghats. It is known for its rich diversity of flora and fauna. It was established as a hunting reserve for the Maharajas of Mysore. In 1973, it was declared a national park.  It was designated as a tiger reserve in 1974 as part of Project Tiger. It is one of the highest tiger densities in India.  The park also has a significant population of other wildlife species such as elephants, leopards, dholes, and gaurs. Bhadra:- Parts of the current reserve were first declared as Jagara Valley Wildlife Sanctuary in 1951. In 1974 the area was expanded and named the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. In 1998 the sanctuary was included in the Project Tiger Network. Flora: Bhadra is the natural habitat of prized timber such as Teak and Rosewood. Forest Types: Tropical Moist Mixed Deciduous Forest, Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest, Semi-Evergreen Forest. Fauna: Tiger, leopard, elephant, gaur, sambar, barking deer, spotted deer, wild dog, wild boar, sloth bear, etc. Nagarahole:- It is also known as ‘Rajiv Gandhi National Park. It

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Satavahana Syllabus Prelims – Ancient History Context: Explorers in Telangana recover artefacts which link Cherial village in Siddipet district to Satavahana period About the news: Field researchers have retrieved: several terracotta figurines of dolls, yakshini puppets, etc. pottery shreds of different designs, Colourful stone beads and terracotta beads which were part of ornaments during the Satavahana period. Coin from the Satavahana period. The coin bears the insignia of Ujjain on one side and Brahmi script on the other. Large bricks measuring 14 X 12 X 4 inches and figures of goddesses belong to the Ikshvaku as well as Satavahana periods. About Satavahanas: The Satavahanas came to power in the Deccan area after the decline of Mauryans in the region. The first king of the Satavahana dynasty was Simuka. Most glorious period under Gautamiputra Satkarni. Territorial spread: The Satavahana kingdom majorly comprised present Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Telangana. At times, their rule also included parts of Gujarat, Karnataka as well as Madhya Pradesh. Matronyms: The Satavahana kings used matronyms like Gautamiputra and Vaishishthiputra. This is a unique feature of Satavahana But this does not indicate that they were matriarchal or matrilineal in any sense. Multiple capitals: Two of the capitals were Amaravati and Pratishthana (Paithan). They assumed the title of Dakshinapatha Pati (Lord of Dakshinapatha). Grants: The Satavahanas started the practice of giving royal grants of land to Brahmans and Buddhist monks. For instance, the Karle inscription mentions the grant of Karajika village, near Pune, Maharashtra. Coins: The Satavahanas were the first native Indian kings to have issued their own coins. Gautamiputra Satakarni started this practice. Nahapana coins: Nahapana was a powerful Western Satraps king and the adversary of Gautamiputra Satkarni. Gautamiputa defeated him and more than 800 Nahapana silver coins (found near Nasik) bear the marks of being restruck by the Satavahana king. They mostly issued coins of lead, which is found on the Deccan and also coins of silver, copper and bronze. The coins had the portraits of rulers on them. These coins sometimes had bilingual legends, one side Prakrit and the other side in Tamil, Telugu or Kannada. Language: They patronised Prakrit more than Sanskrit. Sanskrit was rarely used. They used the Brahmi script. Religion: Even though the rulers were Hindus and claimed Brahmanical status, they supported Buddhism They revived Vedic Brahmanism and the corresponding rituals like the Ashvamedha yajna. Polity: The king was at the apex of the administrative hierarchy and considered the guardian of the established social order. The state was divided into aharas, each being governed by a minister called Amatya. The Satavahana kingdom had three grades of feudatories – Raja (who had the right to strike coins), Mahabhoja and Senapati. Art and architecture: Amravati Stupa was constructed by them. Paintings at Ajanta caves 9 and 10 are from Satavahana period. Major inscriptions: The earliest inscriptions of the Satavahans belong to the first century BCE when they defeated the Kanvas and established their power in parts of Central India. Nashik prashasti inscription by Gautami Balashri: It states that the horses of Gautamiputra drank waters of the “three oceans”(Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean). It gives detailed account of Satavahana administration. Karle inscription: It mentions about donation of land to Buddhist monks. Source: Indian Express NOTA Syllabus Prelims – Polity and Governance Context: In Karnataka elections, AAP receives fewer votes than NOTA. About NOTA: NOTA meaning ‘None of the Above’ options. It was incorporated by the SC through its judgement in People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India It has been an integral part of the Indian voting system for the past decade. The NOTA option was first used in the 2013 assembly elections held in four states — Chhattisgarh, Mizoram, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and the Union Territory, Delhi. NOTA enables the voter to officially register a vote of rejection for all candidates who are contesting an election without violation of the secrecy of their decision. If a voter chooses to press NOTA on the EVM, it indicates that the voter has not chosen to vote for any party. Pre-NOTA period: Before NOTA option came into being, there was Section 49 (O) of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, which allowed voters to cast a negative vote. But such a vote was to be verified by the presiding officer. This provision was deemed unconstitutional by the SC as it did not protect the identity and choice of the voter. Under NOTA, the officials cannot find out the reason and the identity of the voter is also protected. In 2018, SC held that the NOTA option is meant only for universal adult suffrage and direct elections. Thus, NOTA is not applicable to Rajya Sabha elections. Issues with NOTA: First past the post system: As per RPA, 1951, the candidate who has polled the largest number of valid votes is to be declared elected by the Returning Officer. Thus, if out of total 10,000 votes, 9999 voters select NOTA option and just one candidate gets a single vote, even then the latter wins from that constituency. No re-election: There has been a debate for re-election to be held in case the total number of NOTA votes crosses a certain percentage. But re-election would lead to wastage of already scarce government resources. No right to recall: Currently, Right To Recall does not exist in the Indian electoral process and this weakens NOTA as the candidates are sure they won’t face any consequences. Limited use: So far, only a small number of Indian voters have come to see NOTA as an instrument of protest. NOTA has its limitations, but it has provided the voters with democratic means of NOTA to express their resentment rather than boycotting the polls outright. NOTA will become a meaningful means of negative voting only if it becomes a ‘right to reject’ rather than being a symbolic instrument to express resentment as it is now. Source:  The Hindu United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF)

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Global Report on Internal Displacement 2023 Syllabus Prelims – International Relations Context: The Global Report on Internal Displacement 2023 (GRID-2023) stated that in 2022, over 32 million people were displaced by disasters, 98% of which were triggered by weather-related events such as floods and storms. About the publisher: The Global Report on Internal Displacement 2023 (GRID-2023) is published by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). IDMC is the world’s leading source of data and analysis on Internal Displacement (ID). IDMC is an international non-governmental organization established in 1998 by the Norwegian Refugee Council in Geneva. It is focused on monitoring and providing information and analysis on the world’s internally displaced persons. About Internal displacement: Internal displacement refers to the situation where people are forced to leave their homes but remain within their country’s borders. Unlike refugees, internally displaced people have not crossed international borders and are not covered by any international convention. India has one of the highest numbers of IDPs in the world. India does not have a national policy or legal framework to deal with refugees or IDPs. India has not ratified the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol and does not permit UNHCR access to most refugee groups. Key highlights of the report: Highlights Details Total Number of IDPs Over 71 million IDPs across 110 countries and territories at the end of 2022, a 20% increase in a year Highest displacement Pakistan had the highest number of disaster displacements in the world in 2022, at 8.16 million. It was followed by Philippines and China. Total IDPs in India India recorded the fourth largest disaster displacement, with 2.5 million displacements. Actions needed ·        Unconditional cash assistance for supporting the immediate needs of IDPs; ·        Developing livelihoods and skills for IDPs; ·        Building resilience and preparedness at an individual, community, and national levels; ·        Addressing the impacts of climate change and investing in adaptation measures are crucial to mitigate future displacements   Factors for Internal Displacement: Internal displacement in India arises from secessionist movements, identity-based autonomy movements, localized violence, and environmental disaster and development-induced displacement. In 2022, the Russia-Ukraine caused a displacement of 16.9 million — “the highest figure ever recorded for any country.” The number of displacements associated with conflict and violence nearly doubled to 28.3 million. In recent years, disasters have displaced more people than historically dominant reasons for conflicts and violence. This makes climate change — that leads to frequent weather-related disasters — the key driver of massive internal migration of people, who we popularly call “climate refugees”. As per the report, in 2022, 32.6 million people were displaced due to disasters and 6 out of 10 disaster displacements were triggered by floods. Why is there a sudden increase in such disasters? The prolonged three-year La Niña phenomenon has contributed to the rise in weather-related disasters, especially floods, leading to widespread disasters across the globe. There is also a rise in drought in Eastern Africa which also adds to the displacement. La Niña is the cooler than the normal phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Source:  DTE Positive Indigenisation List Syllabus Prelims – Defence Context: The Union Ministry of Defence (MoD) has approved the fourth and the largest positive indigenisation list of 928 strategically-important Line Replacement Units (LRUs), sub-systems, spares and components, including high-end materials and spares. About Positive Indigenisation List: The list means that defence PSUs cannot import the specified items beyond the timelines indicated against them. These items will be purchased only from domestic manufacturers. The DPSUs will undertake indigenisation of these items through different routes under ‘Make’ category and in-house development through the capabilities of MSMEs and private Indian industry. In the last two years, the defence ministry has brought in three positive indigenisation lists of 351, 107 and 780 items which will have to be procured only from indigenous sources after the timelines mentioned against each item. What is the need for such a list? The fundamental idea is to promote self-reliance in defence while reducing imports of defence items and equipment. This is important as India is one of the largest defence importers globally and the demand for better defence equipment is going to increase in the future given the rising security threats. The DPSUs, MSMEs and private sector would get more opportunities to grow in this sector thereby providing impetus to the growth in economy. Enhanced investment in defence, especially from the private sector would lead to more research in defence technology. The design capabilities of the domestic defence industry would be enhanced by involving academia and research institutions. Source: Indian Express Adopt A Heritage Syllabus Prelims – Indian Art and Culture About ‘Adopt a Heritage’ scheme The ‘Adopt a Heritage: Apni Dharohar, Apni Pehchaan’ scheme is an initiative of the Ministry of Tourism, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and the Archaeological Survey of India along with the State/UT governments. Private firms, corporates, NGOs and public sector units can enter into agreements with the Union Ministry of Culture to adopt and maintain State-owned archaeological sites or monuments. It aims to develop synergy among all partners to effectively promote ‘responsible and sustainable tourism’. Agencies/Companies would become ‘Monument Mitras’ through the innovative concept of ‘Vision Bidding’, where the agency with the best vision for the heritage site will be given an opportunity to maintain the monument through their CSR activities. The project primarily focusses on providing basic amenities like cleanliness, public conveniences, drinking water, ease of access for differently abled and senior citizens, and enhanced facilities like surveillance system, night viewing facilities, etc., to provide an enhanced tourism experience. The project began with 93 ASI monuments and has extended to heritage, natural and tourist sites across India, some of which are not protected under ASI currently. Rationale Behind ‘Adopt a Heritage’ Need for amenities: There is a need to develop a robust mechanism for the provision of basic amenities on an immediate basis. Advanced

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) WPI and CPI Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: WPI slips into negative territory for the first time in three years, falls -0.92% in April About the news: The decline in the rate of inflation in the month of April is primarily contributed by the fall in prices of basic metals, food products, mineral oils, textiles, non-food articles, chemical and chemical products, rubber and plastic products, and paper products. The country’s WPI inflation has been easing continuously for the last 11 months. The depreciation in WPI is in line with the decline of retail inflation, based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which eased to an 18-month low of 4.7 percent in April. What is WPI? The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is an index necessary for calculating inflation in a country. Released by: The Office of the Economic Adviser, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce & Industry. It measures the changes in the prices of goods sold and traded in bulk by wholesale businesses to other businesses. But the general public does not buy products at wholesale price. So, it is not useful for calculating market prices of goods for common people. It is the most widely used inflation indicator in India. The base year of All-India WPI has been revised from 2004-05 to 2011-12 in 2017. WPI vs CPI Parameters WPI CPI Indicates average change in prices of commodities at the wholesale level. average change in the prices of commodities at the retail level. Prices paid by Manufacturers and dealers Consumers Goods & Services Only goods are covered Goods and services both are covered Released by Office of Economic Advisor (Ministry of Commerce & Industry) ·       National Statistical Office (NSO) (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation) calculates CPI (Rural/Urban/Combined) ·       Labour Bureau calculates CPI for Industrial Workers (IW), Agricultural Labour (AL) and Rural Labour (RL). Types of Commodities covered Manufacturing inputs and intermediate goods like minerals, machinery basic metals, etc. Education, transportation, recreation, apparel, foods and beverages, housing and medical care Base year 2011-12 2012 Note: CPI is chosen by RBI as the key indicator of inflation and is more important in policy making. Source:  NewsOnAir Eretmoptera murphyi Syllabus Prelims – Environment and Ecology Context: Eretmoptera murphyi, a tiny flightless insect has come to be an invasive species in Antarctica and is now changing the soil composition and ecosystem there. Animals and plants that are unintentionally or purposefully brought into a natural setting where they are not typically present and have severe negative effects on their new ecosystem are referred to as invasive alien species. About Eretmoptera murphyi It is a native of South Georgia, a sub-Antarctic Island. It is a midge i.e., small insects which bite It was accidentally introduced to Signy Island in the 1960s during a botany experiment. It is believed that people might have carried the insects on their shoes accidentally. Given the favorable conditions, it flourished there later. Eretmoptera murphyi feasts on dead organic matter. This has led to faster decomposition of plant materials which led to increase in the soil nitrate levels by three-five times compared to places on the island where it is absent and only native invertebrate species live. High levels of nitrate can: Be toxic for other plant species, contaminate groundwater. lead to excessive algae growth, which can deplete oxygen levels and harm aquatic life. (eutrophication) Concerns: The midge invasion highlights that even harsh conditions can no longer protect Antarctica from the threat of invasive species. The midge can also survive in water, which raises concerns that it could spread to other islands. The activity of the midges, along with climate change, may also create conditions for other invasive species to become established and accelerate the effects of climate change. Source:   DTE Samudra Shakti-23 Syllabus Prelims – Defence Context: The 4th edition of INDIA-INDONESIA BILATERAL EXERCISE SAMUDRA SHAKTI – 23 commenced recently. About Exercise: In pursuance of India’s Act East Policy, Exercise ‘Samudra Shakti’ was conceived in 2018 as a bilateral Indian Navy-Indonesian Navy exercise. The exercise aims to strengthen the bilateral relationship, enhance mutual understanding and interoperability in maritime operations between the two navies. India’s Participation: INS Kavaratti: India’s indigenously designed & built Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) stealth corvette is the main highlight. It is one of the 4 corvettes built under Project 28 (Kamorta class). The other three are INS Kamorta, INS Kadmatt and INS Kiltan. An Indian Navy Dornier Maritime Patrol aircraft and Chetak helicopter is also participating Other Exercises with Indonesia: Garuda Shakti (Military Exercise) IND-INDO CORPAT (Maritime Exercise) Source: PIB Unique Economic Offender Code Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: The government plans to introduce a new mechanism whereby companies and individuals accused of economic offences will be assigned a unique code called the ‘Unique Economic Offender Code’. About Unique Economic Offender Code: The code will be alpha-numeric and system-generated. It will be issued once the police or central investigative agency sends the data about an offender to the National Economic Offence Records (NEOR). It will be specific to each offender and will be linked with his/her Aadhaar number in the case of an individual or PAN in the case of a company. Under NEOR, this codification will provide a 360-degree profile of the economic offender and their record. What is the benefit from such a classification? With this mechanism, multi-agency probes will be launched against individuals or companies swiftly. Authorities from different agencies won’t have to wait for chargesheets to be filed by one agency before starting a probe. What is the National Economic Offence Records (NEOR)? NEOR is a central repository of all economic offences. It will share data related to each economic offender with all central and state intelligence and enforcement agencies. The Central Economic Intelligence Bureau has been given the task of coordinating and completing the NEOR project with the help of the National Informatics Centre (NIC). Once completed, all data from central and state agencies will be migrated to the national repository using the

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Trimbakeshwar Mahadev Temple Syllabus Prelims – Arts and Culture Context: Maharashtra government announced a probe by a Special Investigation Team (SIT) after trustees of the famous Trimbakeshwar Mahadev temple in Nashik district lodged a police complaint, alleging that a group of Muslims forced their way into the temple. IMAGE SOURCE: https://www.mouthshut.com/product-reviews/Trimbakeshwar-Shiva-Temple-Nashik-reviews-925796880 About Trimbakeshwar Mahadev Temple Trimbakeshwar town is an ancient Hindu Pilgrim centre located at the source of the Godavari River, the longest river in peninsular India. Trimbakeshwar is abode of one of the twelve Jyotirlingas. The extraordinary feature of the Jyotirlinga located here is the Linga in the temple is in the form of a three faced embodying Tridev, Lord Bramha, Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva. The present Trimbakeshwar temple was constructed by third Peshwa Balaji Bajirao (1740-1760) on the site of an old temple. There are entry gates on all the four sides, viz. East, West, South and North. As per spiritual conceptions the direction East denotes the beginning, West denotes maturity, south denotes fulfillment or completion and the North stands for the revelation. In the year 1954 the Sansthan was registered under public trust registration act. Shri Trimbakeshwar Sansthan takes care of daily three-time pooja, all the festivals and gala carnivals of the year. MUST READ: Twelve Jyotirlingas SOURCE: Indian Express PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Consider the following statements about Somnath Temple: It is believed to be the first among the twelve jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva. The present temple was reconstructed in the Chalukya style of Hindu temple architecture. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Geko Mizoramensis Syllabus Prelims – Environment Context: A team of biologists has recorded the  Gekko Mizoramensis as a new species of parachute gecko, so named because of skin flaps along the body and tail enabling it to glide. IMAGESOURCE:https://akm-img-a-in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/story/202305/parachute_gecko_0-sixteen_nine.jpg?VersionId=JmD2zbue_V8xocfFehFAgBqk_5Qsf9R_&size=690:388 About Gekko mizoramensis Distribution: The species is found in Southeast Asia. It is specifically found in Mizoram, a region in India, as well as parts of Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia. Gekko Mizoramensis is arboreal, meaning it primarily inhabits trees. It is nocturnal, being most active during the night. The gecko has the ability to glide from one tree to another, aided by its webbed limbs and flat tail. However, it does not possess the capability to fly. SOURCE: The Hindu PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) Why is a plant called Prosopis Juliflora often mentioned in the news? Its extract is widely used in cosmetics. It tends to reduce the biodiversity in the area in which it grows. Its extract is used in the synthesis of pesticides None of the above London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has asked banks and financial institutions to adopt the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), to complete the transition from the scandal-hit London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and Mumbai Interbank Forward Outright Rate (MIFOR). About LIBOR LIBOR, the acronym for London Interbank Offer Rate, is the global reference rate for unsecured short-term borrowing in the interbank market. It acts as a benchmark for short-term interest rates. It is used for pricing of interest rate swaps, currency rate swaps as well as mortgages. It is an indicator of the health of the financial system and provides an idea of the trajectory of impending policy rates of central banks. LIBOR is administered by the Intercontinental Exchange or ICE. It is computed for five currencies with seven different maturities ranging from overnight to a year. The five currencies for which LIBOR is computed are Swiss Franc, Euro, Pound Sterling, Japanese Yen and US Dollar. The London Interbank Offered Rate and the Mumbai Interbank Forward Outright Rate would cease to be a representative benchmark from June 30, 2023. In 2017, the U.S. Federal Reserve announced the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) as a preferred alternative. Accordingly, in India, new transactions were to be undertaken using the SOFR and the Modified Mumbai Interbank Forward Outright Rate (MMIFOR), replacing MIFOR. Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) SOFR is the main replacement for LIBOR in the United States. This benchmark is based on the rates U.S. financial institutions pay each other for overnight loans. These transactions take the form of Treasury bond repurchase agreements, otherwise known as repos agreements. They allow banks to meet liquidity and reserve requirements, using Treasurys as collateral. SOFR comprises the weighted averages of the rates charged in these repo transactions. SOURCE: INDIAN EXPRESS Khasi Tribe Syllabus Prelims: Demographics Context A tribal council’s order not to issue a Scheduled Tribe (ST) certificate to any Khasi person who adopts the surname of her or his father has triggered a war of words in matrilineal Meghalaya. About Khasi Tribe The Khasis are one of the three indigenous matrilineal communities in the north-eastern State. The other two are Garos and Jaintias. The Khasis inhabit the eastern part of Meghalaya, in the Khasi and Jaintia Hills. Khasis residing in Jaintia hills are now better known as Jaintias. They are also called The Khasis occupying the northern lowlands and foothills are generally called Bhois. The Khasi people are an indigenous ethnic group of Meghalaya in north-eastern India with a significant population in the bordering state of Assam, and in certain parts of Bangladesh. The Khasi people form the majority of the population of the eastern part of Meghalaya, and is the state’s largest community, with around 48% of the population of Meghalaya. Constitutional Status: Under the Constitution of India, the Khasis have been granted the status of Scheduled Tribe. Social Structure: They are among the few Austroasiatic-speaking peoples in South Asia. The Khasis, the Jaintias and the Garos have a matrilineal society. Earlier in the conservative Jaintia non-Christian families, however, the father only visits the family in the night and is not responsible for the maintenance of the family. Inheritance: Khasis follow a matrilineal system of inheritance. In the Khasi society, it is only the youngest daughter or “KaKhadduh” who is eligible to

Archives (PRELIMS & MAINS Focus) Nutrient Based Subsidy Scheme Syllabus Prelims -Economy Context: Cabinet Approves revision in Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for RABI Season, 2022-23 and for KHARIF Season, 2023 on Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers About Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme The Nutrient Based Subsidy Scheme provides subsidies for all non-urea-based fertilizers. Under the NBS regime – fertilizers are provided to the farmers at the subsidized rates based on the nutrients (N, P, K & S) contained in these fertilizers. Also, the fertilizers which are fortified with secondary and micronutrients such as molybdenum (Mo) and zinc are given additional subsidy. The subsidy on P&K fertilizers is announced by the Government on an annual basis for each nutrient on a per kg basis for Rabi and Kharif seasons. The subsidy on P&K fertilizers is being governed by NBS Scheme since 2010. It is being implemented by the Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers. Significance of the NBS Scheme It will have the the two-fold benefit of ensuring availability of DAP and other P&K fertilizers to farmers at subsidized, affordable and reasonable prices and will also   ensure rationalization of subsidy on P&K fertilizers . Balanced nutrient availability will improve soil health which in turn enhances yield of crops resulting in increased income to the farmers. Concerns Related with NBS Scheme Imbalanced Price and Deteriorating Soil Health: All Non-Urea based fertilisers are regulated under NBS Scheme however on the other hand the prices of other on regulated fertilizers have gone up. This led to the more application of subsidised urea fertilizers on soil lead to soil nutrient imbalance. Costs of Subsidies: Fertilizer subsidies are the second-largest subsidy after food subsidies. Thus it leads to fiscal imbalances of budgets Diversion: Subsidized urea is being diverted to large purchasers, traders, or even non-agricultural consumers like plywood manufacturers and producers of animal feed. The government loses around Rs 6,000 crore annually due to illegal diversion of highly subsidised urea for industrial use. It has also been diverted to neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Nepalthat leads to enhenaced border related crimes such as black marketing. Environmental Pollution: The compounded harmful effects of imbalanced fertilizer use are not only intensifying soil and atmospheric pollution but also impacting water bodies (eutrophication) and causing threat to biodiversity and human health. MUST READ: Soil Health https://iasbaba.com/2022/12/soil-health/ SOURCE: PIB https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1924767 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Q.1) With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements: (2020) At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government. Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas. Sulphur, which is a raw material for phosphoric acid fertilizer, is a by-product of oil refineries. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1only 2 and 3 only 2 only 1, 2 and 3 Q.2) The Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane is approved by the (2015) Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture. Agricultural Produce Market Committee South Asia Gas Enterprise Syllabus Prelims – Economy Context:  An undersea UAE-Gujarat gas pipeline proposed that connects Middle East with India. About the Gas Pipeline Project A $5-billion, undersea UAE-Gujarat gas pipeline proposed, 2,000-km-long energy corridor connecting Middle East and India, a $5 billion project, can lead to an annual saving of about `7,000 crore in comparison with similar quantity of liquefied natural gas (LNG) import. South Asia Gas Enterprise (SAGE), an international consortium of companies in deepwater pipeline projects, has sought the support of ministry of petroleum and others to develop an undersea gas pipeline from Gulf to India. The proposed 2,000-km-long energy corridor connecting Middle East and India, a $5 billion project, can lead to an annual saving of about `7,000 crore in comparison with similar quantity of liquefied natural gas (LNG) import. About SAGE South Asia Gas Enterprise Private Limited is a Private incorporated on 21 November 2005. It is classified as Non-govt company and is registered at Registrar of Companies, Delhi. It is promoted by the New Delhi based Siddho Mal Group, in Joint Venture with a UK-based Deepwater Technology Company. SAGE is working with a Global Consortium of some of the most reputed companies in the field of Deepwater Pipelines, to create a Multi-Billion Dollar “Energy Corridor” that can transport gas from the Middle East to India, bypassing the land route through Pakistan. Significance of the project The proposed 2,000-km energy corridor connecting the Middle East and India will lead to an annual saving of about Rs 70 billion ($849.60 million). The route will run via Oman and UAE through the Arabian Sea, allowing import from Oman, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkmenistan and Qatar, a region with 2,500 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves. Qatar, Iran, Iraq and Turkmenistan together have enormous Natural Gas reserves to the tune of 2,000 trillion cubic feet (TCF) and SAGE plans to transport some of this to India through its Deepwater Pipeline Infrastructure. Dialogue and discussions with the above-mentioned countries are on at the Highest Levels. The option of Gas Swaps between these nations is also being explored. In addition, SAGE also plans to supply Natural Gas to Oman/ UAE on its Pipeline Route to India, and seeks to further build Cooperative Relations with the friendly Gulf and Middle East countries. MUST READ: TAPI Gas Pipeline Project https://iasbaba.com/2022/01/india-central-asia-summit/ SOURCE: The Financial Express https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/5-billion-undersea-uae-gujarat-gas-pipeline-proposed/3089046/ Kishtwar High Altitude National Park Syllabus Prelims –Environment and Ecology Context: Snow Leopards spotted in Jammu & Kashmir’s Kishtwar National Park. The presence of the elusive snow leopards in Jammu and Kashmir’s Kishtwar High Altitude National Park has been confirmed by a research team of Department of Wildlife Protection through camera trap. Attributed as one of the seven snow leopard reserves under a project launched by Central Government, the Kishtwar High Altitude National Park lies in Doda District, about 40km north-east of Kishtwar Town. The park was established to conserve the snow leopard species, its prey populations and its fragile mountain habitat. Spread over an area of 400 sq km the park was declared a national park on 4 February