Current Affairs

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) India’s Progress in Food Safety Standards Category: POLITY Context: India has transformed its food safety system from adulteration control to a science-based, consumer-focused framework under the FSSAI, established by the 2006 Act. Decoding Context:  Key Reforms Risk-Based Regulation: Standards now align with global benchmarks, with defined limits for residues and additives. Scientific Strengthening: India is conducting Total Diet Studies to reflect local diets and exposures. Global Harmonization: Regulations increasingly match international norms. Institutional Initiatives Digital Oversight: Platforms like FoSCoS manage licensing and compliance. Training & Certification: Programs like FoSTaC enhance industry standards. Public Campaigns: Initiatives like Eat Right India and SNF promote healthy diets. Sustainability Focus: Jaivik Bharat, RUCO, and food waste reduction tackle broader health and environmental goals. Challenges Data Gaps: Need for India-specific studies. Poor Risk Communication: Technical language limits public understanding. Trust Deficit: More transparency and engagement needed. Learning Corner: Brief Note on Food Safety Initiatives by FSSAI The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is the apex body responsible for regulating and supervising food safety in India. It adopts a multi-dimensional approach to ensure the availability of safe and nutritious food through the following key initiatives: Eat Right India Movement A flagship initiative aimed at transforming the country’s food system. It promotes: Safe, healthy, and sustainable food Reduction in salt, sugar, and trans fats Awareness on food labeling and fortification FoSTaC (Food Safety Training and Certification) Provides structured training to food handlers and supervisors across the food value chain Mandatory for licensed food businesses to have at least one certified supervisor FoSCoS (Food Safety Compliance System) A digital platform for licensing, registration, and compliance monitoring of food businesses Replaced the earlier FLRS (Food Licensing and Registration System) RUCO (Repurpose Used Cooking Oil) Promotes safe disposal and repurposing of used cooking oil into biodiesel Addresses health and environmental hazards of reusing oil Jaivik Bharat Certifies and promotes organic food products Helps consumers identify authentic organic food through the Jaivik Bharat logo Clean Street Food Hub and Eat Right Campus Targets hygiene and safety improvements in specific environments: Street Food Hubs: Upgrades clusters of street food vendors Campuses: Encourages institutions to serve safe and healthy food Safe and Nutritious Food (SNF) Campaign Spreads food safety awareness in homes, schools, and workplaces Encourages safe food practices and dietary diversity Save Food, Share Food Focuses on minimizing food wastage Encourages redistribution of excess food to those in need Source : THE HINDU Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context The launch, initially scheduled for June 10, 2025, was postponed due to poor weather. The revised launch time is June 11 at 8:00 a.m. EDT (5:30 p.m. IST). Decoding Context: Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4): Overview Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4) is a private astronaut mission to the International Space Station (ISS), organized by Axiom Space in collaboration with NASA and SpaceX. The mission will launch aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Crew Composition Commander: Peggy Whitson (former NASA astronaut) Pilot: Shubhanshu Shukla (India, ISRO) Mission Specialists: Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski (Poland, ESA) and Tibor Kapu (Hungary) This marks the first ISS mission involving astronauts from India, Poland, and Hungary, and their return to government-sponsored spaceflight after four decades. Mission Goals Duration: ~14 days Over 60 experiments in areas like human research, biology, materials science, and Earth observation Promotes international cooperation and advances microgravity research Viewing Options Live coverage of the launch, docking, and ISS arrival will be available via NASA, SpaceX, and Axiom Space platforms. Docking is expected at 12:30 p.m. EDT (10:00 p.m. IST) on June 11. Source: THE HINDU Drones in Modern Warfare Category: INTERNATIONAL Context The significance of drones have increased during Russia-Ukraine war Decoding Context: Decisive Role: By 2025, drones are responsible for 60–70% of damage to Russian military equipment, becoming a dominant tool in battlefield operations. Mass Production: Ukraine produces around 200,000 First Person View (FPV) drones monthly. These affordable ($200–$400) drones are highly effective against costly Russian tanks and systems. Advanced Capabilities: Ukrainian drones now serve multiple roles—bombing, reconnaissance, relay, and AI-enabled targeting—demonstrating high adaptability. Strategic Innovation: Ukraine’s GOGOL-M “mothership” drone can autonomously deploy two FPV drones over 300 km, targeting critical assets deep in Russian territory. Russian Response: Russia has developed drones like the Tyuvik (resistant to jamming) and fiber-optic models, though they face issues with AI autonomy, as seen in Lancet-3 glitches. Drone Boats: Ukraine introduced armed naval drones like the Magura V7, reportedly used to shoot down Russian aircraft—an unprecedented feat in maritime drone warfare. Tactical Evolution: Ukraine employs “drone walls” along front lines to disrupt enemy troops and conducts long-range strikes against airfields and military hubs. Global Impact: The Ukraine conflict has reshaped global military doctrine, with countries like Taiwan, Israel, and NATO members now prioritizing drone and counter-drone strategies. Learning Corner: First Person View (FPV) Drones – Ukraine Type: Low-cost, manually piloted attack drones. Cost: Approx. $200–$400 per unit. Roles: Reconnaissance Precision strike (kamikaze mode) Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Relay and jamming missions AI-enabled variants under development Impact: Account for 60–70% of the damage to Russian assets by early 2025. Significance: Mass-produced (approx. 200,000/month); extremely effective against high-value Russian targets like tanks. GOGOL-M “Mothership” Drone – Ukraine Type: Advanced autonomous drone platform. Capabilities: Can carry and launch two FPV drones Autonomous target identification, tracking, and strike Range: Up to 300 km Targets: Deep strike against aircraft, fuel depots, infrastructure Innovation: Combines AI with long-range precision warfare; still undergoing battlefield testing. Magura V7 Naval Drone – Ukraine Type: Unmanned surface vessel (USV). Unique Feature: Reportedly the first naval drone to shoot down a fighter jet using surface-to-air missiles. Capabilities: Autonomous navigation Carries missile payloads Long-range maritime operations Impact: Expands drone warfare to sea-to-air combat, a new domain in drone deployment. Tyuvik Light Attack Drone – Russia Type: Compact attack drone. Key Features: Autopilot and target-homing system Designed to withstand electronic warfare (EW) High maneuverability in contested zones Use Case: Deployed as an answer to Ukraine’s FPV threat. Fiber-Optic Drones –

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) UNFPA Report Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: India’s population has touched 1.4639 billion (146.39 crore) in 2025, officially making it the most populous country in the world Decoding Context:  According to the UNFPA State of World Population Report 2025, this figure marks a major demographic milestone with long-term implications. Key Highlights: Population (2025): 1.4639 billion Fertility Rate: 1.9 births per woman (below replacement level of 2.1) Life Expectancy: 71 years (men), 74 years (women) Age Distribution: 0–14 years: 24% 10–19 years: 17% 10–24 years: 26% 15–64 years (working age): 68% 65+ years: 7% Population Peak: Expected around 1.7 billion in the early 2060s, after which it will gradually decline. Demographic Dividend: With 68% in the working-age group, India has a key economic opportunity if employment and skilling are addressed effectively. Fertility & Reproductive Trends: Fertility rate has dropped from nearly 6 children per woman in the 1960s to 1.9 in 2025. Decline driven by improved education, access to healthcare, and women’s empowerment. However, 36% of adults still experience unintended pregnancies, and 30% report unmet reproductive desires, indicating inequality in access and reproductive autonomy across regions. Policy Focus: The report urges a shift from population control to reproductive rights. The true demographic dividend can only be realized by empowering individuals with informed reproductive choices, and ensuring access to quality healthcare, education, and job opportunities. Conclusion: India stands at a pivotal moment in its demographic journey. While falling fertility rates and better life expectancy are positive signs, realizing the benefits of this transition depends on inclusive policies, reproductive agency, and economic empowerment of the working-age population. Learning Corner: Decadal Census in India – Brief Note Definition: The Census of India is a decennial (once every 10 years) exercise conducted to collect comprehensive demographic, socio-economic, and housing data of the country’s population. It is the largest administrative and statistical exercise in the world. Historical Background: The first synchronous census was conducted in 1881 under British rule. Since then, it has been carried out every 10 years without fail, even during wars, pandemics, or emergencies. The Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, under the Ministry of Home Affairs, is responsible for conducting the census. Key Features: Conducted in two phases: House-listing & Housing Census Population Enumeration Involves lakhs of enumerators, mainly government school teachers and other staff. Census 2011 was the 15th National Census since 1881. Census 2021 (Postponed): Census 2021 was to be the 16th decadal census. It has been postponed indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic and administrative reasons. This is the first time since 1881 that a decadal census has been delayed. Importance of the Census: Provides data for planning, policy-making, and allocation of resources. Essential for delimitation of constituencies, reservation of seats, and distribution of funds to states. Helps track migration trends, literacy levels, employment, housing conditions, and access to basic amenities. Challenges: Digital transition: Census 2021 was to be the first digital census, using mobile apps for data collection. Political sensitivity over caste-based enumeration (demand for caste census). Urban-rural coverage, underreporting, and data accuracy remain persistent concerns. Conclusion: The decadal census remains a cornerstone of India’s governance and development planning. With growing demands for more granular socio-economic data (e.g., caste census), its scope and complexity are increasing, making its timely and transparent execution more critical than ever. Source : THE HINDU KATRIN Experiment Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment in Germany has set a new world record for the smallest upper limit on the mass of the electron neutrino Decoding Context: How It Works: KATRIN measures the energy of electrons emitted during the beta decay of tritium. By analyzing the endpoint of the energy spectrum, it infers the neutrino mass. The setup includes a 70-meter-long beamline and a 200-tonne spectrometer. Key Highlights: New Limit: Neutrino mass < 0.45 eV/c² (at 90% confidence). Data Used: 250 days of data, 36 million electron events. Comparison: Most precise direct and model-independent measurement so far. Cosmology vs. Lab: While cosmological models suggest even smaller combined masses, KATRIN’s direct approach avoids theoretical dependencies. Significance & Future Prospects: Neutrinos are key to understanding physics beyond the Standard Model, cosmic evolution, and structure formation. KATRIN continues to collect data and aims to push sensitivity to 0.3 eV by the end of 2025. The findings may open doors to new physics. Learning Corner: What are Neutrinos? Neutrinos are fundamental subatomic particles that belong to the family of leptons in the Standard Model of particle physics. They are: Electrically neutral Have extremely small mass (but not zero) Interact very weakly with matter (only via weak nuclear force and gravity) Can pass through ordinary matter almost undisturbed Types of Neutrinos: There are three known flavors of neutrinos, each associated with a charged lepton: Electron neutrino (νₑ) Muon neutrino (ν_μ) Tau neutrino (ν_τ) Key Properties: Property Value / Note Charge 0 (neutral) Spin ½ (fermion) Interaction Weak nuclear force, gravity only Mass Extremely small, non-zero (~<1 eV) Speed Close to speed of light   Neutrino Sources: Natural Sources: Sun (solar neutrinos), cosmic rays, supernovae, Earth’s interior (geoneutrinos) Man-made: Nuclear reactors, particle accelerators, and beta decay experiments Important Phenomena: Neutrino Oscillation: Neutrinos can change from one flavor to another, which implies they have mass — a discovery that led to the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics. Mass Measurement: Experiments like KATRIN aim to determine their absolute mass directly. Why Are Neutrinos Important? They are essential to understanding the Standard Model and physics beyond it. Help explain matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. Offer insights into cosmic evolution, nuclear reactions, and dark matter candidates. Due to their weak interaction, they are excellent probes of processes deep inside stars and supernovae. Neutrino Comparison Table Property Neutrino Electron Photon Type Lepton Lepton Boson (Force carrier) Electric Charge 0 −1 0 Mass Very small, non-zero ~9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg 0 Interaction Weak force, gravity EM, weak, gravity Electromagnetic only Spin ½ (Fermion) ½ (Fermion) 1 (Boson) Speed Close to light speed Much slower Speed of light Penetrating Power

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) High Seas Treaty – 2025 UN Ocean Conference Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: India is actively moving toward ratification of the High Seas Treaty (formally the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction – BBNJ – Agreement), contrary to any suggestion of reluctance. Decoding Context:  Key Highlights: India has signed the BBNJ Treaty and is undergoing its internal ratification process. At the 2025 UN Ocean Conference in Nice, the Minister of State for Earth Sciences confirmed India’s commitment to the treaty and ocean conservation. A six-point action plan was proposed by India, focusing on science-based, inclusive, and sustainable ocean governance. India’s Commitments: Enhancing marine research and data-driven ocean policy. Expanding marine protected areas. Tackling plastic and marine pollution via circular economy models. Promoting climate resilience and ocean-based solutions. Supporting renewable ocean energy. Integrating indigenous knowledge in marine governance. India also endorsed the ‘Nice Ocean Action Plan’, emphasizing finance, partnerships, and actionable steps toward achieving SDG-14 (Life Below Water). Global Status: As of mid-2025, 49 countries have ratified the treaty; 60 ratifications are required for it to come into force. The treaty aims to: Protect biodiversity in international waters. Establish marine protected areas. Ensure fair sharing of marine genetic resources. Foster international cooperation for high seas governance. Conclusion: India is firmly aligned with the objectives of the High Seas Treaty and is progressing toward formal ratification. Its current stance reflects a deliberate, policy-driven approach consistent with its broader marine conservation strategy.   Learning Corner: High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) Full Name: Agreement on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Adopted: June 2023 at the United Nations Purpose: To conserve and sustainably use marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), i.e., the high seas which cover nearly two-thirds of the ocean and nearly half of the Earth’s surface. Key Features: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Establish a global framework to create protected zones in international waters to safeguard marine ecosystems. Marine Genetic Resources (MGRs): Ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of MGRs, such as deep-sea organisms used in pharmaceuticals or biotechnology. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs): Mandates EIAs for activities conducted on the high seas to prevent significant harm to marine environments. Capacity Building and Technology Transfer: Assists developing countries with scientific resources, training, and data-sharing to ensure equitable participation in high seas conservation. Decision-Making Structure: Establishes institutions to monitor implementation, resolve disputes, and update scientific guidelines periodically. Significance: Fills a major legal gap in international maritime law under the UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea). Aims to protect biodiversity in the “global commons”. Critical for tackling threats such as overfishing, climate change, and deep-sea mining. Global Treaties that India has ratified and not ratified: Category Ratified by India Not Ratified by India Nuclear Treaties CWC, BWC NPT, CTBT, ATT Environmental Treaties UNFCCC, CBD, Paris Agreement, Basel, Stockholm BBNJ (in process), some UN water conventions Human Rights Treaties ICCPR, ICESCR, CRC, CEDAW Migrant Workers’ Convention, Enforced Disappearances Labour Treaties Some ILO conventions ILO 87, 98, partially delayed ratification of 138 Maritime Treaties UNCLOS, CITES, WTO-related None major Source : THE HINDU C. Sankaran Nair Category: HISTORY Sankaran Nair’s legacy defies simple categorization due to his multifaceted roles as a jurist, nationalist, reformer, and critic. He was both an insider in the British legal system and a principled dissenter, resigning from the Viceroy’s Council after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Key Aspects of His Legacy Constitutionalist and Rebel: Rose to become a judge of the Madras High Court, yet protested British atrocities and advocated for Indian rights through constitutional means. Legal and Social Reformer: Delivered landmark judgments emphasizing due process and justice. Advocated inter-caste marriage, women’s rights, and eradication of caste discrimination. Independent Nationalist: Supported Dominion Status as a step toward full independence. Criticized both British colonialism and Indian political orthodoxy, especially Gandhi’s mass movements and the Khilafat agitation. Courage and Integrity: Refused to apologize after losing a defamation case in England. Resigned from high office over ethical concerns. Underappreciated Figure: Despite his influence, his contributions were sidelined in mainstream narratives. He is now being rediscovered through biographies and popular media. Conclusion Sankaran Nair’s life embodied contradiction and courage—an elite fighting for the marginalized, a loyal servant of law who challenged empire, and a moderate voice amid radical upheaval. His legacy is essential to understanding the complexities of India’s freedom struggle. Learning Corner: Sankaran Nair (1857–1934) Lawyer | Jurist | Nationalist | Social Reformer Sankaran Nair was a prominent Indian jurist and nationalist leader known for his bold dissent against British colonial rule and his deep commitment to constitutionalism and social justice. He served as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1897, becoming the first Malayali to hold the position. Appointed Advocate-General of Madras and later a Judge of the Madras High Court, he was known for his commitment to legal integrity and civil rights. In protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919), he resigned from the Viceroy’s Executive Council, becoming one of the earliest high-ranking Indians to do so. Nair was a strong advocate for social reform, promoting women’s rights, caste equality, and inter-caste marriage. He opposed Gandhi’s methods of mass civil disobedience and criticized the Khilafat Movement, preferring constitutional and legislative paths to reform. His book, Gandhi and Anarchy, outlined his differences with the dominant nationalist strategies of his time. Despite his contributions, he was largely forgotten in mainstream history until recent efforts began reviving interest in his legacy. Source: THE HINDU Sudan Refugee Crisis Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Egypt’s Crackdown Forces Sudanese Refugees Toward Libya and Europe Decoding Context: Following the 2023 civil war in Sudan, millions fled the country—many initially seeking safety in Egypt due to its proximity and historic ties. However, Egypt’s increasingly restrictive refugee policies have made it harder for Sudanese to remain. Stricter visa rules, costly residency requirements, and a shift from UNHCR to government-controlled refugee registration have led to widespread detentions and deportations, even for registered asylum seekers. Facing harassment, fear of arrest, and poor living conditions, many

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Air India Flight AI171 Crashes in Ahmedabad Category: POLITY Context: An Air India Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner, en route from Ahmedabad to London, crashed shortly after takeoff on June 12, 2025, killing 241 out of 242 peoples on board Decoding Context:  Casualties and Survivors Total onboard: 242 (230 passengers, 2 pilots, 10 crew) Fatalities: 241 Sole survivor: A British national of Indian origin (Seat 11A) Passenger nationalities: 169 Indians, 53 British, 7 Portuguese, 1 Canadian Additional victims: Residents in the crash zone feared dead or injured Crash Details Took off at 1:38 PM IST Issued a “mayday” distress call moments after take-off Lost contact and crashed within minutes, followed by a large explosion Witnesses saw it flying abnormally low before impact Response and Investigation PM Modi and the Civil Aviation Minister ordered rescue operations and suspended airport activity DGCA will lead the investigation with Boeing and international assistance Support teams and helplines set up for affected families Notable Casualties Former Gujarat CM Vijay Rupani was among the passengers and is presumed dead Learning Corner: Organizations That Handle Airplane Accidents in India India has a structured aviation safety framework involving multiple agencies that oversee investigation, regulation, and response to aircraft accidents. Here are the key organizations: Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) Role: Regulatory body for civil aviation in India. Functions: Ensures air safety standards. Grants licenses to pilots, engineers, and airlines. Monitors aircraft operations and airworthiness. In Accidents: Supervises initial response and coordinates with investigators. Ensures airline compliance with post-crash protocols. Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) Role: Primary agency for investigating aircraft accidents and serious incidents. Established: 2011 under the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA), following ICAO guidelines. Functions: Conducts independent investigations. Determines causes and contributing factors. Recommends safety measures to prevent recurrence. Legal Backing: Works under Aircraft (Investigation of Accidents and Incidents) Rules, 2017. Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) Role: Parent ministry overseeing DGCA and AAIB. Functions: Approves aviation safety policies. Coordinates with other ministries (Home, Defense) during major accidents. Provides high-level oversight of investigations and compensation issues. Airports Authority of India (AAI) Role: Manages airport infrastructure and air traffic services. Functions in Accidents: Supports rescue and firefighting (ARFF) at airports. Assists in emergency coordination and communications. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) & Local Administration Role: Provides emergency response, rescue, and recovery. Functions: Assists in evacuating survivors and retrieving bodies. Handles hazardous materials if involved in the crash. Source : THE HINDU Global Gender Gap Index Category: INTERNATIONAL   Context: India ranked 131st out of 148 countries in the Global Gender Gap Index 2025, slipping two spots from its 2024 rank (129th) Key Highlights: Political Empowerment: Dropped by 0.6 points. Women’s representation in Parliament fell from 14.7% to 13.8%. Ministerial positions held by women declined from 6.5% to 5.6%. Economic Participation: Slight improvement to 40.7%. Women estimated earned income rose to 29.9%. Labour force participation parity remained at 45.9%. India remains in the bottom five globally for this pillar. Education and Health: Educational parity reached 97.1%. Health and survival scores improved slightly, aided by better sex ratio at birth. Regional Comparison: Ranked below Bangladesh (24), Bhutan (119), Nepal (125), and Sri Lanka (130). Ahead only of Maldives and Pakistan in South Asia. Global Overview: The global gender gap is 68.8% closed. At the current pace, it will take over 120 years to achieve global gender parity. India remains among the bottom 20 countries worldwide. Learning Corner: Note on Global Gender Gap Index The Global Gender Gap Index is an annual report published by the World Economic Forum (WEF) that measures gender-based disparities across countries. First launched in 2006, the index evaluates the progress of nations toward gender parity using a standardized framework. Key Features: Published by: World Economic Forum (WEF) Latest Edition: Global Gender Gap Report 2025 Coverage: 148 countries (in 2025 edition) Core Dimensions Measured: Economic Participation and Opportunity Includes wage equality, labour force participation, and advancement to leadership roles. Educational Attainment Covers literacy rates and enrolment in primary to tertiary education. Health and Survival Considers sex ratio at birth and life expectancy. Political Empowerment Measures representation in Parliament and ministerial positions. Scoring: Score Range: 0 to 1 A score of 1 indicates full gender parity. A score closer to 0 indicates high inequality. Significance: Tracks gender gaps, not absolute levels of development. Helps policymakers identify areas needing intervention. Benchmarks progress across time and regions. Source: THE HINDU International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors passed a resolution formally censuring Iran for failing to meet its nuclear obligations—the first such action in 20 years Decoding Context: Key Reasons for the Censure Iran has repeatedly failed to cooperate fully since 2019 regarding undeclared nuclear materials and sites. It has not provided credible explanations for uranium traces found at undisclosed locations. These actions violate Iran’s Safeguards Agreement under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Implications The censure raises the possibility of Iran being referred to the UN Security Council, which could lead to renewed international sanctions. It has intensified geopolitical tensions, with concerns over potential Israeli military action. Iran’s Response Iran rejected the resolution, calling it politically motivated. Announced plans to build a new uranium enrichment facility and install sixth-generation centrifuges at Fordow. Warned of additional retaliatory steps, including reconsidering its NPT membership. Learning Corner: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Established: 1957, under the UN. Headquarters: Vienna, Austria. Mandate: Promotes peaceful use of nuclear energy, prevents nuclear weapons proliferation. Functions: Conducts nuclear inspections. Ensures compliance with Safeguards Agreements. Assists in nuclear safety, science, and technology. Reports to: UN General Assembly and Security Council. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Came into force: 1970. Members: 191 countries (India, Pakistan, Israel are non-signatories). Objectives: Non-Proliferation: Prevent spread of nuclear weapons. Disarmament: Promote disarmament efforts. Peaceful Use: Allow access to nuclear energy for civilian use under safeguards. Safeguards Agreement: Signatory states must allow IAEA inspections of nuclear facilities. JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) is a

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Israel’s Biggest Ever Attack at the Heart of Iran Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Israel has launched its most extensive military operation in recent history, striking Iran’s key nuclear and military facilities Decoding Context:  The attack primarily targeted the Natanz uranium enrichment facility, missile bases, and research centers, killing several top Iranian officials  Key Highlights: The attack followed a critical IAEA resolution against Iran for non-compliance with nuclear safeguards. Prime Minister Netanyahu described the strike as a “pre-emptive action” to stop Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. Major sites targeted included Natanz, Isfahan, Tehran, Tabriz, Kermanshah, Badrak, Piranshahr, and Sardasht. Despite the severity, experts believe the risk of a radiation leak is low due to the type of uranium involved and the design of the facility. Implications: Marks a sharp escalation in Israel-Iran tensions. Likely to impact ongoing nuclear negotiations and regional stability. Iran’s response and the global diplomatic fallout remain uncertain. Learning Corner: Brief Note on the Israel-Iran Conflict The Israel-Iran conflict is a long-standing geopolitical rivalry marked by deep ideological, strategic, and security tensions in the Middle East. Historical Background: After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Iran adopted a strongly anti-Israel stance, calling for the elimination of the Israeli state. Iran supports militant groups like Hezbollah (Lebanon) and Hamas (Gaza), which oppose Israel. Israel views Iran’s regional influence and proxy network as a direct threat to its security. Key Issues: Nuclear Program: Iran’s pursuit of nuclear technology has been a central point of contention. Israel considers a nuclear-armed Iran an existential threat and has conducted cyberattacks (e.g., Stuxnet) and targeted killings of Iranian nuclear scientists. Recent years have seen direct military actions by Israel against Iranian nuclear sites and facilities. Proxy Warfare: Iran supports armed groups across the region (Syria, Lebanon, Gaza, Iraq, Yemen), which Israel frequently targets through airstrikes. The conflict often manifests indirectly through these proxies, especially on Israel’s northern and southern borders. Recent Escalations (2024–2025): Israel has intensified strikes against Iranian military assets and nuclear sites inside Iran. Iran has retaliated with missile and drone attacks. These direct confrontations mark a dangerous shift from shadow warfare to open military engagement. Global Implications: Regional Instability: The conflict threatens to destabilize the broader Middle East. Energy Security: Disruption in the Strait of Hormuz or oil infrastructure can impact global markets. Nuclear Non-Proliferation: The breakdown of diplomatic efforts (e.g., JCPOA) risks a nuclear arms race in the region. Source : THE HINDU RBI’s Final Gold Loan Guidelines Category: ECONOMICS Context: The Reserve Bank of India’s final directions on gold loans are seen as a growth driver for NBFCs, especially those focused on small-ticket lending. Key Highlights: Higher LTV Ceiling: The loan-to-value (LTV) ratio has been raised to 85% for loans up to ₹2.5 lakh, up from 75%, benefiting NBFCs whose portfolios mostly comprise small-ticket gold loans. Bullet Repayment Loans: For bullet loans (where interest and principal are repaid together), the LTV must now be calculated including accrued interest, not just principal. The increased LTV helps offset this stricter computation. Risk Management Emphasis: While higher LTV allows greater lending, it also increases exposure to gold price volatility. Timely auctions and robust risk practices are now more critical. No Extra Provisioning: The proposed 1% additional provisioning for LTV breaches has been dropped. However, NBFCs must clearly outline their response and auction policies for LTV breaches. Uniform Rules and Timeline: These rules apply to all regulated lenders (including banks) and will be implemented from April 1, 2026, giving NBFCs time to adjust. Crisil’s View: The new framework provides additional lending flexibility and regulatory clarity, supporting growth while intensifying competition. Learning Corner: Monetary Policy Measures by RBI The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) uses monetary policy tools to regulate money supply, control inflation, ensure financial stability, and support economic growth. These tools are broadly classified into: Quantitative Measures (General Instruments) These control the overall money supply and credit volume in the economy. Measure Description Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) Percentage of a bank’s total deposits that must be kept with RBI as reserves. Higher CRR reduces lending capacity. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) Percentage of net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) that banks must maintain in the form of liquid assets (like government securities). Repo Rate Interest rate at which RBI lends to banks. A higher repo rate makes borrowing costly, reducing money supply. Reverse Repo Rate Interest rate at which RBI borrows from banks. Used to absorb excess liquidity. Bank Rate Long-term lending rate of RBI to banks. Rarely used now. Open Market Operations (OMO) RBI buys/sells government securities in the open market to control liquidity. Buying increases money supply; selling reduces it. Qualitative Measures (Selective Instruments) These focus on controlling the use or direction of credit rather than its volume. Measure Description Credit Rationing RBI imposes limits on loans to certain sectors or businesses. Moral Suasion RBI persuades banks (non-binding) to follow certain credit practices, like not lending excessively to speculative sectors. Selective Credit Controls RBI restricts lending for certain purposes like hoarding or speculative trading. Margin Requirements RBI sets minimum margin for loans against securities to control speculative credit. Source: THE HINDU Keezhadi Excavation Category: HISTORY Context : The Keezhadi archaeological site in Tamil Nadu has become the center of a political and academic controversy. Decoding Context: Keezhadi Excavation Located near the Vaigai river, the site has revealed the remains of an advanced urban civilization dating back to at least the 6th century BCE. Artifacts such as pottery, tools, and graffiti resembling the Indus script point to a literate, secular, and technologically advanced Tamil society. Political and Academic Tensions The excavation, initiated in 2015, was led in early phases by archaeologist K. Amarnath Ramakrishna. He has refused to revise his 982-page report, asserting it is scientifically valid. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and Union Culture Ministry have asked for revisions, citing lack of scientific rigor. Tamil Nadu leaders and scholars allege political interference by the central government, accusing it of trying to suppress evidence that showcases the antiquity and independence of

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Prime Minister visits Cyprus Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s two-day visit to Cyprus marks a significant step in revitalizing India-Cyprus relations after more than two decades Decoding Context:  The visit aimed to deepen cooperation in trade, investment, technology, and security. Key Highlights Diplomatic Talks: PM Modi met with President Nikos Christodoulides to enhance bilateral cooperation across strategic sectors. Business Roundtable: Business leaders from both nations convened in Limassol, leading to proposals for long-term economic collaboration. Strategic Timing: The visit gains importance with Cyprus set to hold the EU Council presidency in 2026 and amid shifting regional alignments involving Turkey and Pakistan. Focus Areas of Cooperation Area Cooperation Focus Trade & Investment Boosting trade, increasing FDI, using Cyprus as a gateway to Europe Technology Collaborating on innovation and tech-driven sectors Security Tackling cross-border terrorism and enhancing regional security ties International Support Cyprus backs India on global issues like Kashmir and UN reforms Geopolitical Significance Cyprus, being part of the EU and Commonwealth, holds strategic importance for India’s outreach to Europe. The partnership also supports India’s goals related to the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), leveraging Cyprus’s maritime location. Leadership Remarks PM Modi hailed Cyprus as a close friend and valued partner in the Mediterranean and EU. Both nations reaffirmed commitment to concluding the India-EU Free Trade Agreement. Conclusion The visit signals a new phase of strategic, economic, and diplomatic collaboration, setting the stage for deeper and sustained engagement between India and Cyprus. Learning Corner: Note on India–Cyprus Relations India and Cyprus share a historically warm and mutually supportive relationship, rooted in shared values of democracy, non-alignment, and multilateral cooperation. Key Aspects of the Relationship: Diplomatic Ties: Established in 1962, the two countries have maintained consistent engagement through high-level visits, bilateral agreements, and participation in international forums. Economic Cooperation: Cyprus is a significant source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into India, especially in sectors like real estate, finance, and services. Recent focus on enhancing collaboration in technology, pharmaceuticals, and green energy. Support on International Issues: Cyprus has consistently supported India’s position on Jammu & Kashmir and its bid for a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. India, in return, has supported Cyprus’s territorial integrity and sovereignty, especially in the context of its dispute with Turkey. Cultural and Educational Exchanges: Programs under ICCR scholarships and growing interest in yoga and Ayurveda have boosted people-to-people ties. Strategic Importance: Cyprus’s EU membership and geostrategic location make it an important gateway for India into Europe and the Mediterranean region. Cooperation expected to grow in light of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC). Source : THE HINDU AI and Biomanufacturing Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: India is emerging as a key player in integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into biotechnology and biomanufacturing. Decoding Context:  Initiatives like the BioE3 Policy and IndiaAI Mission aim to make India a global leader in ethical, AI-driven bio-industrial innovation. However, regulatory gaps and fragmented policies pose significant challenges. Key Highlights AI’s Role in Biomanufacturing AI is enhancing drug screening, optimizing production, and improving quality control. Firms such as Biocon and Strand Life Sciences are using AI for drug discovery, diagnostics, and personalized medicine, reducing costs and speeding up innovation. Regulatory and Policy Challenges Current policies lack clarity on data standards, ownership, and licensing. Reliable, representative AI models are essential, especially in sensitive sectors like healthcare. Without streamlined regulation, innovation may be hindered or face legal complications. Need for Data Diversity and Risk-Based Regulation AI systems must be trained on diverse datasets to ensure safety and relevance to India’s varied conditions. There’s a call for adaptive, context-aware regulations similar to global best practices. Future Opportunities AI can significantly accelerate drug development by screening compounds digitally and refining manufacturing. India must develop clear data standards and supportive frameworks to stay globally competitive. Conclusion India’s success in AI-driven biomanufacturing hinges on building robust, harmonized policies that promote innovation while ensuring safety, public trust, and high data quality. Learning Corner: Note on Biomanufacturing Biomanufacturing is the use of biological systems—such as microorganisms, cell cultures, or enzymes—to produce commercially important products. It lies at the intersection of biology, engineering, and industrial manufacturing. Key Features: Involves living cells or their components (e.g., enzymes) to manufacture biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, biofuels, enzymes, and biomaterials. Uses fermentation, cell culture, and synthetic biology techniques for production. Applications: Healthcare: Production of therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines. Agriculture: Biofertilizers and biopesticides. Energy: Bioethanol and biodiesel production. Industrial Use: Bioplastics, biodegradable materials, and enzymes for food and textile industries. Advantages: Environmentally friendly and sustainable. Enables precision manufacturing at the molecular level. Reduces dependency on fossil fuels and chemicals. Emerging Trends: Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for process optimization. Adoption of continuous manufacturing over traditional batch processes. Growing emphasis on green biomanufacturing for climate goals. Biomanufacturing is central to the bioeconomy and is being prioritized in national policies for healthcare innovation, sustainability, and industrial competitiveness. Note on BioE3 Policy The BioE3 Policy is a national-level initiative by the Government of India aimed at promoting biomanufacturing through a framework based on Economy, Environment, and Employment—the three E’s. Key Objectives: Economy: Boost India’s bioeconomy by encouraging bio-based industries and reducing dependency on petrochemicals. Environment: Promote green biomanufacturing to reduce carbon footprint and environmental degradation. Employment: Generate high-skilled jobs in biotechnology, research, and industrial biomanufacturing sectors. Salient Features: Supports startups, R&D, and bio-industrial parks for sustainable production. Encourages the development and use of bio-based alternatives to plastics, fuels, and chemicals. Aligns with Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) initiatives. Emphasizes circular economy principles—waste minimization, reuse, and recycling using biological processes. Significance: Positions India as a global hub for sustainable biomanufacturing. Supports India’s climate goals under SDGs and Paris Agreement. Enables integration of AI and digital technologies in bio-industrial systems. The BioE3 Policy is a transformative step towards building a resilient, green, and innovation-driven bioeconomy in India. Source: THE HINDU Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) Units Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : Committee of experts, chaired by Principal Scientific Advisor (PSA) Ajay Sood, has

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Census 2027 Category: POLITY Context: Registrar-General of India issues notification for Census Decoding Context:  Overview The 16th Census of India will be held in two phases: House-listing (March 1 to September 30, 2026) Population enumeration (early 2027) It will be India’s first digital Census, using mobile apps and a new coding system. Conducting a Census Enumerators: ~30 lakh (mainly school teachers) Supervisory Staff: ~1.2 lakh functionaries Training: ~46,000 persons Preparation Includes: Freezing administrative boundaries Training Methodology revision Phase 1: House-listing Enumerators visit homes to record: Type of building Use (residential/commercial/mixed) Material used Water source Sanitation Electricity Head of household info Timeline: March 1 – September 30 of the year before population enumeration Output: Profile of housing stock, living conditions, amenities Phase 2: Population Enumeration Focus on individual data: Name, age, gender, DOB Relationship to head Marital status, education Occupation, religion, caste/tribe Disability, migration, nativity Goal: Create a full statistical profile of every person in India Why the Census Matters Helps track demographic, social, economic changes Assists in: Policy-making Resource distribution Planning welfare schemes Basis for: Delimitation of constituencies Reservation (SC/ST seats under Articles 330 & 332) Central grants to states New Features & Technology Mobile App Usage: Replaces paper-based enumeration Unique ID generation for entries CMMS (Census Management and Monitoring System): Supervision Issue resolution GPS Tagging: Geolocate houses and address data gaps Validation & Correction: Real-time error checks during data entry Digital Signatures: Enumerators will sign entries digitally New Information Captured Availability of drinking water Usage of smartphones and mobile phones Access to bank accounts Transgender identification option Caste enumeration (questionnaire prepared) – pending decision Political Implications First Census Since 1931 to collect caste data beyond SC/ST. Timing Critical: Will impact delimitation, reservation in Parliament. Changes in Content Detailed questionnaire was already prepared in 2018-19 Updated data variables introduced Household listing in 2026 will cover 28 columns Challenges Anticipated Digital Literacy: App training for enumerators Language barriers in app interface Logistics: Device provisioning, supervision Exclusion risks: Transient or homeless populations Verification: Authenticating digitally recorded data Conclusion The 2027 Census will mark a technological shift in India’s data collection process, offering granular and real-time demographic insights. However, its execution will require robust training, digital readiness, and efficient supervision to overcome inherent challenges. Learning Corner: Note on the History of Census in India The Census in India is one of the oldest and most comprehensive administrative exercises in the world. It provides vital data for governance, planning, and policymaking. Here’s a concise overview of its historical development: Historical Background First Attempt (1872): The first population count was conducted in 1872 during British rule under the supervision of W.C. Plowden. It was not synchronous and was conducted in different provinces at different times. First Complete Census (1881): Conducted under Lord Ripon, with Sir William Hunter as the Census Commissioner. This was the first synchronous and systematic Census across India and marked the beginning of the decennial tradition. Census in Independent India After independence, the first Census was conducted in 1951 under the Census Act of 1948. Since then, India has conducted seven Censuses: 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011. The 2021 Census was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and is now expected in 2026–2027. Census Act, 1948 Provides the legal framework for conducting the Census in India. Empowers the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India to manage the process. Key Features of India’s Census Conducted every 10 years. Two-phase process: House-listing and Housing Census Population Enumeration One of the largest administrative exercises globally, covering over 1.4 billion people. Significance Provides data on population, literacy, migration, employment, housing, and amenities. Forms the basis for: Policy formulation Delimitation of constituencies Reservation of seats Distribution of central funds Source : THE INDIAN EXPRESS 2025 Bonn Climate Change Conference Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Bonn Climate Change Conference to be held from June 16 to 26, 2025. Decoding Context:  Purpose & Focus Acts as a mid-year preparatory meeting between COP29 (Baku, 2024) and COP30 (Belém, Brazil, 2025) Brings together representatives from nearly 200 countries to: Advance the Global Goal on Adaptation (from concept to implementation) Mobilize climate finance (goal: $1.3 trillion under the Baku-Belém Roadmap) Finalize rules for UN-backed carbon markets (Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement) Strengthen Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Side Themes Emphasis on: Just transition Gender-responsive climate action Youth and Indigenous Peoples’ engagement Nature-based solutions Significance A key platform to: Evaluate progress on climate adaptation and resilience Lay the technical groundwork for COP30 Keep the 1.5°C Paris goal within reach Influence future climate negotiations on adaptation, finance, and carbon markets Learning Corner: Note on UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) The UNFCCC is an international treaty adopted in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit to address the global challenge of climate change. Key Features: Objective: To stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Entered into force: March 21, 1994 Parties: 198 countries (referred to as Parties to the Convention), making it nearly universal. Important Elements: Differentiated Responsibilities: The principle of “Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities” (CBDR-RC) is central—developed countries are expected to take the lead in reducing emissions. Annexes: Annex I: Industrialized countries and economies in transition. Annex II: Subset of Annex I—required to provide financial and technological support to developing countries. Non-Annex I: Developing countries. Major Protocols and Agreements under UNFCCC: Kyoto Protocol (1997): Legally binding emission reduction targets for developed countries. Came into force in 2005. Paris Agreement (2015): Legally binding international treaty. All countries submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Aim: Limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C. Institutional Mechanism: COP (Conference of the Parties): Supreme decision-making body of the UNFCCC. Held annually (e.g., COP28 in 2023, COP30 in Brazil in 2025). SBSTA & SBI: Subsidiary bodies that meet in mid-year sessions (like the Bonn Climate Change Conference) to carry out technical work and implementation discussions. Significance for India: Provides a platform to push for climate

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Evolution of Rice Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A landmark study shows that rice plants can adapt to cold by altering gene expression through epigenetic changes—specifically in the gene ACT1 Decoding Context:  ACT1 is active in warm temperatures, but exposure to cold triggers an epigenetic tag that turns on ACT1, helping the plant tolerate cold by producing a protective protein. Without this activation, rice plants struggle in cold conditions. Key Findings: These cold-induced epigenetic changes were retained across five generations, even when the original cold trigger was absent. The process provides evidence supporting Lamarckian inheritance—the idea that acquired traits during a lifetime can be passed down. This challenges the traditional Darwinian model, which emphasizes natural selection and DNA sequence mutations. The research suggests that plants can adapt rapidly to environmental stress using heritable epigenetic mechanisms. The Gist: ACT1 gene helps rice plants survive in the cold when epigenetically switched on. Changes observed support Lamarck’s theory in modern molecular terms. The discovery could impact crop improvement strategies, especially for climate resilience. Implication: This study offers a fresh perspective on inheritance and evolution, showing how environmental factors can trigger heritable changes without altering the DNA sequence itself. Learning Corner: Note on ACT1 Gene in Rice Plant The ACT1 gene in rice (Oryza sativa) encodes actin protein, a crucial component of the plant cell’s cytoskeleton. This gene is ubiquitously expressed in most rice tissues and is essential for various cellular and developmental processes. Key Features of ACT1 Gene: Gene Function: ACT1 encodes actin 1, a protein that helps in cell shape maintenance, cytoplasmic streaming, organelle movement, and cell division. Promoter Utility: The ACT1 promoter is widely used in plant biotechnology as a constitutive promoter, meaning it drives gene expression in almost all tissues throughout the plant’s life cycle. It is often preferred in transgenic rice for stable and high-level expression of introduced genes. Expression Profile: ACT1 is strongly and constitutively expressed in leaves, roots, stems, and reproductive organs, making it ideal for expressing transgenes in both vegetative and reproductive tissues. Biotechnological Applications: Used in gene overexpression studies. Employed in CRISPR/Cas9 systems for effective genome editing in rice. Important in studying plant-pathogen interactions and stress responses. Source: THE HINDU Shakti – 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: India-France Joint Military Exercise Shakti – 2025. Overview: A 90-member Indian Army contingent has departed for France to participate in the 8th edition of Exercise Shakti, scheduled from June 18 to July 1, 2025, at Camp Larzac, La Cavalerie, in southern France. Key Highlights: Indian Representation: Jammu and Kashmir Rifles battalion along with personnel from other units. French Representation: 13th Foreign Legion Half-Brigade (13th DBLE). Objective: Enhance counter-terrorism capabilities, tactical cooperation, and interoperability. Significance: Strengthens defense ties and strategic partnership between India and France. Nature: Biennial military exercise. Learning Corner: Exercise Name Partner Country/Group Type Branch Involved Focus/Remarks Yudh Abhyas United States Bilateral Army Counter-insurgency and interoperability Tiger Triumph United States Bilateral Tri-services Amphibious operations Cope India United States Bilateral Air Force Air combat training MALABAR US, Japan, Australia Multilateral Navy Indo-Pacific security and naval cooperation INDRA Russia Bilateral Tri-services Strategic cooperation, anti-terror ops Garuda France Bilateral Air Force Air warfare training Varuna France Bilateral Navy Maritime security and coordination Shakti France Bilateral Army Counter-terrorism and tactical ops Ajeya Warrior United Kingdom Bilateral Army Counter-insurgency operations Konkan United Kingdom Bilateral Navy Maritime operations Indra Dhanush United Kingdom Bilateral Air Force Air combat tactics AUSINDEX Australia Bilateral Navy Maritime interoperability AUSTRA HIND Australia Bilateral Army Peacekeeping and HADR JIMEX Japan Bilateral Navy Maritime security and interoperability Dharma Guardian Japan Bilateral Army Counter-insurgency Surya Kiran Nepal Bilateral Army Jungle warfare and mountain ops Sampriti Bangladesh Bilateral Army Counter-terrorism Bongosagar Bangladesh Bilateral Navy Maritime cooperation Mitra Shakti Sri Lanka Bilateral Army Counter-terrorism and HADR SLINEX Sri Lanka Bilateral Navy Maritime cooperation Ekuverin Maldives Bilateral Army Counter-insurgency Maitree Thailand Bilateral Army Jungle warfare and disaster response VINBAX Vietnam Bilateral Army United Nations peacekeeping training Nomadic Elephant Mongolia Bilateral Army Counter-insurgency in mountainous terrain RIMPAC US-led Multinational Multilateral Navy World’s largest naval exercise MILAN Multinational (hosted by India) Multilateral Navy Naval diplomacy and cooperation SCO Peace Mission SCO Members (incl. China, Russia) Multilateral Army Anti-terror and joint ops training Cobra Gold Thailand + Indo-Pacific partners Multilateral (Observer) Army/Navy Humanitarian and military cooperation Source: THE HINDU Grand Cross of the Order of Makarios III Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Prime Minister Narendra Modi was conferred with the Grand Cross of the Order of Makarios III, the highest civilian honour of Cyprus. The award was presented by President Nikos Christodoulides in recognition of PM Modi’s contributions to strengthening India-Cyprus ties and global cooperation. Significance of the Award: Named after Archbishop Makarios III, Cyprus’s first President. Established in 1991, it is awarded to distinguished global figures for contributions to peace, diplomacy, and international relations. The Grand Cross is among the highest ranks within the order. Prime Minister’s Remarks: PM Modi dedicated the honour to 1.4 billion Indians, reflecting India’s cultural values and global commitment to peace and cooperation, invoking the spirit of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” – the world is one family. Learning Corner: List of major international awards and honours conferred upon Prime Minister Narendra Modi by various foreign countries,    Award Conferred By (Country) Year Reason / Significance Order of the Nile Egypt 2023 Egypt’s highest state honour for strengthening bilateral relations Companion of the Order of Logohu Papua New Guinea 2023 For championing Global South solidarity Grand Companion of the Order of Fiji Fiji 2023 For leadership and global contributions Ebakl Award Republic of Palau 2023 First foreign head to receive this traditional honour for strengthening Pacific ties Order of the Druk Gyalpo Bhutan 2021 Bhutan’s highest civilian award for India-Bhutan ties Legion of Merit United States 2020 For strengthening Indo-U.S. strategic partnership Order of St. Andrew the Apostle Russia 2019 Russia’s highest civilian award for fostering ties and strategic partnership Order of Zayed United Arab Emirates 2019 UAE’s highest civilian award for strengthening ties King Hamad Order of the Renaissance Bahrain 2019 For