rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) can worsen dengue Category: HEALTH Context:  A study in Nepal (2019–2023) has revealed that waning immunity against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) can worsen dengue infections. Key Points: Severe Dengue: Prior JEV exposure, especially with mid-range antibody levels, increases dengue severity. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement: JEV antibodies may enhance, rather than block, dengue infection. High Co-Exposure: About 61% of dengue patients showed past JEV infection. Climate Factor: Rising temperatures and longer monsoons are expanding mosquito-borne disease risks. Way Forward: Timely JEV boosters, better diagnostics, and integrated disease management are recommended. Learning Corner: Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV): Classification: Flavivirus, genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Transmission: Mosquito-borne, primarily by Culex species (especially Culex tritaeniorhynchus). Reservoirs: Pigs and wading birds act as amplifying hosts; humans are incidental dead-end hosts. Epidemiology in India: Endemic in several states, especially in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu. Peaks during monsoon and post-monsoon due to mosquito breeding. Clinical features: Most infections are asymptomatic; severe cases present with fever, headache, vomiting, altered mental status, seizures, and may progress to encephalitis. Case fatality can reach 20–30%. Prevention: Vaccination (live attenuated SA 14-14-2 vaccine), vector control, and avoiding mosquito bites. Treatment: No specific antiviral therapy; supportive care is mainstay. Source: THE HINDU Malabar’s Rebellion Category: HISTORY Context : The book “Decolonial Historiography of Malabar’s Rebellion” by Ziya Us Salam offers a fresh view of the 1921–22 Malabar Revolt. It emphasizes Hindu-Muslim collaboration in resisting British colonial rule, challenging its portrayal as merely a peasant uprising or communal clash. The revolt is framed as a complex anti-colonial struggle tied to both the Khilafat movement and local socio-economic grievances. The author highlights how the British used divide-and-rule tactics to weaken this unity and notes that post-Independence narratives largely ignored this shared resistance. Learning Corner: Mappilla Rebellion (or Malabar Rebellion), 1921 Background: A series of uprisings by the Mappilla (Muslim) peasantry in the Malabar region of Kerala against British colonial authority and landlord (jenmi) exploitation. Causes: Economic exploitation – high rents and oppressive tenancy under Hindu landlords. Religious tension – communal polarization between Mappilla Muslims and Hindu landlords. Political influence – spread of Khilafat Movement and anti-colonial sentiment. Course: Began in 1921, marked by attacks on landlords, government officials, and police. The rebellion was initially anti-British but later took a communal turn, leading to widespread violence. Suppression: Brutally suppressed by the British army, involving mass killings, arrests, and destruction of villages. Significance: Highlighted agrarian distress and tenant issues in Malabar. Exposed the complex interplay of religion, economics, and politics in anti-colonial struggles. Led to the introduction of the Malabar Tenancy Act (1930) to protect tenants. Source:  THE HINDU US Federal Reserve cut interest rates Category: ECONOMICS Context: The US Federal Reserve cut interest rates by 0.25%, bringing the policy rate to 4.00–4.25%, its first reduction since December. The move aims to support jobs amid slowing growth and easing inflation. The Fed signaled two more cuts could follow this year, though some policymakers opposed the move. New projections show slightly higher unemployment alongside better growth estimates. Wall Street reacted mixed at first, before turning positive. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Radar Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context : The Indian Army is upgrading its air defense with new radars to counter small, low-flying drones. Triggered by incidents like Operation Sindoor, the plan includes 48 Low-Level Light Weight Radars (Enhanced), 30 Drone Radars, and 20 Advanced Drone Detection and Engagement Radars. These mobile systems can detect low Radar Cross Section targets such as drones, filling gaps left by older long-range radars. They will be integrated into India’s multi-layered air defense network managed through the IAF’s Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS). Learning Corner: Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) Definition: Radar is an electronic system that uses radio waves to detect, track, and determine the distance, speed, and direction of objects. Working Principle: A radar system transmits radio signals; when these hit an object, they are reflected back. The time delay and frequency shift of the echo help calculate the target’s range, location, and velocity. Components: Transmitter (generates radio waves) Antenna (sends and receives signals) Receiver (detects returning signals) Display/Processing Unit (interprets data) Applications: Military: Air defense, surveillance, missile guidance, drone detection. Civil: Air traffic control, weather monitoring, navigation of ships and aircraft, speed detection by traffic police. Types of Radar: Continuous Wave (CW) Radar – measures velocity. Pulse Radar – measures range and position. Doppler Radar – detects speed and movement. Phased Array Radar – tracks multiple targets simultaneously. Limitations: Performance can be affected by terrain, stealth technology (low Radar Cross Section objects), and electronic countermeasures (jamming). Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Policy on Geothermal Energy Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: National Policy on Geothermal Energy unveiled. Key Highlights First-ever national framework for geothermal exploration, development, and utilization. Grants renewables-like incentives: must-run status, open access charge waivers, and grid access. Identifies 10 geothermal provinces and 381 hot springs with ~10 GW potential (Himalayas, Cambay, Aravalli, Godavari, Mahanadi etc.). Covers high-enthalpy (electricity), low/medium enthalpy (heating, cooling, agriculture, aquaculture, GSHPs), hybrid systems, and reuse of abandoned oil/gas wells. Streamlined regulatory setup: single-window clearances, long-term leases, centralized geothermal data. Incentives & Financial Support 100% FDI permitted; concessional loans, risk-sharing for drilling, tax/GST relief, accelerated depreciation, viability gap funding. Participation in Indian Carbon Credit Trading Program encouraged. Pilot Projects & Collaborations Five pilot projects sanctioned, incl. 450 kW plant in Rajasthan using abandoned oil wells. Partnerships with Iceland, Norway, and the U.S. for technology transfer. Push for local innovation, PPPs, and oil-gas repurposing. Relevance to Net Zero 2070 Reliable 24×7 clean power, critical for diversified renewable mix. Supports decarbonization in buildings, agriculture, tourism, and rural development. Implementation Led by MNRE; states act as nodal agencies for clearances, project facilitation, and capacity building. Significance: Positions geothermal as a mainstream renewable, boosting energy security, jobs, and climate goals. Learning Corner: Geothermal Energy Definition: Renewable energy derived from the natural heat of the Earth’s interior, stored in rocks, magma, hot water, and steam. Sources: Heat is tapped from geothermal

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) 1948 Genocide Convention Category: INTERNATIONAL Context:  A UN commission has concluded that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza Accusing leaders including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of incitement. The panel, led by Navi Pillay, found Israeli forces guilty of four of the five genocidal acts under the 1948 Genocide Convention—killing, causing serious harm, creating destructive living conditions, and preventing births—citing explicit statements by officials as proof of intent. Israel rejected the findings as “distorted and false,” demanding the commission’s abolition. Meanwhile, the Israeli military launched a new ground offensive in Gaza City, advancing on the territory’s largest urban center. Learning Corner: 1948 Genocide Convention Full name: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG). Adoption: Adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948 (Resolution 260 A (III)); entered into force on 12 January 1951. Objective: First human rights treaty of the UN era, aimed at preventing and punishing genocide in times of peace or war. Definition of Genocide (Article II): Certain acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, including: Killing members of the group. Causing serious bodily or mental harm. Inflicting living conditions to bring about destruction. Preventing births within the group. Forcibly transferring children of the group. Obligations: States must prevent and punish genocide, whether committed by state actors or individuals. Punishment (Article IV): Applies to constitutionally responsible rulers, officials, and private individuals. Court jurisdiction: Cases may be tried in national courts or before an international tribunal (like the International Court of Justice, as seen in Bosnia v. Serbia, The Gambia v. Myanmar). Source: THE HINDU Typhon missile system Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : China has urged the U.S. and Japan to withdraw the U.S.-developed Typhon missile system Unveiled for the first time in Japan during the Resolute Dragon joint exercises at Iwakuni air station. Japan confirmed the system would not be fired but said its deployment strengthens deterrence amid a worsening security environment. Beijing expressed strong opposition, accusing the two countries of ignoring its concerns. The Typhon system, part of U.S. Army modernization, is a truck-based launcher using modified SM-6 and Tomahawk missiles. Learning Corner: Typhon Missile System Developer: United States Army, as part of its Mid-Range Capability (MRC) program under Army modernization. First Deployment: Publicly showcased in Japan in 2025 during the Resolute Dragon joint exercises. Platform: Truck-based, trailer-mounted ground launch system. Missile Types: Launches modified versions of: SM-6 (Standard Missile-6): Surface-to-air missile with extended range, capable of ballistic and cruise missile defense, as well as anti-ship roles. Tomahawk cruise missile: Long-range, precision strike, land-attack missile. Range Category: Falls into the mid-range missile class (roughly 500–1,800 km). Purpose: Designed to fill the gap between shorter-range systems (like HIMARS) and long-range hypersonic weapons, giving the U.S. Army the ability to strike ships and land targets. Strategic Significance: Enhances U.S. and allied deterrence capabilities in the Indo-Pacific, but seen by China as destabilizing to regional security. Source:  THE HINDU Sarnath Category: CULTURE Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) will install a corrected plaque at Sarnath to acknowledge local contributions in preserving the site, shifting away from a narrative crediting only the British The new plaque will highlight the role of Babu Jagat Singh, whose 1798 excavation revealed the Dharmarajika Stupa’s significance, correcting earlier accounts that labeled him a “destroyer.” The move follows a request from his descendants and coincides with India’s nomination of Sarnath for the 2025-26 UNESCO World Heritage list. Sarnath, a major Buddhist site, contains monuments from the 3rd century BC to the 11th century CE, including the Ashokan pillar that forms part of India’s national emblem. Sarnath – A Major Buddhist Site Location: Near Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Historical Importance: One of the four major Buddhist pilgrimage sites (along with Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, and Kushinagar). It is where Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon (Dhammachakra Pravartana) after attaining enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, setting in motion the Wheel of Dharma. Key Monuments: Dhamek Stupa: Built in 5th century CE, marking the spot of Buddha’s first sermon. Dharmarajika Stupa: Originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Ashokan Pillar: Erected by Ashoka, its lion capital is now the National Emblem of India. Monasteries and ruins from 3rd century BCE to 11th century CE. Patronage: Flourished under the Mauryas (especially Ashoka), Guptas, and later rulers. Decline: Destroyed in the 12th century CE after invasions, later rediscovered during colonial excavations. Modern Relevance: A major site for Buddhist pilgrims worldwide; currently proposed for UNESCO World Heritage Site status (2025–26 nomination). Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) Category: POLITY Context : Central government employees have until September 30 to opt for the new Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) The UPS, introduced as an optional switch for employees hired before January 1, 2004, assures a pension of 50% of the average basic pay of the last 12 months. It requires contributions of 10% of basic pay plus DA from employees and 14% from the government. However, interest is low because under the Old Pension Scheme (OPS), employees contribute nothing yet receive the same 50% pension on last drawn basic pay. Many employee groups argue the UPS and market-linked NPS are less beneficial and continue to demand a return to OPS. Learning Corner: Unified Pension Scheme (UPS) Launch: Introduced by the Government of India in 2025 as an optional scheme for central government employees. Eligibility: For employees hired before January 1, 2004, who are currently under the Old Pension Scheme (OPS). Nature: A one-time, optional switch—not mandatory. Key Features: Assured Pension: 50% of the average basic pay of the last 12 months of service. Contribution: Employee – 10% of basic pay + Dearness Allowance (DA); Government – 14%. Comparison with OPS: OPS: No employee contribution; pension = 50% of last drawn basic pay. UPS: Employee contributes 10%, but pension formula is nearly the same. Reception: Uptake has been very low because employees see OPS as more favorable (higher net benefit without deductions). Significance:

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Asiatic Cheetah Category: ENVIRONMENT Context:  Madhya Pradesh is planning to establish a second population of cheetahs by introducing a female into Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary This follows the successful relocation of 29 cheetahs to Kuno National Park from southern Africa in 2022–23, with further imports from South Africa, Kenya, and Botswana under discussion. Female cheetahs mature by 25–30 months, give birth around 29 months, and have a 3-month gestation with litters of up to six cubs. Mothers expend nearly double energy during cub-rearing, frequently returning to dens in bushy patches. Gandhi Sagar presents challenges such as leopard presence and ensuring sufficient prey. Monitoring involves tracking pregnancy, prey provision, and camera traps to assess cub survival. Officials plan relocations after the monsoon for favorable conditions. Enhanced surveillance and veterinary checks aim to reduce mortality risks, as seen in earlier losses at Kuno. This initiative seeks to create multiple self-sustaining wild cheetah populations and diversify India’s conservation strategy. Learning Corner: Asiatic Cheetah: The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), once widespread in India, became extinct in the country by 1952 due to excessive hunting, habitat loss, and decline of prey species. Historically, cheetahs were found across Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Deccan Plateau regions. The Asiatic cheetah now survives only in Iran, with less than 20 individuals remaining, making it one of the most endangered big cats in the world. India launched Project Cheetah in 2020, aiming to reintroduce cheetahs through translocation from Namibia and South Africa. In September 2022, eight cheetahs from Namibia were released into Kuno National Park (Madhya Pradesh), followed by twelve more from South Africa in 2023. The reintroduction marks the world’s first intercontinental wild carnivore translocation project. Current efforts focus on creating multiple viable populations, ensuring prey availability, tackling threats from leopards, and close monitoring of breeding success. Comparison between Indian (Asiatic) cheetah and African cheetah: Feature Indian (Asiatic) Cheetah African Cheetah Scientific name Acinonyx jubatus venaticus Acinonyx jubatus jubatus Current range Survives only in Iran (<20 individuals) Widespread in sub-Saharan Africa (Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Tanzania) Historic presence in India Extinct in 1952; once found in Rajasthan, MP, Deccan Plateau, etc. Never native to India IUCN status Critically Endangered Vulnerable Population <20 (Iran) ~6,500–7,000 Size & Build Smaller, slimmer, paler coat, more belly fur Larger, more robust, darker golden coat, less belly fur Habitat preference Semi-arid grasslands, scrub forests, deserts Open savannas, grasslands, plains Genetic diversity Very low (due to bottleneck and tiny population) Relatively higher Conservation Extinct in India; being reintroduced through Project Cheetah Stronger protection, stable in some regions Symbolic importance Only large mammal to go extinct in independent India Key predator maintaining savanna ecosystem balance Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Hindi Diwas 2025 Category: POLITY Context : On Hindi Diwas 2025, Union Home Minister Amit Shah greeted the nation, calling India a “language-centric country.” He described Hindi and all Indian languages as carriers of culture, history, knowledge, and traditions, and highlighted Hindi as a bridge of national unity across regions. Key Points of His Message Diversity and Unity: Indian languages have historically given voice to all sections and united people during the freedom struggle. Role of Hindi: Evolving from a language of expression into one of technology, science, and research. Cultural Recognition: Literary and spiritual works from all regions enrich the nation’s heritage. Vision for the Future: Under PM Modi’s leadership, Indian languages are experiencing a revival through initiatives like ‘Bharatiya Bhasha Anubhav’ for easy translation and promotion in law, education, administration, and technology. Digital Era: Emphasis on preparing Indian languages, especially Hindi, for e-governance, AI, and global competition. Shah’s core appeal was to respect all Indian languages and move towards a self-reliant and united India, with the message: “Let us move together, think together, and speak together.” Learning Corner: Official Languages Act, 1963: Background: Article 343 of the Constitution made Hindi in Devanagari script the official language of the Union. English was to continue for 15 years (till 1965) as an associate official language. Widespread protests (especially in southern states) against the exclusive adoption of Hindi led to the enactment of this Act. Key Provisions: Continued Use of English: English shall continue, along with Hindi, for official purposes of the Union and for communication between the Union and non-Hindi-speaking states, even after 1965. Parliamentary Proceedings: Members may address the House in Hindi or English. Authoritative Texts: Laws enacted in Hindi and English are considered equally authoritative. States’ Communication: Communication between the Union and states using Hindi as official language is in Hindi; with other states, it is in English. Rules and Orders: The Act empowers the President to issue rules for progressive use of Hindi and regulate official communication. Subsequent Amendment (1967): Made the use of English indefinite, ensuring it would not be discontinued without approval from states not using Hindi. Significance: Balanced national integration with linguistic diversity. Prevented the imposition of Hindi as the sole official language. Enabled smooth functioning of central administration and interstate communication. Source:  PIB Manki-Munda system Category: CULTURE Context: The Manki-Munda system is a centuries-old self-governance framework of the Ho adivasi community in Jharkhand’s Kolhan region. Structure and Function Each village is led by a hereditary Munda, who resolves disputes and maintains order. A Manki oversees a cluster of 8–15 villages, handling unresolved issues. The system is decentralized, hereditary, and non-revenue-based, traditionally functioning without external taxation or state intervention. British Influence In 1833, the British codified it under “Wilkinson’s Rules”, marking the first formal recognition of an adivasi self-governance system. This preserved some autonomy but enabled outsider entry and land changes. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Koala Chlamydia Vaccine Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : Australia has approved the world’s first vaccine to protect koalas from chlamydia, a disease causing infertility, blindness, pain, and death. Koala Chlamydia Vaccine Developed by the University of the Sunshine Coast after over a decade of research, it is a single-dose vaccine requiring no booster and shown to reduce mortality in wild koalas by at least 65%. Threat: Chlamydia infects up to 70%

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  ISRO has formally agreed to transfer its Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) technology to Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL), marking a major step in India’s space sector privatization. Key Agreement Details Facilitated by INSPACe, this is ISRO’s 100th technology transfer, signed in Bengaluru with NSIL and HAL. HAL will acquire SSLV know-how, with ISRO providing training and technical support. HAL can now independently manufacture SSLVs for Indian and global markets. Strategic Significance Strengthens India’s cost-competitive small satellite launch capabilities. Expands industry participation in space and helps India capture a larger share of the growing global small satellite market. Learning Corner: The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is ISRO’s latest launch vehicle designed to cater to the growing demand for launching small satellites quickly and cost-effectively. Key Features Payload Capacity: Can carry about 500 kg to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 300 kg to Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit (SSPO). Configuration: A three-stage solid propulsion rocket with a liquid propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) for precise orbital insertion. Cost-Effective: Designed for low-cost launches, with a quick turnaround time and minimum ground infrastructure requirements. Flexibility: Allows on-demand launch services and the ability to place multiple satellites in different orbits. Advantages Meets the needs of the booming small satellite market, both domestic and international. Reduces dependence on foreign launchers for small satellites. Strengthens India’s position in the global commercial launch market. First Flight The maiden flight of SSLV was conducted on 7 August 2022 from Sriharikota but faced anomalies. The first successful flight was achieved on 10 February 2023, placing EOS-07 and two customer satellites into orbit. Source: THE HINDU Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Peace in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) remains elusive despite recent U.S.-brokered and Qatar-mediated efforts, due to ongoing armed conflict, unresolved historical tensions, and competition over vast mineral resources. Key Developments In June 2025, the U.S. brokered a peace deal between Rwanda and the DRC to end hostilities and support for groups like M23. In July 2025, a Qatar-mediated ceasefire between the DRC and M23 collapsed as M23 resumed its offensive. U.S. Interests Securing access to the DRC’s $24 trillion mineral reserves (cobalt, coltan). Countering China’s growing influence in the region. Ceasefire Breakdown M23 continued attacks despite the truce. Both sides failed to honor pledges, including violence reduction and prisoner releases. Root Causes Legacy of the Rwandan genocide and Congo wars. Ethnic tensions and over 100 armed groups operating in the region. History of broken agreements and lack of trust among stakeholders. Learning Corner: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has faced chronic political turmoil, shaped by weak governance, corruption, contested elections, and recurring conflict fueled by ethnic divisions and control over vast mineral wealth. Key Factors Post-Colonial Instability: Since independence from Belgium in 1960, the DRC has endured coups, authoritarian rule, and civil wars. Conflict in the East: Ongoing violence in eastern DRC, involving groups like the M23, stems from unresolved grievances of the Rwandan genocide, ethnic rivalries, and struggles over mineral-rich territories. Governance Issues: Corruption, fragile institutions, and lack of effective state control in remote regions undermine political stability. Electoral Disputes: Elections are often marred by allegations of fraud, violence, and delayed transitions of power, eroding public trust. Foreign Involvement: Neighboring states and global powers are deeply involved, motivated by security concerns and competition for cobalt, coltan, and other resources. Source:  THE HINDU Stablecoins Category: ECONOMICS Context: Stablecoins, digital assets pegged to the US dollar, are expanding rapidly with a market capitalization above $280 billion, projected to reach $2 trillion within three years. Why They Matter Enable instant, low-cost, dollar-pegged settlements. 99% are dollar-backed, mainly by Tether and Circle. Boost global demand for US Treasury bonds as reserves are held in such assets. Global & Policy Implications Reinforce the US dollar’s global “exorbitant privilege.” Risks include financial instability, regulatory arbitrage, and shadow banking. Vulnerabilities may arise if reserves lose value or confidence falters. New regulations are under discussion, especially in the US and Europe. Learning Corner: Different types of cryptocurrencies: Payment Cryptocurrencies Designed as digital money for peer-to-peer transactions. Focus on being a medium of exchange and store of value. Examples: Bitcoin (BTC), Litecoin (LTC). Stablecoins Cryptocurrencies pegged to stable assets like the US dollar, gold, or government bonds. Aim to reduce price volatility and enable fast, low-cost settlements. Examples: Tether (USDT), USD Coin (USDC), DAI. Utility Tokens Provide access to specific products or services within a blockchain ecosystem. Often used to pay for transaction fees, storage, or smart contract execution. Examples: Ethereum (ETH), Binance Coin (BNB). Security Tokens Represent ownership of real-world assets (like shares, bonds, or property). Regulated under securities laws, providing dividends or profit-sharing rights. Example: Tokenized stocks or real estate platforms. Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) (state-backed) Issued and regulated by central banks, unlike decentralized cryptos. Aim to provide digital versions of national currencies. Example: Digital Yuan (e-CNY), Digital Rupee (pilot in India). Privacy Coins Focus on enhanced anonymity and untraceable transactions. Use advanced cryptography to hide sender, receiver, and amount. Examples: Monero (XMR), Zcash (ZEC). Governance Tokens Allow holders to vote on blockchain protocol changes, upgrades, or treasury decisions. Enable decentralized governance of networks. Examples: Uniswap (UNI), Maker (MKR). Source: THE HINDU India’s 2027 Census – Geotagging of Buildings Category: POLITY Context : For the first time, the 2027 Census will include geotagging of all buildings, marking their precise latitude–longitude using GIS technology A Census House will be geotagged during the House Listing Operations (April–September 2026). How it Works Enumerators will use smartphones to map each building in its House Listing Block through Digital Layout Mapping. All buildings—residential, vacant, or non-residential—will be classified and digitally mapped. Benefits Ensures accurate counts of houses and households. Improves field management and data integrity. Supports better resource planning and policy-making. Builds on geotagging experience from earlier housing schemes but will be India’s largest digital mapping exercise. Learning Corner: Geotagging Definition: Geotagging is the process of attaching the

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Harappan script Category: HISTORY Context:  The Harappan script remains undeciphered despite decades of study. To address this, the Ministry of Culture is hosting an international conference in New Delhi from September 11–13, 2025, led by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). Scholars remain divided on the language roots—some suggest Sanskrit, others Dravidian, and still others Adivasi languages like Santali and Gondi. A key challenge is the lack of bilingual texts, making comparison impossible. Many researchers believe the script encoded rules of taxation and commerce rather than direct phonetic spelling. While some claim up to 90% of symbols have been deciphered, no consensus exists. Recent studies highlight the commercial and ritual use of seals, particularly at sites like Lothal. The conference aims to pool multidisciplinary insights, but the Harappan script officially remains undeciphered. Learning Corner:  Harappan Language NCERT Perspective NCERT highlights that the Harappans used a script of pictographs engraved mainly on seals and pottery. Between 250–400 signs have been identified. These are not alphabetical but pictorial, possibly representing sounds, objects, or ideas. Most inscriptions are very short, averaging only a few signs. This brevity prevents clear understanding of the language. The script remains undeciphered, and we do not yet know what language the Harappans spoke. Scholarly Insights The Harappan language is unknown because the script has not been cracked and no bilingual text (like the Rosetta Stone for Egyptian) has been found. Hypotheses on its linguistic roots include: Proto-Dravidian (supported by many linguists and archaeologists). A language isolate, unrelated to known families, inferred from certain substratum influences in later Sanskrit. Some fringe theories suggest links to early Indo-Aryan or tribal languages, but none are proven. The inscriptions are usually written right to left, sometimes alternating direction (boustrophedon). Statistical studies suggest the signs follow structured patterns, implying it was likely a formal communication system. Challenges in Decipherment Short inscriptions make it difficult to analyze grammar or syntax. Unknown underlying language prevents phonetic assignments. No bilingual evidence exists to provide a breakthrough. Probable Function The script may not have been used for long narrative writing. Evidence suggests it was mainly for economic, administrative, and ritual purposes—for example, marking trade goods, recording rations, or identifying ownership. Harappan Civilization Chronology and Extent Flourished between 2600 BCE – 1900 BCE (Mature Harappan phase). Spread across present-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan; largest among Bronze Age civilizations, covering over 1.5 million sq. km. Major sites: Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Dholavira, Lothal, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi. Urban Planning Known for well-planned cities with grid patterns, straight streets, and advanced drainage systems. Use of standardized burnt bricks in construction. Division into Citadel (public buildings, granaries, baths) and Lower Town (residential areas). Great Bath at Mohenjodaro is a striking example of public architecture. Economy Agriculture: Wheat, barley, peas, sesame, and cotton (world’s earliest evidence). Irrigation was limited but floodplains were fertile. Trade: Internal and external—links with Mesopotamia, Oman, and Persia; export of beads, cotton textiles, and precious stones. Crafts: Bead-making, pottery, metallurgy (copper, bronze, gold, silver). Polity and Society No clear evidence of kingship or centralized monarchy; authority may have been with merchants, priests, or elite councils. Society appears relatively egalitarian—uniform town planning and weights suggest standardized control. Seals with animal motifs indicate religious, administrative, or trade significance. Religion and Beliefs Evidence of Mother Goddess worship and male deities resembling proto-Shiva (Pashupati seal). Sacred animals like the bull and unicorn symbol. Fire altars at Kalibangan; no temples found. Belief in afterlife suggested by burial practices. Script and Language Indus script: Pictographic with ~250–400 signs; still undeciphered. Inscriptions are short, mainly on seals and pottery. Language remains unknown. Decline By 1900 BCE, decline began due to a combination of factors: Climatic changes (drying of Saraswati river, floods). Overuse of resources and decline in trade. Possible invasions or internal social changes. By 1300 BCE, most cities were abandoned. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Ethiopia has inaugurated the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile Ethiopia has inaugurated the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile, Africa’s largest hydroelectric project. Standing 170 meters tall and nearly 2 km wide, the dam can hold 74 billion cubic meters of water and generate 5,150 MW of power, boosting Ethiopia’s energy capacity and reducing blackouts. Egypt, which depends on the Nile for almost all its water, has strongly opposed the project, calling it an “existential threat” and protesting at the UN Security Council. It fears reduced water supply could harm its national security. Ethiopia maintains the dam will not harm downstream nations, as it is for electricity, not irrigation. The project is expected to benefit the region by enabling electricity exports and industrial growth. Despite mediation efforts by global powers and the African Union, the dispute remains unresolved, with GERD symbolizing both Ethiopia’s progress and a source of regional tension. Learning Corner: Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) GERD is Africa’s largest hydroelectric project, built by Ethiopia on the Blue Nile River, near the Sudanese border. Construction began in 2011, and the dam is a symbol of Ethiopia’s modernization and national pride. Key Features Height: 170 meters; Length: nearly 2 km. Reservoir Capacity: 74 billion cubic meters of water. Power Generation: 5,150 MW, making it the largest dam in Africa by electricity output. Purpose: Hydroelectric power generation (not irrigation). Significance for Ethiopia Nearly 45% of Ethiopians lack electricity; GERD aims to expand access, reduce blackouts, and promote industrialization. Expected to generate surplus electricity for export to neighboring countries like Sudan, Kenya, and Tanzania. Seen as a unifying national project amid Ethiopia’s internal political challenges. Regional Tensions Egypt’s Concerns: Relies on the Nile for 97% of its water; fears GERD will reduce water flow, posing an “existential threat.” Sudan’s Position: Mixed—concerns over water management but potential to benefit from regulated flow and cheap power. Diplomatic negotiations led by the US, World Bank, African Union, and others have failed to produce a binding agreement. Source:  THE HINDU AdFalciVax Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The Union government has

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Maternal Mortality Ratio Category: HEALTH Context:  Kerala’s maternal mortality ratio (MMR) has risen from 18 to 30 per lakh live births (2021–2023). Key Points Lowest in India: Kerala and Andhra Pradesh still share the top rank for lowest MMR among states. Calculation: MMR = maternal deaths per one lakh live births. Declining births: Live births fell to under 4 lakh in 2023, from an earlier 5–5.5 lakh. Maternal deaths: Remain steady at 120–140 annually, except for the COVID spike in 2021. Denominator effect: Fewer births but steady deaths push the ratio up. Policy view: The rise reflects demographic changes, not worsening maternal care. District-level health data is considered more accurate than SRS data. Learning Corner: Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Definition: Number of infant deaths (under 1 year of age) per 1,000 live births in a given year. Significance: Key indicator of child health, maternal care, and public health services. Current Trend: Declining steadily due to better immunization, institutional deliveries, and neonatal care. Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) Definition: Number of deaths of children under five years per 1,000 live births. Significance: Reflects overall socio-economic development, nutrition, sanitation, and access to healthcare. India’s Goal: Reduce U5MR in line with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-3). Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) Definition: Number of deaths within the first 28 days of life per 1,000 live births. Significance: Sensitive indicator of maternal health, quality of delivery care, and newborn services. India’s Focus: Strengthening Special Newborn Care Units (SNCUs) and early neonatal interventions. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) Definition: Number of maternal deaths (during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy) per 100,000 live births. Significance: Reflects quality of maternal healthcare, safe motherhood programs, and women’s health services. Trend: India has shown significant decline, but regional disparities persist. Crude Death Rate (CDR) Definition: Number of deaths (from all causes) per 1,000 population in a given year. Significance: General indicator of mortality, influenced by demographic structure (ageing population). Source: THE HINDU Vice-President Election Category: POLITY Context : Vice-President Election 2025 India’s Vice-President is being elected today. NDA candidate C.P. Radhakrishnan is strongly favored over Opposition nominee Justice B. Sudershan Reddy due to NDA’s numerical strength and YSRCP’s support. The abstention of BJD and BRS has further reduced the effective majority needed. Numbers Game: NDA commands 425 of 781 eligible votes, while the Opposition has 324. The winning majority is 391, giving the NDA a clear edge. Candidates: C.P. Radhakrishnan (68): Veteran BJP leader, former governor, seen as a loyal party figure. Justice B. Sudershan Reddy (79): Former Supreme Court judge, known for civil rights judgments. Other Factors: Enhanced CRPF security for VP’s residence and mock poll training to ensure valid voting. Learning Corner: Vice-President election in India: Constitutional Basis Provided under Article 63–71 of the Constitution. The Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Electoral College Composed of members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha). Consist both Elected and nominated MPs (in the case of president, only elected members). This is different from the President’s election, where State Legislatures also participate. Election Process Conducted by the Election Commission of India. Held through proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote (STV), and voting is by secret ballot. A candidate must secure a quota of votes (more than 50% of valid votes cast). Eligibility Criteria (Article 66, 67) Citizen of India. At least 35 years of age. Qualified to be elected as a Rajya Sabha member. Cannot hold an office of profit. Term and Removal Term: 5 years, but eligible for re-election. Can resign to the President. Removal: By a resolution of Rajya Sabha, passed by an effective majority, and agreed to by Lok Sabha. Key Points In case of a vacancy in the President’s office, the Vice-President acts as President until a new one is elected. The office ensures continuity in governance and parliamentary functioning. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS International Criminal Court (ICC) Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Ugandan warlord Joseph Kony, leader of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), is the focus of the ICC’s first-ever in absentia hearing on war crimes and crimes against humanity Background Rose to power in 1986, notorious for guerrilla warfare and use of child soldiers. LRA forced mass displacement, abducted children, and committed brutal crimes across Uganda, Sudan, and Congo. Despite global manhunts and a $5 million bounty, Kony remains at large. Global Response ICC hearing presents evidence against him in his absence—a milestone in international justice. Kony became a global symbol of impunity after a viral campaign highlighted his crimes. International efforts continue to bring him to justice. Learning Corner: International Criminal Court (ICC): Establishment & Legal Basis Established by the Rome Statute (1998), came into force in 2002. Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands. First permanent treaty-based international criminal court. Jurisdiction Prosecutes individuals (not states) for: Genocide Crimes against humanity War crimes Crime of aggression (added in 2018). Jurisdiction applies when: Crimes committed on territory of a member state, or Crimes committed by a national of a member state, or When referred by the UN Security Council. Membership 124 member states (as of now). Major powers like the US, China, Russia, and India are not members. African nations form a large part of membership, though some have criticized the ICC for bias. Functioning Independent judicial body, not part of the UN system (but cooperates with it). Investigations can be initiated by: A State Party, The UN Security Council, or The Prosecutor (proprio motu) with court approval. Criticism & Challenges Accused of focusing disproportionately on Africa. Lack of enforcement power—relies on states to arrest suspects. Some states view it as infringing on sovereignty. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Engineering Export Promotion Council Category: ECONOMICS Context : The President of India, Droupadi Murmu, attended the Platinum Jubilee celebrations of EEPC (Engineering Export Promotion Council) India She praised India’s ancient leadership in trade and spirituality, urging citizens to work toward making India a global center of knowledge and commerce once again. Highlighting EEPC’s role as a bridge

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Self-Respect Movement Category: HISTORY Context:  100 Years of the Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu Origins and Description Began in 1925 as a movement against caste and gender hierarchy. Led by Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, who used the Tamil weekly Kudi Arasu to spread radical, non-Brahmin ideas. Political Impact Periyar engaged with the Justice Party, advocating militant non-Brahminism to counter Congress’s caste politics. Offered an alternative social reform agenda, challenging upper-caste dominance. Radical Social Reforms Popularized self-respect marriages, promoted women’s rights (remarriage, property), and expanded public debate. Kudi Arasu articulated radical positions on caste and gender, influencing reforms in Hindu society. Justice Party’s Role The South Indian Liberal Federation empowered non-Brahmins and widened political participation. However, non-elite non-Brahmins often remained marginalized. Legacy and Recognition Fostered awareness and pride among non-Brahmin masses about their rights. Its legacy reshaped caste dynamics, gender politics, and social reform, retaining relevance in contemporary Tamil society. Learning Corner: E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar)  Born: 17 September 1879, Erode, Tamil Nadu Known as: Periyar (“The Great One”) Role in Social Reform Founded the Self-Respect Movement (1925) to challenge caste hierarchy, Brahminical dominance, and gender inequality. Advocated rationalism, atheism, and social justice, rejecting religious orthodoxy and superstition. Strongly opposed untouchability, hereditary caste privileges, and dominance of upper castes in politics and society. Political Engagement Initially associated with the Indian National Congress, but resigned due to differences over caste discrimination. Later allied with the Justice Party, pushing for non-Brahmin representation in politics and education. Played a major role in shaping Dravidian ideology, which later influenced parties like DMK and AIADMK. Key Reforms Promoted Self-Respect Marriages (without Brahmin priests, based on equality). Championed women’s rights: widow remarriage, right to property, education, and opposition to child marriage. Used journalism (Kudi Arasu weekly) and public debates to spread rationalist and egalitarian ideas. Legacy Revered as the “Father of the Dravidian Movement.” Left a lasting impact on Tamil society, politics, and social justice discourse. His ideas continue to shape debates on caste, rationalism, and social reform in South India. Source: THE HINDU WTO Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : India at SCO Trade Ministers’ Meeting, Vladivostok Key Highlights Reaffirmed commitment to a WTO-centered, open, fair, and inclusive multilateral trading system. Called for a development-centered trade agenda, including: Permanent solution on public stockholding for food security. Effective Special and Differential Treatment for developing nations. Urged restoration of a two-tier WTO dispute settlement system. Emphasized need for transparent export measures, warning against misuse and artificial scarcity. Stressed export diversification, resilient supply chains, and MSME integration for shared prosperity. Broader Priorities Showcased India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (UPI, ONDC) and proposed SCO collaboration on digital economy and secure digitalization. Advocated climate action on the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities, opposing trade-linked discrimination. Highlighted AVGC sector (Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming & Comics) as a driver of jobs, exports, and creative industries. Significance Strengthens rule-based, fair, and inclusive trade through WTO. Enhances regional economic cooperation, connectivity, and sustainable growth within SCO. Learning Corner: World Trade Organization (WTO)  Established: 1 January 1995 (replacing GATT, 1947). Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland. Membership: 164 members (including India). Objectives Promote free, fair, and predictable international trade. Provide a platform for trade negotiations and settlement of disputes. Ensure non-discrimination through Most Favoured Nation (MFN) and National Treatment principles. Support developing countries through Special and Differential Treatment (S&DT). Core Functions Administers WTO Agreements (on goods, services, and intellectual property – TRIPS, GATS, AoA). Trade Dispute Settlement: Operates a two-tier system – Panel and Appellate Body. Monitoring and Transparency: Oversees trade policies of members through reviews. Capacity Building: Technical assistance and training for developing/least developed countries. Current Issues Appellate Body Crisis: Non-functioning since 2019 due to U.S. opposition to judge appointments. Agriculture Negotiations: Dispute over food security, subsidies, and public stockholding. Digital Trade: Rules on e-commerce and data flow are contested. Developing Country Concerns: Need for fairer S&DT provisions. Significance Provides a rule-based multilateral trading system, preventing unilateralism. Ensures predictability, transparency, and stability in global trade. Key platform for addressing global challenges like supply chain resilience, climate-linked trade issues, and digital economy. Source:  PIB Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Category: HISTORY Context: Marks the birth centenary of Bharat Ratna Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, the “Bard of the Brahmaputra.” Named after his iconic song Bistirna Parore, symbolizing unity and cultural resilience. Began at Guijan, Dibrugarh, featuring live renditions of Hazarika’s songs, folk performances, and cultural showcases by communities like Moran, Motok, Tea Tribe, Sonowal Kachari, Deuri, and Gorkha. Dr. Bhupen Hazarika’s Musical Legacy Bistirna Parore, inspired by Ol’ Man River, turned the Brahmaputra into a metaphor for human struggle, justice, and solidarity. His music united generations, carried Assam’s culture to global audiences, and embodied peace and brotherhood. Significance Serves as a living tribute to Hazarika’s unmatched influence. Celebrates Assam’s cultural diversity, creativity, and collective spirit along the Brahmaputra. Learning Corner: Dr. Bhupen Hazarika  Born: 8 September 1926, Sadiya, Assam Known as: Bard of the Brahmaputra Profession: Singer, lyricist, composer, poet, filmmaker, and cultural icon. Contributions Gave voice to the struggles, hopes, and unity of people through songs rooted in Assamese folk traditions. His iconic song Bistirna Parore used the Brahmaputra as a metaphor for justice, solidarity, and resilience (inspired by Ol’ Man River). Brought Assamese and North-Eastern culture to national and global platforms. Advocated themes of peace, universal brotherhood, and social justice through music and films. Composed music for Assamese, Bengali, and Hindi films, making regional music nationally popular. Recognitions Bharat Ratna (2019) – India’s highest civilian award. Padma Vibhushan (2012, posthumous), Padma Bhushan (2001). Recipient of Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1992) for contribution to Indian cinema. Legacy Revered as a cultural unifier of Assam and the North-East. Left behind a legacy of socially conscious art that continues to inspire movements for justice, equality, and cultural pride. His centenary is celebrated with music and cultural programs across Assam and beyond. Source: PIB Sree Narayana Guru Category: HISTORY Context : Tribute to Sree Narayana Guru on His Birth Anniversary The Prime Minister paid tribute to Sree Narayana Guru, recalling his vision of equality, compassion, and universal

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) SAMHiTA Conference Category: POLITY Context:  External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar inaugurated the SAMHiTA Conference on South Asia’s Manuscript Traditions and Mathematical Contributions Objectives Digital Archive: Digitize and unify manuscripts scattered across global collections for wider access. Mathematical Heritage: Highlight South Asia’s contributions to mathematics and related sciences. Global Collaboration: Partner with international institutions for preservation and knowledge exchange. Key Highlights Dr. Jaishankar emphasized self-reliance in intellectual leadership and showcasing India’s civilizational and mathematical heritage. The initiative strengthens cultural diplomacy, enhances research infrastructure, and deepens India’s role in global knowledge networks. Learning Corner: South Asia’s Manuscript Traditions and Mathematical Contributions Manuscript Traditions in South Asia Diversity of Scripts and Languages: South Asia has one of the richest manuscript traditions in the world, spanning Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, Tamil, Persian, Arabic, and Tibetan among others. These manuscripts cover religion, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, grammar, and arts. Materials and Mediums: Manuscripts were traditionally inscribed on palm leaves, birch bark, parchment, and handmade paper, often preserved in temples, monasteries, mathas, and royal libraries. Centers of Manuscript Culture: Nalanda and Vikramshila Universities: Major repositories of Buddhist and scientific manuscripts. Kerala and Tamil Nadu: Palm-leaf manuscripts in Ayurveda, astronomy, and mathematics. Kashmir: Known for Shaiva and Buddhist manuscripts on birch bark. Persianate Traditions: Mughal patronage encouraged preservation of texts in astronomy, medicine, and mathematics. Transmission and Global Spread: Manuscripts were carried along trade routes and through cultural exchanges to Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, influencing global knowledge systems. Mathematical Contributions of South Asia South Asia played a foundational role in global mathematical development: Decimal Place Value System & Zero: The concept of zero as a number and the place value system emerged in India (e.g., Brahmagupta, 7th century CE). This became the foundation of modern arithmetic. Algebra and Arithmetic: Aryabhata (5th century CE): Introduced place value notation, trigonometric functions (sine, cosine). Brahmagupta (7th century CE): Systematic rules for zero and negative numbers; quadratic equations. Bhaskara II (12th century CE): Solutions to indeterminate equations; contributions to calculus-like concepts. Geometry and Trigonometry: Sulbasutras (c. 800–500 BCE) contain rules for altar construction, approximations of √2, and Pythagorean triples. Indian trigonometric methods later influenced Islamic and European mathematics. Astronomical Mathematics: Mathematics was closely tied to astronomy for calendar-making and planetary calculations. Works like Surya Siddhanta combined mathematics with cosmology. Transmission to the World: Indian numerals were transmitted via the Arabs (“Arabic numerals”) to Europe, revolutionizing commerce and science. Indian trigonometry and algebra shaped Islamic Golden Age mathematics. Source: AIR Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Category: POLITY Context : India’s birth rate and Total Fertility Rate (TFR) have seen a notable decline in 2023–2025, marking the first dip in two years and pushing fertility further below the replacement level of 2.1. Key Data Birth Rate: 18.4 per 1,000 in 2023 (down from 21.4 in 2013 and 36.9 in 1971). TFR: 1.9 in 2023–25, below replacement level. Rural vs Urban: Rural TFR at 2.1, urban rates lower. State Variation: Bihar and UP remain high; Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Delhi report as low as 1.4–1.6. Reasons for Decline Higher female literacy and workforce participation, leading to delayed marriages. Urbanization and rising costs encourage smaller families. Wider contraceptive use and family planning awareness. Youth migration for education and jobs. Implications India’s population will likely peak at around 1.7 billion in the next 40 years before declining. Long-term effects include an aging population, shrinking workforce, and higher demand for elderly care. Policy focus will shift toward social security, healthcare for elderly, and labor market reforms. Learning Corner: Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Definition: TFR is the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years (15–49 years), assuming current fertility patterns remain constant. Replacement Level Fertility: The TFR needed for a population to replace itself without migration is about 2.1 (slightly above 2 to account for child mortality). India’s Current Status: As of 2023–25, India’s TFR has declined to 1.9, below replacement level. Factors Influencing TFR: Female education and workforce participation Access to contraception and healthcare Socio-economic conditions and urbanization Cultural and regional variations Implications: A declining TFR leads to slower population growth, eventual population stabilization, and later population decline. It also causes population aging, reduced labor force, and increased demand for elderly care. However, it reflects progress in health, literacy, and women’s empowerment. Source:  THE HINDU Malacca Straits Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Singapore has officially backed India’s interest in joining joint patrols of the Malacca Straits, marking a new phase in bilateral maritime security cooperation and regional collaboration. Key Details In September 2025, Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Lawrence Wong discussed India’s formal role in the Malacca Straits Patrol (MSP), currently involving Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Singapore views India’s participation as strengthening regional security, technology pooling, and balancing major power influence in the Indo-Pacific. Strategic Importance The Malacca Strait is a vital chokepoint: nearly 40–50% of global trade and 70% of Asia’s oil imports pass through it. For India, about 60% of sea-based trade and almost all LNG imports transit this route. India’s Andaman & Nicobar Islands, just 600 km away, provide operational leverage for the Indian Navy. Impact on Regional Security India’s entry will boost anti-piracy, anti-trafficking, and intelligence operations, drawing on its naval experience in the Gulf of Aden. It strengthens India’s Act East policy, deepens ASEAN-led security structures, and contributes to Indo-Pacific balance. Technological Cooperation The partnership will advance collaboration in AI, quantum computing, unmanned vessels, and surveillance technologies. Joint ventures may include autonomous patrol craft and quantum-secure communications for maritime safety. Learning Corner: Malacca Strait Geography: The Malacca Strait is a narrow stretch of water between the Malay Peninsula (Malaysia & Singapore) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It connects the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) with the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean). Its narrowest point, the Phillip Channel near Singapore, is only about 2.7 km wide, making it one of the world’s most significant maritime chokepoints. Strategic Importance: Handles about 40–50% of global trade and nearly 70% of Asia’s oil imports. Vital

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Vikram 32 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context:  Prime Minister Narendra Modi received the first Made in India Vikram 32-bit chip at Semicon India 2025, marking a milestone in the country’s semiconductor industry. The Vikram 32-bit Processor, an upgraded version of the earlier 16-bit VIKRAM1601 microprocessor, was developed by ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and the Semiconductor Laboratory, Chandigarh. It has been used in ISRO’s launch vehicles since 2009 for space flight and avionics. Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw presented the chip to PM Modi, along with 31 prototype chips developed by IITs and NITs. India currently has five semiconductor units under construction, one pilot line completed, and two more units set to begin production soon. This achievement strengthens India’s position as an emerging semiconductor hub, boosting global confidence in its technology sector. Learning Corner: The Vikram 32-bit chip is India’s first indigenously developed 32-bit microprocessor for space applications. It is an advanced version of the earlier VIKRAM1601 (16-bit) processor and has been developed by ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in collaboration with the Semiconductor Laboratory, Chandigarh. The chip is specifically designed for space flight and avionics systems in ISRO’s launch vehicles and has been in operational use since 2009. Its development marks a major step in India’s semiconductor self-reliance, showcasing the country’s ability to design and manufacture high-end processors for critical sectors like space technology. The presentation of this chip at Semicon India 2025 highlights India’s growing semiconductor ecosystem and its strategic push to become a global manufacturing hub. Source: THE HINDU Maitree Category: DEFENCE Context : The 14th edition of the India-Thailand joint military exercise Maitree-XIV began on September 1, 2025, at the Joint Training Node in Umroi, Meghalaya Participants: 120 personnel from India’s Madras Regiment and 53 from Thailand’s 1st Infantry Battalion, 14th Infantry Brigade. Focus: Counter-terrorist operations in semi-urban terrain under UN Charter Chapter VII, including tactical drills, joint planning, special arms skills, fitness, and raiding operations. Significance: Strengthens defence ties, interoperability, and mutual trust, culminating in a 48-hour validation exercise simulating real-world scenarios. Background: Started in 2006, Exercise Maitree remains a key bilateral initiative enhancing defence cooperation and regional strategic partnership between India and Thailand. Learning Corner: Major military exercises of India  Exercise Partner / Participants Type Focus / Objective Maitree Thailand Army Counter-terrorism, semi-urban/jungle warfare, interoperability. Garuda Shakti Indonesia Army (Special Forces) Counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism, jungle survival. Shakti France Army Counter-terrorism in semi-urban and high-altitude conditions. Surya Kiran Nepal Army Counter-insurgency, disaster response, humanitarian assistance. Nomadic Elephant Mongolia Army Counter-insurgency, peacekeeping, and desert warfare. Hand-in-Hand China Army Counter-terrorism and humanitarian assistance under UN mandate. Yudh Abhyas USA Army Counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism, and peacekeeping operations. Indra Russia Tri-services Counter-terrorism, peacekeeping, and joint operations. Sampriti Bangladesh Army Counter-terrorism and disaster management. Ajeya Warrior United Kingdom Army Counter-terrorism and joint tactical operations. Garuda France Air Force Air-to-air combat, interoperability, strategic cooperation. Cope India USA Air Force Air combat tactics, strategic airlift, and joint operations. Indo-Russian Avia Indra Russia Air Force Air defence, ground attack coordination. Varuna France Navy Maritime security, anti-submarine warfare, and interoperability. Malabar USA, Japan, Australia Navy (Quadrilateral) Maritime security, freedom of navigation, and Indo-Pacific cooperation. JIMEX Japan Navy Maritime security, anti-submarine warfare, and joint tactical manoeuvres. Simbex Singapore Navy Anti-submarine warfare, maritime security, and sea control operations. Konkan United Kingdom Navy Maritime security, anti-piracy, and naval cooperation. MILAN Multinational (Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacific) Navy (Multilateral) Maritime cooperation, interoperability, and regional security. Source:  PIB BHARATI initiative Category: ECONOMICS Context: APEDA has launched the BHARATI initiative (Bharat’s Hub for Agritech, Resilience, Advancement and Incubation for Export Enablement) to accelerate India’s agri-food exports Focus: Promoting innovation, incubation, and export opportunities in GI-tagged products, organic foods, superfoods, livestock, and AYUSH items. Features: A three-month acceleration programme covering product development, export readiness, market access, regulatory compliance, and solutions for perishability, logistics, and value addition. Technology: Integration of AI-based quality control, blockchain traceability, IoT-enabled cold chains, agri-fintech, and sustainable packaging. Impact: Nationwide awareness campaigns and a scalable incubation model to boost India’s global standing in agri-food exports through technology and entrepreneurship. Source: PIB Bond yields Category: ECONOMICS Context Bond yields in India have risen despite RBI’s rate cuts due to structural and market factors that outweigh policy easing. Heavy Government Borrowing: The 2025–26 Budget projects net borrowing of ₹11.55 lakh crore, creating oversupply of bonds and pushing yields higher. Fiscal Concerns: Rising debt (₹17.55 lakh crore in March 2025, projected to ₹19.01 lakh crore in March 2026) and deficit worries make investors demand higher returns. Liquidity Management: RBI injected liquidity but absorbed it through Variable Rate Reverse Repo (VRRR) auctions, sending mixed signals and limiting the effect of rate cuts. Weak Demand & Global Factors: Banks, insurers, and foreign investors have shown lower appetite, while global bond yields remain elevated. Risk Premium: Despite low inflation (below 2% in July 2025), investors seek a premium amid fiscal and global uncertainties. The yield–repo spread has widened to around 100 basis points, the largest in 2025. Learning Corner: Relation between bond yields and rate cuts: Normal Case – When Rate Cuts Lower Yields Suppose RBI’s repo rate is 6%, and the government issues a 10-year bond with a coupon (interest) of 7%. If RBI cuts the repo rate to 5%, new loans and bonds will generally offer lower returns (closer to 5–6%). Investors now rush to buy the older bond paying 7%, raising its price. Since Yield = (Coupon ÷ Price) × 100, higher price → lower yield. Example: Bond with ₹1,000 face value paying ₹70 annually (7%). If demand pushes its price to ₹1,100 → Yield = 70 ÷ 1100 = 6.36% (lower than before). Exceptional Case – Why Yields May Rise Despite Rate Cuts RBI again cuts repo rate from 6% → 5%. But suppose the government announces huge borrowing (₹11.5 lakh crore). That means more bonds will be supplied in the market. Investors worry about fiscal deficit and demand higher return to hold these extra bonds. Even though RBI cut rates, bond prices may fall due to oversupply and risk concerns. Example:

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) RTE Act Category: POLITY Context:  The Supreme Court of India has called for a revisit of the blanket exemption granted to minority institutions under the RTE Act, 2009, holding that such exemption could undermine education standards. Key Bench Observations Expressed serious doubts on the 2014 Pramati Educational and Cultural Trust ruling that upheld full exemption. Warned that exemptions may be misused to evade child-centric regulations. Clarified there is no conflict between Article 21A (Right to Education) and Article 30(1) (Minority Rights); both can co-exist. Suggested that the 25% quota should also allow admission of children from outside the minority community for broader inclusiveness. Broader Context Provisions like TET and reservation for disadvantaged groups should ideally apply to all institutions, including minority ones, to maintain inclusiveness and quality. Section 12(1)(c) of the RTE Act (admission of disadvantaged groups) does not dilute minority character and should be applied. Court stressed that the 2014 ruling needs reconsideration to uphold the universalization of elementary education and protect child welfare standards. Learning Corner: Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 Enactment: Came into force on 1st April 2010, operationalizing Article 21A of the Constitution (Right to Education as a Fundamental Right). Objective: To provide free and compulsory education to all children in the age group 6–14 years. Key Provisions: No child shall be denied admission for lack of documents or late admission. Prohibits physical punishment, mental harassment, screening tests, capitation fees, and private tuition by teachers. Mandates minimum infrastructure standards (student-teacher ratio, classroom, drinking water, toilets, etc.). Teacher Qualifications: Only trained and qualified teachers allowed; Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) mandated. 25% Reservation (Section 12(1)(c)): Private unaided schools must reserve 25% seats for disadvantaged and weaker section children. Emphasizes continuous and comprehensive evaluation—no detention till completion of elementary education. Coverage: Applies to government, local authority, and private unaided schools (except minority institutions, as per earlier court rulings—now under reconsideration). Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Tianjin Declaration Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) leaders, through the Tianjin Declaration, unanimously condemned terrorism, referencing attacks in Pahalgam Key Points from the Declaration Opposed unilateral sanctions and supported fairness in global governance. Condemned targeting civilians in conflicts, mentioning Gaza and Afghanistan. Supported political stability in Afghanistan and endorsed China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Summit Highlights PM Modi and President Putin discussed peace, stability, and cooperation, including Ukraine. Xi Jinping stressed fairness in global leadership and warned against Cold War mentality. Laos was upgraded to SCO partner status; members backed humanitarian aid and economic development. Learning Corner: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Formation: Established in 2001 in Shanghai by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan (building on the earlier “Shanghai Five” group). Membership: Currently 9 members – China, Russia, India, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Iran (joined in 2023). Several observer states and dialogue partners also participate. Headquarters: Beijing, China. Official Languages: Chinese and Russian. Objectives Promote regional peace, security, and stability. Combat terrorism, separatism, and extremism (the “three evils”). Enhance economic, cultural, and connectivity cooperation. Encourage multipolarity and fairness in global governance. Key Features Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS): Based in Tashkent, focuses on intelligence-sharing and counter-terrorism. Annual Summits & Declarations: Used to align on political, security, and economic issues. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Endorsed by SCO, though India remains opposed. Expanding outreach with observer states, dialogue partners, and partner status (e.g., Belarus in process of joining, Laos as partner). Source:  THE HINDU CEREBO Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: CEREBO is an indigenously developed, portable, non-invasive diagnostic tool for traumatic brain injuries (TBI). It can detect intracranial bleeding and edema within a minute, is radiation-free, safe for infants and pregnant women, and can be used even by paramedics or unskilled personnel where CT/MRI scans are unavailable. Importance & Usage Provides colour-coded, cost-effective, quick results for TBI detection. Useful in ambulances, trauma centres, rural clinics, and disaster zones. Improves outcomes through early diagnosis and triage without specialized infrastructure. Clinical trials have shown accuracy and integration into emergency pathways, with potential for global adoption. Context: Traumatic Brain Injuries TBIs are a major health burden in India, with 1.5–2 million cases annually, largely from road accidents. Many remain undiagnosed due to mild or hidden symptoms, leading to long-term impairments. CEREBO helps bridge gaps in rural and emergency TBI care, offering rapid, objective assessment. Source: THE HINDU Multithread and Single thread Rivers Category: GEOGRAPHY Context: Geographers at the University of California Santa Barbara have uncovered why some rivers split into multiple channels (multi-threaded) while others remain single-threaded Physical Mechanism Single-thread rivers maintain equilibrium between bank erosion and bar accretion—what erodes from one bank matches what is deposited on the opposite side, keeping the river stable. Multi-threaded rivers erode banks more quickly than they deposit material, resulting in channel widening and eventual splitting due to this persistent imbalance. Broader Implications The distinction between river types affects flood risks, erosion hazards, and ecosystem services; understanding these patterns is increasingly important as extreme weather events become more common. Research showed many rivers historically shifted from multi-threaded to single-channel forms after human intervention, such as damming and sand mining, underscoring the impact people have on river morphology. Technical Approach Scientists mapped river bank positions and water flows using thousands of satellite images, measuring erosion and gravel/sediment deposition to reveal cycles of instability behind channel splitting. This work highlights that river channel form is shaped not by static equilibrium but by repeated instability, informing future river management and flood prediction models. Learning Corner: Meandering Definition: Meanders are the sinuous, snake-like bends in a river channel that develop in its middle and lower courses due to lateral erosion and deposition. Formation Process: On the outer bank, fast-flowing water causes erosion (river cliff). On the inner bank, slower water leads to deposition (point bar). This continuous process accentuates the bends. Characteristics: Develops in rivers with gentle gradient, large volume of water, and fine sediments. Migration of meanders over time may lead to the formation of oxbow lakes when a bend gets