August 2025

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Herbicides Category: AGRICULTURE Context:  While insecticides are the largest segment, herbicides are growing fastest at 10%+ annually, driven by labour shortages for manual weeding. India’s crop protection chemicals market (~₹24,500 crore) is dominated by insecticides (₹10,706 crore), fungicides (₹5,571 crore), and herbicides (₹8,209 crore).  Key Points: Market control: Mostly by multinationals like Bayer AG, Syngenta, Corteva, Sumitomo, and Crystal Crop Protection. Labour shortage: Manual weeding takes 8–10 hours per acre, repeated multiple times. Rural labour is scarce due to alternative employment, pushing farmers towards herbicides. Usage trend: Farmers now use “pre-emergent” herbicides before weeds sprout and “early post-emergent” for initial weed stages. Preventive spraying is replacing curative measures. Cost: Herbicides (~₹1,500 crore pre-emergent market) are cheaper than manual labour; pre-emergent herbicide cost is about ₹550 per acre. Monopoly concerns: Like seeds and fertilizers, herbicide sales are influenced by corporate promotion, leading to dependence on branded products. Learning Corner: Insecticides vs fungicides, vs herbicides  Aspect Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Target Insects and pests that damage crops by feeding on them or spreading disease. Fungi causing plant diseases such as rusts, blights, and mildew. Unwanted plants/weeds that compete with crops for nutrients, water, and sunlight. Purpose Prevent or kill insects to protect crops. Prevent or control fungal diseases to maintain crop health. Kill or inhibit the growth of weeds. Timing of Use Often applied during pest infestation or as preventive sprays in pest-prone seasons. Usually applied before or during disease occurrence, sometimes preventively in humid/wet conditions. Applied pre-emergent (before weeds sprout) or post-emergent (after weeds appear). Market Size in India (2024–25 est.) ₹10,706 crore (largest share). ₹5,571 crore. ₹8,209 crore. Annual Growth Rate 5.3%–5.5%. 5.5%–6%. 10%–11% (fastest-growing). Current Trend Stable growth, market leader in share. Moderate growth, focused on disease management. Rapid growth due to labour shortage for manual weeding and shift to preventive use. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Small Finance Bank Category: ECONOMICS Context : AU Small Finance Bank Gets RBI Nod to Become Universal Bank The Reserve Bank of India has given in-principle approval for AU Small Finance Bank (AU SFB) to transition into a universal bank. This status will let AU Bank offer a wider range of financial services and products under one roof with fewer restrictions compared to a small finance bank. Learning Corner: Small Finance Bank (SFB) – Brief Note Origin & Recommendation – The idea of SFBs was recommended by the Usha Thorat Committee (2014), constituted by the RBI to explore new models of financial inclusion. It suggested creating niche banks to serve small business units, small and marginal farmers, micro and small industries, and other unorganised sector entities. Related Committees – Usha Thorat Committee (2014) – Recommended SFBs. Nachiket Mor Committee (2013) – Recommended differentiated banking structure, including Payments Banks. Purpose – To provide credit and savings facilities to underserved and unbanked sections, with a focus on priority sector lending. Key Features – Minimum 75% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) must be given to the priority sector. At least 50% of loans should be up to ₹25 lakh. Must be registered as a public limited company under the Companies Act, 2013 and licensed under Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. Minimum paid-up equity capital: ₹200 crore. Examples – AU Small Finance Bank, Equitas Small Finance Bank, Ujjivan Small Finance Bank, Jana Small Finance Bank. Universal Bank: Purpose: Offer a full range of banking and financial services — retail, corporate, investment banking, insurance, mutual funds — under one roof without many of the restrictions applicable to niche banks. Regulation: Licensed under RBI’s universal bank guidelines. Scope: Broader operational freedom, larger customer base, and wider product portfolio compared to SFBs. Example: State Bank of India, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank. Key Difference: SFBs are targeted, inclusion-driven banks with lending restrictions and high priority sector requirements. Universal banks have diversified operations and fewer restrictions, enabling them to serve all segments extensively. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Tariff War Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: US President Donald Trump announced an extra 25% tariff on Indian imports as a penalty for buying Russian energy, adding to an existing 25% tariff. This makes Indian goods face a 50% tariff in the US Summary What Trump’s 50% tariff means for India: India’s reaction: Called the move unfair and warned of taking all necessary actions to protect national interests. Impact: Could reduce India’s GDP by over 0.5 percentage points annually, disrupt supply chains, and hurt small exporters (e.g., textile firms in Ludhiana). Trade deficit concerns: Imposing retaliatory tariffs on US imports would harm Indian consumers and potentially widen India’s trade deficit. Reasoning: The tariff is less about free trade and more about using economic pressure to achieve political goals, particularly regarding Russia. Learning Corner: World Trade Organization (WTO)  The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. It aims to ensure that international trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible. Historical Background 1944 – At the Bretton Woods Conference, there was an initial idea for an International Trade Organization (ITO) to complement the IMF and World Bank, but it never came into existence due to lack of ratification by the US Congress. 1947 – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) signed as a temporary arrangement to regulate international trade. 1948–1994 – GATT evolved through various negotiation rounds (notably the Uruguay Round). 1 January 1995 – WTO formally established, replacing GATT, as an outcome of the Uruguay Round (1986–94) negotiations. Objectives of WTO Promote free and fair trade among nations. Provide a platform for trade negotiations. Settle trade disputes in a rules-based manner. Enhance transparency in global trade policies. Integrate developing countries into the global trading system. Key functions Administering WTO Agreements – Includes: GATT 1994 – Trade in goods. GATS – Trade in services. TRIPS – Intellectual property rights. Forum for Negotiations – Trade liberalization and new agreements. Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) – Through the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), ensures prompt resolution of conflicts. Monitoring and Review – Trade

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Cloudburst Category: GEOGRAPHY Context:  Cloudburst in Uttarkhand. The Uttarkashi flash flood site in Dharasu-Gangotri stretch lies in the Bhagirathi Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ), a protected area established in 2012 to safeguard the Ganga river’s ecology. Experts believe unregulated construction, especially on river floodplains, worsened the disaster’s impact. Over 600 people are reported missing. Activists and environmental groups had raised alarms over bypass road constructions, widening of roads without EIAs, and cutting of Deodar trees. The village of Dharali, the flood’s epicentre, has a narrow gorge of igneous rock, making it naturally prone to flash floods and landslides. Learning Corner: Cloudburst  “A cloudburst is an extreme weather event in which very heavy rainfall occurs over a localized area in a very short duration, typically at a rate of 100 mm per hour or more.” Key Features as per NDMA: High Intensity: ≥ 100 mm of rainfall in an hour. Localized Area: Usually within a few square kilometers. Short Duration: Often less than an hour. Common in Mountains: Especially in the Himalayas due to orographic lifting. Potential Impacts: Flash floods, landslides, debris flows, and severe damage to life and infrastructure. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize Category: INTERNATIONAL Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Rajula Srivastava, a mathematician originally from India, has won the Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize for her groundbreaking work in harmonic analysis and analytic number theory Research Focus: Works on harmonic analysis: breaking down complex functions into simpler frequencies (like Fourier analysis). Explores how these patterns extend into higher dimensions and number theory, including lattice points and wave geometry. Uses geometry, patterns, and logic to tackle fundamental math problems with elegant simplicity. Learning Corner: Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize: The Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize is an international mathematics award presented annually as part of the Breakthrough Prizes. It honors early-career women mathematicians who have completed their PhDs within the past two years and have made significant contributions to the field of mathematics. Key Features: Named after Maryam Mirzakhani, the first and only woman to win the Fields Medal. Purpose: To recognize and encourage young women pursuing careers in mathematics. Eligibility: Female mathematicians within two years of receiving their PhD. Awarded for: Outstanding contributions in any area of mathematics. It aims to promote gender equity in mathematical sciences and highlight the achievements of women in a traditionally male-dominated field. Source: THE HINDU Tipu Sultan, Haidar Ali, and the Anglo-Mysore wars Category: HISTORY Context: The new NCERT Class 8 Social Science textbook has omitted references to Tipu Sultan, Haidar Ali, and the Anglo-Mysore wars of the 1700s In response to a parliamentary question, the Union Government clarified that states have the flexibility to include or expand regional content, including historical personalities and events, in their textbooks. Learning Corner: Anglo-Mysore Wars: The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of four military conflicts fought in the late 18th century between the Kingdom of Mysore (under Haider Ali and later Tipu Sultan) and the British East India Company, often involving the Marathas and Nizam of Hyderabad. Key Details: First War (1767–1769): Fought between Haider Ali and the British. Ended with the Treaty of Madras (1769), restoring conquered territories. Second War (1780–1784): Tipu Sultan emerged as a key leader. Ended with the Treaty of Mangalore, restoring status quo ante. Third War (1790–1792): British allied with Marathas and Nizam. Ended with the Treaty of Srirangapatam, Tipu ceded half his territory. Fourth War (1799): Tipu Sultan was killed in the Battle of Srirangapatam. Mysore came under British control with a subsidiary alliance. These wars marked the decline of Mysore as a powerful kingdom and expanded British dominance in South India. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS E20 Fuel Category: ENVIRONMENT Context Union Minister Nitin Gadkari has accused the petrol lobby of fueling a fear campaign against E20 ethanol-blended fuel, Union Minister Nitin Gadkari has accused the petrol lobby of fueling a fear campaign against E20 ethanol-blended fuel, amid public backlash over mileage drops and engine concerns. While surveys show significant user opposition, the government maintains that issues are minor, scientifically overstated, and driven by vested interests resisting biofuel adoption. Learning corner: E20 Fuel  E20 is a blend of 20% ethanol and 80% petrol. It is part of India’s strategy to reduce oil imports, cut carbon emissions, and support farmers by promoting ethanol production. The fuel is suitable for E20-compliant vehicles, with only minor efficiency drops. Public concerns exist over mileage and engine wear. India’s Biofuel and Ethanol Blending Strategy: The National Policy on Biofuels, 2018, aims to promote biofuels for energy security, environmental sustainability, and rural development. It encourages the use of ethanol, biodiesel, and advanced biofuels from various feedstocks like sugarcane, grains, and agricultural waste. Key Features: Ethanol Blending Target: 20% in petrol by 2025-26 Biodiesel Blending Target: 5% in diesel by 2030 Allows production of ethanol from damaged food grains, starchy crops, and industrial waste Promotes 1G, 2G, and advanced biofuels Offers financial incentives, viability gap funding, and tax benefits Objectives: Reduce import dependency on crude oil Cut greenhouse gas emissions Boost farmers’ income and support rural employment The policy creates a roadmap for cleaner fuels but requires strong implementation, feedstock availability, and infrastructure development. Note on 1G, 2G, and Advanced Biofuels: 1G (First-Generation) Biofuels: Produced from food crops like sugarcane, maize, and wheat. Examples: Ethanol from sugarcane juice, biodiesel from vegetable oils. Concern: May compete with food production and affect food security. 2G (Second-Generation) Biofuels: Made from non-food biomass like agricultural residues (rice straw, corn cobs), forest waste, and lignocellulosic materials. Examples: Cellulosic ethanol Advantage: Does not impact food supply; better waste utilization. Advanced Biofuels (3G & beyond): Derived from algae, industrial waste gases, or genetically engineered organisms. Examples: Algae-based biodiesel, bio-CNG, biohydrogen Potential: High yield, low land requirement, and carbon-neutral or negative. These categories represent a shift toward more sustainable and non-food-based fuel sources in India’s biofuel roadmap. Source:  THE HINDU Biochar Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : With the upcoming Indian carbon market in 2026, biochar — a carbon-rich product made from agricultural and

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Money laundering Category: POLITY Context:  Increasing problem of money laundering in India. Rising Cases: Since 2015, 5,892 cases under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) have been reported, but only 15 convictions have occurred. This indicates that investigations are not progressing efficiently, and the government has struggled to curb financial crimes. Definition: Money laundering refers to the process of disguising illicitly obtained money through financial systems to make it appear legitimate. It is often done by organized crime syndicates. Challenges in Enforcement: The lack of convictions and slow enforcement suggest issues with the legal framework. The government has struggled to implement stringent measures, with some areas being overlooked, such as the proper registration of cases and investigations into suspicious financial activities. Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA): India has signed DTAA with over 80 countries, which helps track illicit financial flows, although it has not fully addressed money laundering concerns. The framework needs stronger enforcement, particularly in combating terror financing and other financial crimes. Court Ruling: A 2022 ruling emphasized that property registration under Section 3 of PMLA is necessary for the prosecution of money laundering cases. Learning Corner: Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) was enacted by the Government of India in 2002 to combat money laundering and related crimes. The primary objective of the PMLA is to prevent money laundering, track illicit financial flows, and seize assets acquired through illegal means. Key Provisions: Money Laundering Definition: The act defines money laundering as the process of concealing the origins of illegally obtained money, typically through complex financial transactions to make it appear legitimate. Enforcement Directorate (ED): The Enforcement Directorate, a government agency, is tasked with investigating offenses related to money laundering under PMLA. It can attach properties derived from proceeds of crime. Attachment and Confiscation of Property: The PMLA allows authorities to attach properties linked to criminal activities and, after investigation, confiscate them if the accused is found guilty of money laundering. Proceeds of Crime: The act defines ‘proceeds of crime’ as any property derived from criminal activities, such as corruption, tax evasion, drug trafficking, and terrorism financing. Prevention and Investigation: PMLA mandates financial institutions and professionals to report suspicious transactions, which aids in the prevention of laundering activities. The act empowers investigative agencies to conduct searches, seize assets, and arrest individuals involved in money laundering. Punishment: Money laundering is a serious offense, with penalties including imprisonment for up to seven years and substantial fines. If proven, the maximum punishment can be extended based on the severity of the crime. Recent Amendments: The act was amended in 2019 to widen the scope of money laundering offenses and enhance the powers of investigating agencies. These amendments include the provision of faster attachment of properties and stricter punishments for economic offenses. Significance: PMLA plays a crucial role in strengthening India’s legal framework to tackle financial crimes and bolster the global fight against money laundering. It helps enhance transparency, trace illicit financial flows, and maintain the integrity of the financial system. Source: THE HINDU Necropolitics Category: MISC Context : Keyword- Can be directly asked in prelims Key points include: Necropolitics and Biopolitics: The theory, coined by Achille Mbembe, builds on Michel Foucault’s biopolitics, focusing on how states manage populations through surveillance, control, and exclusion. Biopolitics concerns itself with preserving life, while necropolitics focuses on deciding who is allowed to live and who is abandoned, neglected, or sacrificed. The State of Exception: Drawing on Giorgio Agamben’s work, the article discusses how states use exceptional laws to protect life in certain spaces while excluding others. This creates zones where death is treated as normal, and people are left to suffer or die in conditions of neglect. The Living Dead: Mbembe introduces the concept of the “living dead” to describe those who are biologically alive but deprived of social, political, and moral recognition. This was seen during the COVID-19 lockdown when migrant workers were left without food, shelter, or transportation and many died from neglect. Gaza as a Case Study: The article points to the situation in Gaza, where civilians face violence and systematic neglect. The deaths of children and civilians are framed as collateral damage in the name of national security. In Everyday Life: Necropolitics also manifests in everyday life, particularly in regions with ongoing violence or war. Disposability of life is evident in the treatment of marginalized communities and individuals subjected to violence, state neglect, or abandoned in disaster zones. Source:  THE HINDU Microplastics Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Microplastics and its impact on brain. Microplastics—tiny plastic particles, often smaller than 5mm—are now being found inside human brains, raising concerns about their potential effects on brain health. How Do Microplastics Reach the Brain? Microplastics enter the body through food, water, air, and medical devices. Studies show these particles can cross the blood-brain barrier, accumulating in brain tissue, especially in fat-rich areas like the myelin sheath around neurons. What Are Microplastics Doing to Our Brains? Bioaccumulation and Rising Exposure Microplastic levels in the brain have increased significantly in recent years, with concentrations higher than in other organs like the liver or kidney. Autopsies reveal plastic fragments, even the size of a small spoon, within the brain. Disruption of Brain Structure and Function Microplastics trigger neuroinflammation, activate immune cells, block blood vessels, and disrupt neuronal signaling. Animal studies link exposure to cognitive impairments like memory loss, reduced movement, and motor coordination issues. Changes in proteins related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, have also been observed. Immune and Vascular Effects Microplastics can clog small blood vessels in the brain, disrupting blood flow and causing potential damage. Some effects appear to recover over time, but others persist. Potential for Neurodegeneration Microplastics may cause cellular stress, inflammation, and neuronal death, possibly contributing to or exacerbating neurodegenerative diseases like dementia. Are Microplastics the Cause of Diseases? While there is no proven link between microplastics and specific diseases, higher levels of microplastics in the brain correlate with cognitive impairments. They

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Pollution Control Boards Category: ENVIRONMENT Context:  The Supreme Court has ruled that Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) have the authority to impose and collect restitutionary and compensatory damages to restore polluted air and waterbodies to their original state. This power is derived from Sections 33A and 31A of the Water and Air Acts, respectively. The Court directed that such powers must be exercised only after appropriate subordinate legislation (rules and regulations) is framed, ensuring the principles of natural justice are followed. The ruling came in response to a Delhi Pollution Control Committee appeal, where the Delhi High Court had earlier ruled that it lacked authority to impose such damages. Justice P.S. Narasimha emphasized the “polluter pays” principle, noting that restoration should closely resemble the damaged ecosystem. Justice Manoj Misra added that PCBs hold broad statutory powers and responsibilities under the Water and Air Acts, including the ability to regulate or shut down polluting industries and services. The judgment strengthens PCBs’ role in environmental protection and enforcement actions. Learning Corner: Pollution Control Boards (PCBs): Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) are statutory bodies established under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 to prevent, control, and abate pollution in India. There are two main types: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) – Functions at the national level under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) – Function at the state level. Key Functions: Monitor and regulate pollution levels in air and water. Grant or revoke consent to industries for discharge of pollutants. Enforce environmental laws and standards. Promote pollution abatement technologies. Advise governments on environmental matters. Source: THE HINDU IPO Category: ECONOMICS Context : Lenskart, a major eyewear unicorn, is preparing for a ₹2,150 crore IPO after becoming profitable in FY25 Key Trends: Worsening Eye Health: Refractive errors among children have surged (from 21% in FY20 to 39% in FY25 for under-19s). For all ages, it’s expected to hit 62% by FY30. Causes: Excessive screen time, reduced outdoor play, poor lighting, and incorrect posture are primary contributors. Optometrist Shortage: India has low access to prescription eyewear (only 35% of affected people wear glasses). The country has just 15–20 optometrists per million people, compared to 80–100 in the US and Japan. Eyewear Access Gaps: Over 70% of eyewear is sold via unorganised channels. Availability and awareness of optometrists are especially low in Tier 2 and 3 cities. Learning Corner: IPO (Initial Public Offering): The process by which a private company offers its shares to the public for the first time and becomes a publicly listed company on a stock exchange. DRHP (Draft Red Herring Prospectus): A preliminary document submitted to SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) containing details about the company’s business, financials, risks, and purpose of the IPO. It invites public feedback before the final prospectus. Red Herring Prospectus (RHP): The final version of the DRHP that includes the issue price and other final details. It is filed before the IPO opens for subscription. Fresh Issue: New shares issued by the company to raise capital. The money goes directly to the company and is often used for expansion, debt repayment, etc. Offer for Sale (OFS): Shares sold by existing shareholders (e.g. promoters, venture capitalists) as part of the IPO. The proceeds go to the selling shareholders, not the company. Book Building: A price discovery mechanism where investors bid within a price band, and the final issue price is decided based on demand. Price Band: The range within which investors can place their bids. The upper and lower limits are set by the issuer. Lot Size: The minimum number of shares that can be applied for in an IPO. Investors must bid in multiples of the lot size. Underwriters: Financial institutions that manage the IPO process, ensure regulatory compliance, and often guarantee the sale of a certain number of shares. Listing: The process of getting the company’s shares admitted to trade on a stock exchange (like NSE or BSE in India) after the IPO is complete. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Article 370 Category: POLITY Context: August 5, 2025, marks six years since the abrogation of Article 370. Key Themes: Politics: Limited Representation Democratic process restored, but with curtailed powers. The elected government lacks full control over police and services, which lie with the Lieutenant Governor. Political parties like NC and PDP have returned to electoral politics but differ in strategy and tone. Security: Mixed Outcomes One key goal of the abrogation was to reduce terrorism. Civilian deaths have decreased significantly: 24 in 2024 vs. 129 in 2015. However, the Pahalgam terror attack in April 2025 dealt a blow to security gains and tourism confidence. Ongoing infiltration and militant activity remain concerns. Investment and Development Industrial development is progressing: 359 industrial units operational; 1,424 in the pipeline. Government investment rose sharply with ₹2.15 lakh crore in 2024–25 alone. Revenue indicators improving: GST collections up by 39%, and per capita income has risen. Tourism: Growth and Setback 2023 saw record tourism (2.21 crore tourists), contributing 7% to GSDP. But post-Pahalgam attack, the perception of normalcy has been shaken again. Ongoing events like G20 and Miss World pageant hosted to project normalcy. Learning Corner: Article 370: Article 370 of the Indian Constitution granted special autonomous status to the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). It was a temporary provision inserted in Part XXI of the Constitution under “Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions.” Key Features: Autonomy: J&K had its own Constitution, flag, and decision-making powers in all matters except defence, foreign affairs, finance, and communications. Limited applicability of Indian laws: Laws passed by Parliament applied to J&K only if the state assembly agreed. Permanent Residents: Only permanent residents of J&K could own property and get government jobs under Article 35A (inserted via Article 370). Abrogation (August 5, 2019): The Government of India abrogated Article 370 using Presidential Order C.O. 272 and passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Gold Card program Category: INTERNATIONAL Context:  Due to increased restrictions on H-1B and student visas under U.S. President Donald Trump’s administration, more Indians are turning to the EB-5 investment visa route. The new “Gold Card” program, requiring a $5 million investment for U.S. residency, is drawing attention though details are pending. Key data: EB-5 visa applications from India surged in 2023 and 2024, peaking at 1,428 in 2024. In early 2025 (Jan–Feb), 649 applications have already been filed. In FY2025 (Oct 2024–Jan 2025), Indian applicants filed more than 1,200 I-526E petitions, more than any prior year. Learning Corner: Non-Immigrant Visas For temporary stay in the U.S. H-1B Visa – For skilled professionals in specialty occupations (commonly IT, engineering). Employer-sponsored. F-1 Visa – For academic students pursuing full-time study at accredited institutions. J-1 Visa – For exchange visitors (researchers, scholars, interns, au pairs). B-1/B-2 Visa – B-1: For business visitors B-2: For tourism, medical treatment L-1 Visa – For intra-company transferees (managerial or specialized knowledge staff). O-1 Visa – For individuals with extraordinary ability in sciences, arts, education, business, or athletics. TN Visa – For Canadian and Mexican professionals under the USMCA (formerly NAFTA). H-2A/H-2B Visa – For temporary agricultural (H-2A) or non-agricultural (H-2B) workers. Immigrant Visas For permanent residency (Green Card pathway) EB-1 to EB-5 Visas – Employment-based immigrant visas: EB-1: Priority workers (extraordinary ability, outstanding professors, etc.) EB-2: Advanced degree professionals or exceptional ability EB-3: Skilled workers, professionals, and other workers EB-4: Special immigrants (religious workers, etc.) EB-5: Immigrant investors ($800,000–$1,050,000 investment creating jobs in the U.S.) Family-Based Immigrant Visas – For immediate relatives of U.S. citizens (spouses, children, parents) and other family-based preference categories. Diversity Visa (DV) Lottery – For nationals from countries with historically low immigration to the U.S. IR Visas – Immediate relative visas (spouse, parent, unmarried child of U.S. citizen). K-1 Visa – For fiancé(e) of a U.S. citizen intending to marry within 90 days of entry. Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS OPEC+ Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : OPEC+ has agreed to significantly increase oil production by 547,000 barrels per day (bpd) starting September 2025 Key highlights: The total output hike, including a separate increase for UAE, totals around 2.5 million bpd, covering about 2.4% of global demand. This move marks a reversal of previous output cuts, aiming to stabilize global oil markets. A virtual meeting of eight OPEC+ members also discussed U.S. pressure on India to halt Russian oil imports. President Donald Trump wants progress on this issue by August 8. Despite increased output, oil prices remain high, with Brent crude nearing $70/barrel, up from $58 in April. OPEC+ may meet again on September 7 to consider reinstating cuts if necessary. Learning Corner: OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) Established: 1960 Headquarters: Vienna, Austria Founding Members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela Current Members (13 countries) include: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, UAE, Venezuela, Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Objectives: Coordinate and unify petroleum policies among member countries Ensure stable oil markets and fair prices for producers and consumers Regulate oil production to balance global supply and demand OPEC+ Formed: 2016 (informal coalition) Members: All 13 OPEC members + 10 non-OPEC oil-producing countries Key non-OPEC members: Russia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Oman, Azerbaijan, etc. Purpose: Cooperate on oil production decisions to stabilize global oil markets Respond jointly to market crises (e.g., COVID-19 demand collapse, Russia-Ukraine conflict) Key Differences: Feature OPEC OPEC+ Members 13 (Only OPEC countries) 23 (OPEC + 10 non-OPEC countries) Formation Year 1960 2016 (as a coordinated alliance) Main Driver Long-term oil policy coordination Short-term cooperation on production levels Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Bio-fortification Category: AGRICULTURE Context: The International Potato Center (CIP), based in Peru, is introducing bio-fortified potatoes enriched with iron to Indian markets, aiming to combat malnutrition and improve farmer livelihoods. Key Points: CIP’s Director General, Simon Heck, announced that bio-fortified sweet potatoes (with Vitamin A) are already grown in Karnataka, Assam, West Bengal, and Odisha. The focus now shifts to iron fortification in regular potatoes. Germplasm has been shared with the ICAR–Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, and the variety is under evaluation for Indian conditions. A new CIP South Asia Regional Centre is being set up near Agra, in the heart of the Indo-Gangetic potato belt (largest producer in India). The initiative is expected to: Improve seed quality and timely availability. Provide better market access for farmers. Support school feeding programs like mid-day meals. Reduce agro-chemical dependence. The Uttar Pradesh government provided land for the centre, with support from the Union Agriculture Ministry and National Horticulture Board. CIP will work with private companies and research institutes to build seed multiplication infrastructure and ensure quality planting material reaches farmers. The regional centre will be governed by a committee with members from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan. Learning Corner: International Potato Center (CIP)  Established: 1971 Headquarters: Lima, Peru Affiliation: A part of the CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research), a global research partnership for food security. Primary Objectives: Conduct research and development on potatoes, sweet potatoes, and other Andean roots and tubers. Enhance food and nutrition security, especially in developing countries. Promote climate-resilient and bio-fortified crop varieties (e.g., iron-rich potatoes, vitamin A-rich sweet potatoes). Key Functions: Develop disease-resistant, high-yielding, and nutrient-enriched varieties. Work with national governments, NGOs, and private sector for seed multiplication and distribution. Support farmers through capacity building, training, and better market integration. Address malnutrition via biofortification (e.g., vitamin A in sweet potatoes, iron in regular potatoes). 🇮🇳 In India: Recently partnered with the Government of India to establish a South Asia Regional Centre near Agra, Uttar Pradesh. Already introduced bio-fortified sweet potatoes in states like Karnataka, Assam, West Bengal, and Odisha. Working closely with ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute and the Union Agriculture Ministry. Bio-fortification Bio-fortification is the process of increasing the nutrient content of crops through biological means, such as conventional breeding, genetic engineering, or agronomic practices. Objective: To improve the micronutrient levels (e.g., iron, zinc, vitamin A) in staple food crops to

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Space Technology in Agriculture Category: AGRICULTURE Context:  Space technology is revolutionizing agriculture by enabling precision farming, improving yield estimation, optimizing resource use, and strengthening food security Key Applications: Precision Agriculture: Satellite imagery and remote sensing help monitor crop health, soil moisture, and nutrients in real-time, enabling targeted irrigation and fertilizer use for better yields and reduced waste. Weather and Climate Monitoring: Space-based data improves weather forecasting and helps farmers plan agricultural activities and adapt to climate change. Resource Management: Satellites assist in managing water resources, monitoring drought, mapping soil, and preventing land degradation and deforestation. Yield Estimation & Insurance: Programs like FASAL and KISAN use remote sensing for accurate yield forecasts, aiding insurance schemes and disaster planning. Pest & Disease Detection: Hyperspectral and multispectral data can detect early signs of pest infestation or disease, reducing crop loss and excessive chemical use. Livestock and Land Monitoring: Satellite integration supports sustainable grazing, animal tracking, and land-use planning. Research & Crop Improvement: Space-based plant experiments enhance knowledge of plant biology and aid in developing resilient, high-yield crop varieties. Digital Decision Support: Platforms like Krishi-DSS combine geospatial data and AI to guide farmers and policy decisions in real-time. Food Security & Sustainability: Space technology helps track global agricultural trends, anticipate shortages, and promote sustainable farming. India’s Initiatives: India has led the way with programs such as FASAL, CHAMAN, NADAMS, and the Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre to operationalize space-based agricultural services. Learning Corner: FASAL (Forecasting Agricultural output using Space, Agro-meteorology and Land-based observations) Launched by: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare Implemented by: Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre (MNCFC) Objective: Pre-harvest crop production forecasting for major crops using remote sensing, weather data, and field observations. Significance: Helps in accurate planning of food grain procurement, supply chain management, and agricultural policy decisions. CHAMAN (Coordinated Horticulture Assessment and Management using Geo-informatics) Launched by: Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare Implemented by: MNCFC in collaboration with ISRO and state horticulture departments Objective: Mapping and assessing horticulture crops using satellite data and GIS tools. Significance: Supports area estimation, crop condition monitoring, and planning for fruits and vegetables, aiding better management of horticulture sector. NADAMS (National Agricultural Drought Assessment and Monitoring System) Developed by: ISRO and Department of Agriculture Objective: Real-time monitoring and assessment of drought using satellite-based indicators like vegetation index, rainfall, and soil moisture. Significance: Assists in drought declaration, contingency planning, and timely allocation of relief resources. Technology in Agriculture (Agri-Tech) Technology has revolutionized agriculture by enhancing productivity, sustainability, and profitability. It plays a crucial role across the entire agricultural value chain — from pre-sowing to post-harvest. Remote Sensing & GIS Used for crop monitoring, land use mapping, and precision farming. Programmes like FASAL and CHAMAN utilize satellite imagery for real-time assessments. Precision Farming Involves site-specific crop management using GPS, sensors, and data analytics. Helps in optimized use of inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, and water. Internet of Things (IoT) & Smart Sensors IoT devices monitor soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and crop health. Enables real-time decision-making and automated irrigation systems. Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning AI models predict weather, pest outbreaks, yield estimation, and market trends. Used in agri-advisory apps like Kisan Suvidha and AgriStack initiatives. Drones & Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Employed for aerial spraying, crop surveillance, and damage assessment. Reduces human labor and enhances efficiency in large farms. Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Development of high-yielding, pest-resistant, and climate-resilient crop varieties. Technologies like CRISPR gene editing and GM crops play a key role. Mobile Apps & Digital Platforms Apps like eNAM, PM-KISAN, AgriMarket help in market linkage, subsidies, and price discovery. Farmers receive weather alerts, crop advisory, and digital payments. Robotics & Automation Robots used for harvesting, weeding, and packaging in high-value crops. Reduces labor dependency and ensures uniform operations. Source: PIB BHASKAR Category: ECONOMICS Context: The BHASKAR (Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry) platform is a comprehensive digital ecosystem designed to strengthen collaboration and innovation across India’s startup landscape. Key Features: Centralized Networking: Connects startups, investors, mentors, service providers, and policymakers on a single platform, enabling seamless collaboration across sectors and regions. Personalized BHASKAR ID: Users receive a unique ID linked to verified, complete profiles—enhancing credibility, searchability, and secure interaction. Multi-Stakeholder Access: Open to diverse roles including entrepreneurs, investors, mentors, and support organizations, ensuring inclusivity. Enhanced Discoverability: Advanced search tools help users find partners, funding opportunities, programs, and schemes quickly and efficiently. Resource Hub: Offers centralized access to startup-related resources, events, and knowledge-sharing tools, eliminating system fragmentation. Digital & On-Ground Engagement: Facilitates both online collaboration and physical events to build relationships and market presence. Large-Scale Reach: With around 200,000 startups registered as of August 2025, BHASKAR is among the largest startup registries in the country. Conclusion: BHASKAR acts as a secure, inclusive, and scalable digital backbone for India’s startup ecosystem, accelerating innovation, connectivity, and growth. Learning Corner: Initiatives to Develop Startup Ecosystem in India India has emerged as the third-largest startup ecosystem in the world. To encourage innovation, job creation, and entrepreneurship, the government and associated bodies have launched several initiatives: Startup India Initiative (2016) Launched by: Government of India Objective: Promote entrepreneurship, simplify regulatory processes, and provide funding support. Key features: Tax exemption for 3 years Self-certification for compliance Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) with ₹10,000 crore corpus Startup India Hub for single-window support Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) Launched by: NITI Aayog Components: Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL): Foster creativity among school students Atal Incubation Centres (AIC): Support early-stage startups with infrastructure and mentoring ARISE: Promote innovation in MSMEs and public systems Support for International Patent Protection in Electronics & IT (SIP-EIT) Provides financial support to startups and MSMEs for filing international patents. Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (2021) Objective: Provide seed funding (grants and convertible debentures) up to ₹20 lakh to early-stage startups for proof of concept and product development. Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) Managed by SIDBI, the fund invests in SEBI-registered Venture Capital funds which in turn invest in startups. State-level Startup Policies States like Karnataka, Gujarat,

rchives (PRELIMS  Focus) Tenth Schedule Category: POLITY Context:  The Supreme Court has strongly criticized the Telangana Assembly Speaker for delaying the decision on disqualification petitions. A Bench led by Chief Justice B.R. Gavai stated that anti-defection cases must be resolved within three months to uphold the dignity of the Speaker’s office and prevent political defection from going unpunished. The Court noted that such proceedings often die a “natural death” due to intentional delays by Speakers, making a mockery of the Tenth Schedule (anti-defection law). It criticized the Telangana Speaker for issuing notices only after the matter was brought to the Supreme Court in January 2025, despite a seven-month delay. Chief Justice Gavai emphasized that no constitutional immunity protects the Speaker from judicial review when acting under the Tenth Schedule, and questioned whether the Speaker acted in an expeditious manner as expected by Parliament. Learning Corner: 52nd Amendment Act and Anti-Defection Law: 52nd Amendment Act, 1985: Added the Tenth Schedule to the Indian Constitution. Aimed at curbing political defections by legislators. Enacted during Rajiv Gandhi’s tenure as Prime Minister. Came into effect on 1 March 1985. Anti-Defection Law (Tenth Schedule): Provides for disqualification of legislators (MPs/MLAs) on grounds of: Voluntarily giving up membership of their party. Voting/abstaining against party directives (whip) without permission. Exceptions: Merger provision: If 2/3rd members of a party merge with another, disqualification does not apply. Decision Authority: The Speaker/Chairman of the House decides disqualification petitions. Source: THE HINDU Linguistic reorganization of states Category: POLITY Context: Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi criticized the linguistic reorganization of states, claiming it created “second-class citizens” by dividing people based on language. Key Highlights: Historical Background: Before 1956, India’s states were categorized as Part A, B, C, and D, based on colonial legacy and integration history. Linguistic and administrative demands led to calls for restructuring post-Independence. Reorganization of 1956: The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was formed in 1953 following widespread protests (notably Potti Sriramulu’s fast for Andhra). The SRC report (1955) emphasized language but also recommended balanced reorganization for national unity. The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganized India into 14 states and 6 union territories. Learning Corner: Background: India Post-Independence (1950) After the Constitution came into effect in 1950, Indian territory was categorized into: Part A States: Former British provinces (e.g., Bombay, Madras) Part B States: Former princely states (e.g., Hyderabad, Mysore) Part C States: Chief Commissioner’s provinces (e.g., Delhi, Himachal Pradesh) Part D State: Andaman & Nicobar Islands This structure was temporary and inefficient, prompting demands for reorganization, especially on linguistic lines. Major Movements and the First Linguistic State (1953) Demand for linguistic states gained momentum, especially among Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, and Kannada speakers. The death of Potti Sriramulu after a hunger strike led to the formation of Andhra State (1953) from the Telugu-speaking areas of Madras. Key Committees on Reorganization Committee Year Members Key Recommendations Dhar Commission 1948 S.K. Dhar (Chairman) Opposed reorganization solely on linguistic lines; favored administrative convenience. JVP Committee 1949 Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Pattabhi Sitaramayya Rejected linguistic states initially; favored national unity over linguistic aspirations. States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) 1953 Fazl Ali (Chairman), K.M. Panikkar, H.N. Kunzru Recommended reorganization primarily on linguistic lines, with a focus on administrative viability and national integration. States Reorganisation Act, 1956 Based on SRC recommendations: Abolished the A/B/C/D classification. Created 14 states and 6 Union Territories. Realigned boundaries largely on linguistic basis. Subsequent State Formations and Changes Year Reorganization 1960 Bombay split into Maharashtra (Marathi) and Gujarat (Gujarati). 1966 Punjab reorganized to form Haryana (Hindi), with Chandigarh as UT. 1971-72 Manipur, Tripura, and Meghalaya became full-fledged states. 1987 Goa, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram became states. 2000 Creation of Chhattisgarh (from MP), Uttarakhand (from UP), Jharkhand (from Bihar). 2014 Telangana formed as India’s 29th state, bifurcated from Andhra Pradesh. Source:  THE INDIAN EXPRESS Grant in aid to National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) Category: GEOGRAPHY Context : The Union Cabinet, has approved a Central Sector Scheme titled “Grant in aid to National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)”. Key Highlights: Objective: To help NCDC raise up to ₹20,000 crore from the open market to finance cooperatives. Usage: Funds will support loans for new cooperative projects, expansion of existing units, and working capital needs. Beneficiaries: Around 2.9 crore members from 13,288 cooperative societies across sectors like dairy, fisheries, sugar, textile, food processing, storage, and women-led cooperatives. Model: NCDC, with a 99.8% loan recovery rate and zero NPAs, will use the grant to enhance institutional financing for the cooperative sector. Learning Corner: National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) Established: 1963, by an Act of Parliament: National Cooperative Development Corporation Act, 1962. Objective: To plan, promote, and finance programs for the production, processing, marketing, storage, export, and import of agricultural produce, foodstuffs, industrial goods, and livestock based on cooperative principles. Key Functions: Provides financial assistance to cooperatives for: Agro-processing and marketing projects Storage and cold chain facilities Dairy, poultry, fishery, and livestock development Rural sanitation, healthcare, and infrastructure projects Promotes integrated cooperative development projects in rural areas. Facilitates capacity building and skill development of cooperative members. Organizational Structure: Headquartered in New Delhi with 18 regional and state directorates. Operates under the administrative control of the Ministry of Cooperation, Government of India. Key Initiatives: Sahakar Mitra: Internship programme for young professionals in the cooperative sector. Yuva Sahakar Scheme: Promotes startup ventures in cooperatives for youth. NCDC Ayushman Sahakar: Provides financial assistance for healthcare infrastructure in the cooperative sector. Source:  PIB Project 17A Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context The Indian Navy received INS Himgiri, an advanced stealth frigate and the third ship under Project 17A, on 31 July 2025 at GRSE, Kolkata Key Highlights: Project 17A Overview: Seven Nilgiri-class frigates are being built—four by MDL (Mumbai) and three by GRSE (Kolkata). Project cost is approximately ₹45,000 crore. Himgiri is GRSE’s first in the series and the third overall. Design & Capabilities: Length: 149 meters; Displacement: 6,670 tons. Developed by the Warship Design Bureau with 75% indigenous content. Features stealth design to minimize radar, acoustic, infrared, and magnetic signatures. Successor to the earlier