rakesh12343@gmail.com

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Iran’s Parliament Moves to Suspend Cooperation with IAEA Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: Iran’s parliament is moving forward with legislation to suspend all cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Decoding Context:  Key Points: It proposes halting: Installation of IAEA surveillance cameras On-site inspections Reporting to the IAEA These measures would remain suspended until Iran receives “objective guarantees” on the IAEA’s neutrality and security assurances for its nuclear sites. Iran’s Standpoint: Iranian leaders accuse the IAEA of bias and of acting under political influence. The move is seen as a response to perceived threats to Iran’s nuclear infrastructure and national sovereignty. International Response: The IAEA has convened an emergency meeting and urged renewed diplomacy to prevent further escalation. Western nations have expressed concern, warning that reduced oversight could raise nuclear proliferation risks. Implications: If passed by the full parliament, the bill would drastically reduce transparency into Iran’s nuclear program. It could heighten regional instability and deepen Iran’s international isolation. Learning Corner: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1957. Its headquarters is in Vienna, Austria. Purpose: Promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons (non-proliferation). Ensure nuclear safety and security worldwide. Key Functions: Safeguards and Verification: Inspects nuclear facilities in member states to verify that nuclear materials are not diverted to weapons programs. Technical Assistance: Helps countries develop nuclear technology for uses in medicine, agriculture, energy, etc. Standards and Safety: Sets international safety standards for nuclear operations and radiation protection. Crisis Monitoring: Responds to nuclear emergencies and monitors compliance with international agreements like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Structure: General Conference: All member states meet annually. Board of Governors: Makes key policy decisions. Secretariat: Executes daily functions, headed by the Director General. Source: THE HINDU Iran Votes to Close Strait of Hormuz Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The Iranian parliament has approved a proposal to close the Strait of Hormuz in retaliation for recent U.S. airstrikes on its nuclear sites Strategic Importance of the Strait Located between Iran and Oman, it handles 20–30% of global oil shipments and a major share of liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports. Closure would cause a global supply shock and spike oil prices. Impact on India India imports: ~50% of its crude oil ~60% of natural gas via the Strait. A blockade could: Push Brent crude to $110–$130 per barrel. Trigger domestic fuel inflation, increase transport and production costs, and hurt GDP growth. Learning Corner: Strait of Hormuz The Strait of Hormuz is one of the world’s most strategically important maritime chokepoints, located between Iran and Oman, connecting the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. Key Facts: Width: Narrowest point is about 33 km (21 miles) wide. Shipping Lane: Only 3 km wide in each direction, with a 2 km buffer zone. Oil Transit: Carries 20–30% of global seaborne oil shipments. Nearly 17–18 million barrels of oil per day pass through. Natural Gas: Major route for liquefied natural gas (LNG), especially from Qatar. Geopolitical Importance: Borders Iran to the north and UAE and Oman to the south. Iran has previously threatened to close the Strait during tensions with the West. Any disruption here can cause a global energy crisis and spike in oil prices. Source: THE HINDU Battle of Okinawa Category: HISTORY Context :  Okinawa commemorated the 80th anniversary of the end of the Battle of Okinawa on June 23, 2025 Historical Context: The Battle of Okinawa began on April 1, 1945, and ended on June 22, 1945. It was one of World War II’s deadliest battles, with around 200,000 deaths, including over 188,000 Japanese (many Okinawan civilians) and 12,000 Americans. About 25% of Okinawa’s population was killed. The destruction led to U.S. occupation for 27 years and a lasting American military presence. Legacy: The battle remains central to Okinawa’s identity and Japan’s pacifist outlook. Monuments like the Cornerstone of Peace honor those lost and underscore Okinawa’s mission to share the realities of war and advocate for peace.   Learning Corner: Major Battles of World War II Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943) Location: Soviet Union Combatants: Nazi Germany vs Soviet Union Significance: Turning point on the Eastern Front; marked the beginning of German retreat. Outcome: Decisive Soviet victory; one of the bloodiest battles in history. Battle of El Alamein (1942) Location: Egypt (North Africa) Combatants: British-led Allied forces vs German-Italian Axis forces Significance: Ended Axis threat to the Suez Canal; major Allied victory in North Africa. D-Day / Battle of Normandy (June 6, 1944 – August 1944) Location: France Combatants: Allied Forces (US, UK, Canada, etc.) vs Nazi Germany Significance: Largest amphibious invasion in history; opened the Western Front in Europe. Outcome: Liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control. Battle of Midway (June 1942) Location: Pacific Ocean Combatants: United States vs Japan Significance: Turning point in the Pacific theatre; U.S. Navy decisively defeated the Japanese fleet. Outcome: Japan lost four aircraft carriers; momentum shifted to Allies. Battle of Britain (1940) Location: United Kingdom Combatants: Royal Air Force (UK) vs Luftwaffe (Germany) Significance: First major military campaign fought entirely by air forces. Outcome: British victory; prevented German invasion of Britain. Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 – January 1945) Location: Belgium Combatants: Nazi Germany vs Allied Forces Significance: Germany’s last major offensive on the Western Front. Outcome: Allied victory; German forces weakened severely. Source :  THE HINDU State of the Climate in Asia 2024 Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : According to the WMO’s State of the Climate in Asia 2024, the continent is warming at nearly twice the global average, with 2024 ranking as the warmest or second warmest year ever recorded in Asia. Decoding Context Key Findings: Temperature Increase: Asia’s average temperature in 2024 was 1.04°C above the 1991–2020 average. Extreme Weather: The warming has intensified heatwaves, floods, droughts, rainfall extremes, and tropical cyclones. Glaciers and Oceans: Glacier melt worsened in the central Himalayas and Tian Shan, with 23 of 24 monitored glaciers

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) CAR T-Cells Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Technique to Make CAR T-Cells In Vivo Could Transform Cancer Care Decoding Context:  Overview CAR T-cell therapy retrains immune cells (T-cells) to recognize and destroy cancer cells by inserting synthetic genetic instructions for a molecule called CAR (chimeric antigen receptor). A major advancement now allows scientists to engineer CAR T-cells inside the body (in vivo) instead of the traditional complex and expensive lab processing. Key Innovation A new method uses mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver CAR gene instructions directly into the bloodstream, targeting CD8+ T-cells, enabling them to fight cancers like B-cell lymphoma. This avoids viruses and ex vivo processing, reducing risks like immune system suppression and genetic side effects. Advantages Cost-effective: Conventional CAR T-cell therapy costs ₹60–70 lakh; the new platform is significantly cheaper. Efficient & quicker: Lipid nanoparticles (like Lipid 829) show faster response, reduced inflammation, and eliminate the need for harvesting and manipulating cells in the lab. Scalable & accessible: Easier to implement in resource-limited settings like India. Preclinical Success In monkey trials, treatment showed up to 85–95% tumor clearance. Mice also showed effective tumor regression with different targeting (CD20, CD19). CAR T-cells were generated in vivo and worked without requiring preconditioning regimens. Risks & Safety Reduced risks compared to virus-based methods. However, one monkey had a severe reaction similar to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), underscoring the need for careful dosing and clinical monitoring. Implications for India India faces a growing burden of B-cell cancers and autoimmune disorders. The new platform could provide affordable and scalable therapy, bypassing infrastructure challenges. If clinical trials succeed, it may revolutionize treatment for both cancer and immune diseases. Learning Corner: CAR-T Therapy (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy) CAR-T therapy is a type of immunotherapy that uses specially modified T-cells (a type of white blood cell) to fight cancer. What is CAR-T? CAR-T stands for: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell. It involves genetically engineering a patient’s own T-cells to express receptors (CARs) that can recognize and bind to specific proteins on cancer cells. How It Works: T-cell Collection: T-cells are collected from the patient’s blood. Genetic Modification: In a lab, these T-cells are modified to produce CARs on their surface. Cell Multiplication: The modified cells are multiplied in large numbers. Reinfusion: These engineered CAR-T cells are infused back into the patient. Attack Cancer: The CAR-T cells identify and kill cancer cells carrying the target antigen. Applications: Effective mainly for blood cancers such as: B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Multiple Myeloma Clinical trials are ongoing for solid tumors. CAR-T in India: India’s first indigenously developed CAR-T therapy is “NexCAR19”, jointly developed by IIT Bombay and ImmunoACT, launched in 2024. It significantly reduces cost compared to global CAR-T therapies. Challenges: High cost and complex manufacturing Risk of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurological side effects Limited success so far in solid tumors Source: THE HINDU 50 years to declaration of emergency Category: POLITY Context: The Emergency in India, declared on 25 June 1975 and lasting until 21 March 1977 National Emergency (Article 352 of the Indian Constitution) A National Emergency is a constitutional provision under Article 352 that allows the central government to assume sweeping powers in case of grave threats to the nation’s security. Grounds for Proclamation: National Emergency can be proclaimed by the President of India on the following grounds: War External Aggression Armed Rebellion (added by the 44th Amendment; replaced “internal disturbance”) Procedure: Must be based on a written recommendation of the Union Cabinet (not just the PM). Must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within 1 month. Once approved, it remains in force for 6 months and can be extended indefinitely with six-monthly parliamentary approvals. Special majority is required in Parliament for continuation. Effects of National Emergency: Federalism weakened: Centre can give directions to states on any matter. Fundamental Rights (Article 19): Can be suspended during Emergency due to war/external aggression (not for armed rebellion). Article 358: Automatically suspends Article 19. Article 359: Allows suspension of enforcement of other rights (except Article 20 & 21 after 44th Amendment). Lok Sabha tenure: Can be extended by 1 year at a time (maximum 6 months after Emergency ends). Instances in Indian History: 1962 – Indo-China War (External Aggression) 1971 – Indo-Pak War (War) 1975–1977 – Declared by Indira Gandhi (Internal Disturbance); most controversial Constitutional Safeguards (44th Amendment, 1978): “Internal disturbance” replaced with “armed rebellion”. Cabinet approval in writing made mandatory. Fundamental Rights under Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended. Learning Corner: Types of Emergencies in the Indian Constitution President’s Rule (State Emergency) – Article 356 Ground: Failure of constitutional machinery in a state Key Features: Invoked when Governor reports breakdown of state governance President takes over state functions Parliament legislates for the state Needs Parliamentary approval within 2 months Valid for 6 months, extendable up to 3 years with conditions Widely misused in early decades; restricted post SR Bommai case (1994) Financial Emergency – Article 360 Ground: Threat to financial stability or credit of India Key Features: Declared by the President Needs Parliamentary approval within 2 months Never used so far Centre can reduce salaries, including those of judges and civil servants Can direct states to follow financial propriety measures  Comparison Table Type Article Grounds Approval Needed Used? National Emergency 352 War, External Aggression, Armed Rebellion Yes (Both Houses) 3 times President’s Rule 356 State machinery failure Yes 100+ times Financial Emergency 360 Financial instability Yes Never Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Global SDG Rankings Category: INTERNATIONAL Context India has entered the top 100 in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) rankings for the first time, securing the 99th position out of 193 countries in the 2025. Key Highlights: Current Rank (2025): 99th Previous Ranks: 109th (2024), 112th (2023), 121st (2022) SDG Index Score: 67 Regional Comparison: Ahead of Bangladesh (114th), Pakistan (140th); behind Maldives (53rd), Bhutan (74th), Nepal (85th), Sri Lanka (93rd) Reasons for Improvement: Progress in poverty reduction, clean energy access, healthcare, housing, and

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Axiom-4 Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Indian Astronaut in Space After 41 Years Decoding Context:  Mission Highlights Launch: June 25, 2025, from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center on SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and Crew Dragon “Grace”. Crew: Peggy Whitson (USA), Sławosz Uznański (Poland), Tibor Kapu (Hungary), and Shukla (India). Duration: 14 days aboard the ISS. Objectives: Conducting over 60 scientific, educational, and commercial experiments, including seven from Indian researchers selected by ISRO. Historic First: Shukla is the first Indian to visit the ISS. Historical Context Rakesh Sharma’s 1984 Mission: Conducted aboard a Soviet Soyuz to Salyut 7 for 7 days, focused on Earth observation. Shukla’s Mission: Broader scientific goals with international cooperation, longer duration, and commercial involvement. Comparison: Rakesh Sharma vs. Shubhanshu Shukla Feature Rakesh Sharma (1984) Shubhanshu Shukla (2025) Spacecraft Soviet Soyuz SpaceX Crew Dragon (Grace) Launch Site Kazakhstan Florida, USA Space Station Salyut 7 (Soviet) ISS (International) Duration ~7 days ~14 days Focus Earth observation Scientific & educational National Context Soviet collaboration International, commercial   Learning Corner: International Space Station (ISS) The International Space Station (ISS) is a large, habitable space laboratory orbiting Earth, where astronauts from around the world live and work. It represents one of the greatest examples of international scientific and technological collaboration. Key Facts Launched: First module in 1998 Orbit: About 400 km above Earth Speed: Travels at ~28,000 km/h; orbits Earth every ~90 minutes Size: Largest human-made body in space, size of a football field Participating Space Agencies NASA (USA) Roscosmos (Russia) ESA (Europe) JAXA (Japan) CSA (Canada) Other nations also participate through collaborations. Objectives Microgravity Research: Study biology, physics, astronomy, and materials science in space conditions Technology Testing: For future missions (e.g., Moon, Mars) International Cooperation: Symbol of peaceful space exploration Commercial and Educational Activities: Includes experiments by private companies and student research  Source: THE HINDU GST Council Category: POLITY Context: The 56th GST Council meeting, expected in late June or early July 2025, will consider a proposal to eliminate the 12% GST slab, aiming to simplify India’s current four-rate system (5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) into a three-tier structure. Key Proposals Remove 12% Slab: Items currently taxed at 12% may be shifted either to: 5% (essential/common-use items), or 18% (non-essential/higher-value items). Alternative Option: A new 15% slab by merging 12% and 18% is also under discussion, though less favored. Rationale Simplification: Part of efforts to streamline the tax structure. Revenue Neutrality: Supported by consistently strong GST collections. Stakeholder Demand: Industry and states have long advocated for a less complex GST system. Possible Impact Items like butter, ghee, fruit juice, processed food, and mobile phones—currently under 12%—may see GST rates revised depending on their essentiality. Learning Corner: GST Council The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council is a constitutional body established under Article 279A of the Indian Constitution by the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016. It is responsible for making key decisions related to the implementation and administration of the GST regime in India. Composition Chairperson: Union Finance Minister Members: Union Minister of State (Finance) State Finance Ministers (or Ministers nominated by states) Functions The GST Council makes recommendations on: Tax rates for goods and services. Exemptions from GST. Threshold limits for registration. Model GST laws, rules, and principles of levy. Special provisions for some states (e.g., NE & hill states). Dispute resolution between Centre and States. Decision-Making Voting pattern: Centre: 1/3rd weightage States (collectively): 2/3rd weightage A decision requires at least a 3/4th majority of weighted votes. Significance Ensures cooperative federalism in tax administration. Promotes uniformity in the indirect tax structure across India. Plays a vital role in revenue sharing and resolving disputes among stakeholders. Source: THE HINDU NATO Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : At the NATO summit in The Hague on June 25, 2025, member states agreed to raise defence and security spending to 5% of GDP by 2035, marking the alliance’s largest military commitment since the Cold War. Key Highlights New Spending Target: Total: 5% of GDP Core Defence (troops, weapons, etc.): 3.5% Broader Security (infrastructure, innovation, civil preparedness): 1.5% Annual Progress Review: Countries must submit yearly plans; a formal review will take place in 2029. Collective Defence Reaffirmed: Emphasizes NATO’s solidarity amid rising threats from Russia, terrorism, and cyber warfare. U.S. Influence: The decision follows long-standing U.S. pressure for greater burden-sharing among European allies. Divergence in Support: While most members back the plan, some like Spain, Belgium, and Slovakia have expressed difficulty in meeting the 5% target due to budgetary constraints. Strategic Context This move supports NATO’s largest rearmament drive in decades and reflects the need for stronger deterrence, enhanced readiness, and adaptability to modern threats, including the war in Ukraine and cyberattacks. Learning Corner: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a political and military alliance formed in 1949 to ensure collective defence and security for its member nations. Founding and Purpose Established: April 4, 1949, by the North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty) Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium Motto: “Animus in consulendo liber” (A mind unfettered in deliberation) Primary Objective: Safeguard the freedom and security of member countries through political and military means Key Features Collective Defence: Under Article 5, an attack on one member is considered an attack on all. Invoked only once: After the 9/11 attacks in 2001. Members: 32 countries (as of 2025), including the U.S., Canada, most European nations, and new entrants like Finland and Sweden. Decision-Making: Based on consensus among all member states. Functions Military Cooperation: Joint defense, training, and strategic planning Crisis Management: Peacekeeping and conflict resolution missions Cyber & Hybrid Threats: Addressing modern security challenges beyond traditional warfare Partnership Programs: Works with non-member countries to promote global stability Source :  THE HINDU CRISPR Technology Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: In agriculture, it is revolutionizing how crops respond to biotic (diseases) and abiotic (heat, drought) stresses  How It Works Uses Cas9 enzyme guided by custom RNA to target specific genes. Enables knockout of genes that cause disease susceptibility or enhancement of genes that promote resistance. Offers faster, more accurate

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Cancer treatment drugs Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: A recent investigation by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, published in The Hindu, has revealed that many cancer drugs shipped globally have failed quality tests. Common Chemotherapy Drugs Covered: Cisplatin Type: Platinum-based Use: Treats testicular, ovarian, bladder, and lung cancers Mechanism: Binds to cancer DNA, blocking division Side Effects: Kidney damage, sickness, immune suppression, hearing issues Oxaliplatin Type: Platinum-based Use: Advanced colorectal cancer Mechanism: Similar to cisplatin Side Effects: Similar to cisplatin Cyclophosphamide Use: Breast cancer, leukemia, sarcoma, lymphoma Mechanism: Damages cancer DNA, lowers white blood cells Side Effects: Inflammation in bladder, immune suppression Doxorubicin Nickname: “Red devil” (due to color and toxicity) Use: Breast cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoma Mechanism: Interferes with DNA replication Side Effects: Heart damage, infections, skin issues, hair loss Methotrexate Use: Leukemia, lymphoma, tumor types Mechanism: Blocks DNA synthesis Side Effects: Toxic at high doses; managed by leucovorin Leucovorin Type: Not a direct chemotherapy drug Use: Taken with methotrexate to reduce its toxicity Function: A form of vitamin B9 used to protect healthy cells Learning Corner: Cancer Care and Treatment in India Cancer is a major public health challenge in India, with over 1.5 million new cases diagnosed annually. The country is working to strengthen its cancer care system through a mix of public health programs, infrastructure development, and financial assistance schemes.   Key Components of Cancer Treatment in India Types of Treatment Available Surgery: Removal of tumors or cancerous tissues Radiation therapy: Use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells Chemotherapy: Use of anti-cancer drugs Immunotherapy & Targeted Therapy: Advanced treatments to boost the body’s immune response or attack specific cancer cells Bone marrow transplant: For blood cancers like leukemia Palliative care: To improve quality of life in advanced stages Government Initiatives and Support National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) Focuses on early detection, screening, and referral for cancer Implemented under Ayushman Bharat Health & Wellness Centres Tertiary Cancer Care Centres (TCCC) Upgrading existing medical colleges and hospitals to provide advanced cancer care Financial Assistance Schemes Ayushman Bharat–PMJAY: Free treatment for poor and vulnerable families Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund Support from state-level insurance schemes (e.g., Arogyasri in Telangana/AP) Recent Developments Launch of Digital Cancer Registry and AI-based diagnostics Expansion of National Cancer Grid (NCG) to link over 300 cancer centers Promotion of indigenous cancer drugs and equipment to lower treatment costs Source: THE HINDU Golden Jubilee of the Department of Official Language Category: POLITY Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah, speaking at the Golden Jubilee of the Department of Official Language in New Delhi. Key highlights: The importance of promoting India’s official and regional languages. The department’s role in implementing the Official Languages Act and preserving linguistic diversity. Recognition of the department’s contributions over the past 50 years. A call for continued efforts to strengthen the use of Hindi and regional languages in governance and public communication. The address reinforced the government’s commitment to linguistic inclusivity and national unity through effective language use. Learning Corner: Provisions on Language in the Indian Constitution The Indian Constitution includes detailed provisions to manage the country’s rich linguistic diversity. These are mainly covered under Articles 343 to 351 in Part XVII. Official Language of the Union (Articles 343–344): Article 343: Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of the Union. English was to be used for official purposes along with Hindi for 15 years (till 1965), and continues today due to the Official Languages Act, 1963. Article 344: A Commission and Committee of Parliament to be constituted to recommend measures to promote Hindi and restrict the use of English. Regional Languages (Articles 345–347): Article 345: State legislatures can adopt any one or more languages in use in the state as official language(s). Article 346: For communication between the state and the Union, Hindi or English will be used unless the President permits otherwise. Article 347: President can recognize a language spoken by a section of the population of a state if there is a demand. Language of the Judiciary and Laws (Articles 348–349): Article 348: English to be used in Supreme Court and High Courts and for laws unless Parliament provides otherwise. Article 349: Parliament must consider recommendations of the President and Language Commission before changing the official language of legislation. Special Directives (Articles 350–351): Article 350: Citizens can submit grievances in any language used in the Union or State. Article 350A: States must provide facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary level for children of linguistic minorities. Article 350B: Provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to report to the President. Article 351: The Union must promote the spread and development of Hindi, drawing from Sanskrit and other Indian languages, without harming other languages. Official Languages Act, 1963 The Official Languages Act, 1963 was enacted to regulate the use of Hindi and English for official purposes of the Union of India, especially after the expiry of the 15-year constitutional limit (1950–1965) for English use under Article 343. Key Provisions: Continuation of English: Even after 1965, English can continue to be used for official purposes of the Union alongside Hindi. This was done to avoid backlash from non-Hindi-speaking states (especially southern states like Tamil Nadu). Communication Between Union and States: Hindi or English to be used for communication between the Union and Hindi-speaking states. English to be used for communication with non-Hindi-speaking states. Optional Use of Regional Languages: States can use their own official languages for state-level administration. English translations must be provided when communicating with the Union or other states. Bilingual Communication: Central government documents, notifications, and bills should be issued in both Hindi and English. Amendment in 1967: The Official Language (Amendment) Act, 1967 ensured indefinite continuation of English along with Hindi for all official purposes. Source: PIB MSME Day 2025 Category: ECONOMICS Context : President Droupadi Murmu will preside over the MSME Day 2025 – Udyami Bharat celebrations on June 27,

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) India-U.S. Trade Deal Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: India and the U.S. are in the final stages of talks to conclude a limited trade agreement before the July 8, 2025, deadline. Key U.S. Demands Lower tariffs and non-tariff barriers on American exports—especially autos, medical devices, and agricultural goods (soy, corn, wheat, ethanol, apples). Market access for genetically modified (GM) crops. Better terms in sectors like aviation and energy. India’s Stance Protects sensitive sectors like agriculture and dairy to safeguard farmers’ interests and food security. Offers limited concessions: reduced tariffs on almonds, pistachios, and some defense/energy goods. Seeks rollback of U.S. tariffs on Indian steel and auto parts. Sticking Points Disagreement over tariffs on farm goods, steel, and auto components. U.S. wants immediate, broad access; India prefers a phased approach. Talks may need top-level intervention (Modi-Trump) to break the impasse. If No Deal by July 8 A 10% tariff on Indian goods could be reimposed. Likely limited impact, as exports have remained resilient. India is also strengthening trade ties with the EU and UK. Learning Corner: Bilateral Trade Between India and the USA Overview: India and the United States share a robust and growing trade relationship, marked by both strategic cooperation and occasional trade tensions. The U.S. is one of India’s largest trading partners, and India is a key market and strategic ally for the U.S. in the Indo-Pacific region. Key Facts (as of 2024 estimates): Total Bilateral Trade: Over $190 billion, making the U.S. India’s largest trading partner. India’s Exports to U.S.: ~$118 billion – Includes pharmaceuticals, textiles, IT services, gems & jewelry, auto parts. India’s Imports from U.S.: ~$72 billion – Includes crude oil, defense equipment, aircraft, agricultural products, and technology. Areas of Cooperation: Energy Trade: The U.S. is a key supplier of crude oil, LNG, and coal to India. Defense & Technology: Growing defense procurement (Apache, C-130, drones), and tech collaboration. Services & IT: U.S. is the largest market for India’s IT exports; many Indian professionals work in the U.S. under H-1B visas. Challenges & Frictions: Tariff Disputes: The U.S. often criticizes India’s high tariffs on products like autos and agriculture. Trade Barriers: India raises concerns about U.S. visa restrictions and protectionist policies. Digital Trade & Data Localization: Emerging areas of disagreement in the tech sector. Conclusion: India-U.S. trade is strategic and multifaceted, with significant growth potential. While challenges persist, both countries recognize the mutual economic and geopolitical benefits of a deeper trade partnership. Different Types of Trade Agreements Trade agreements are treaties between two or more countries that outline how they will conduct trade with each other. These agreements help reduce trade barriers like tariffs and quotas and promote economic cooperation. The main types include: Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) Between: Two countries Objective: Reduce tariffs, enhance trade in goods/services, promote investment. Example: India–UAE CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) Features: Tailored to specific mutual interests; faster to negotiate than multilateral agreements. Multilateral Trade Agreement Between: More than two countries, usually under international organizations. Example: WTO agreements like GATT, TRIPS Objective: Promote global trade by creating uniform rules for all members. Features: Broad in scope but difficult to negotiate due to multiple stakeholders. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Goal: Eliminate tariffs and quotas on most goods traded between member countries. Example: India–ASEAN FTA Features: Focuses on goods, services, and sometimes investment. Members retain independent trade policies with non-members. Customs Union Goal: Free trade within the union and a common external tariff policy. Example: European Union (EU) Features: Greater economic integration than FTAs but requires coordination on external trade policies. Common Market Goal: Free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor among member states. Example: European Single Market Features: Requires deeper political and economic integration; harmonized regulations and laws. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) Goal: Broader than FTAs—covers trade, investment, IPR, dispute resolution, etc. Example: India–Japan CEPA Features: Includes both tariff and non-tariff issues; often sector-specific cooperation. Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) Goal: Reduce tariffs on selected goods, not comprehensive. Example: India–Mercosur PTA Features: Less ambitious than FTAs; serves as a stepping stone toward deeper agreements. Source: THE HINDU Dhole in Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape Category: ENVIRONMENT Context: Researchers have documented the first camera-trap evidence of the endangered dhole (Cuon alpinus)—also known as the Asiatic wild dog—in the Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong Landscape, Assam This rediscovery is significant as the species was previously believed to be locally extinct in the region. The image, captured in the Amguri corridor (a vital wildlife linkage between Kaziranga National Park and Karbi Anglong hills), was taken just 375 metres from a national highway, emphasizing the threat posed by human infrastructure in critical wildlife habitats. The dhole is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Its decline across Asia has been due to habitat loss, prey depletion, and human-wildlife conflict. Kaziranga, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is already home to species like the one-horned rhinoceros, Bengal tiger, and wild water buffalo. The rediscovery of the dhole enhances the region’s conservation value and highlights the importance of preserving wildlife corridors in Northeast India. Learning Corner: Kaziranga National Park Location: Kaziranga National Park is located in the state of Assam, India, along the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River. Key Highlights: UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1985) for its unique natural environment and rich biodiversity. Famous for hosting the world’s largest population of the one-horned rhinoceros. Also home to the Big Five of Kaziranga: One-horned Rhinoceros Bengal Tiger Asian Elephant Wild Water Buffalo Swamp Deer Biodiversity: Supports over 35 species of mammals, 500+ bird species, and diverse reptile and plant life. Important habitat for migratory birds, river dolphins, and endangered species like the dhole (Asiatic wild dog). Conservation Status: Declared a National Park in 1974. Protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Recognized as a Tiger Reserve since 2006. Managed by the Assam Forest Department and supported by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). Challenges: Seasonal flooding, poaching, habitat fragmentation, and human-wildlife conflict. Pressure from nearby

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs) Category: POLITY Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) has initiated steps to de-list 345 Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs) that haven’t contested elections in the last six years and whose offices could not be physically located. Decoding the context: What is a Registered Political Party? Forming associations, including political parties, is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(c) of the Constitution. Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 governs party registration. Within 30 days of formation, parties must submit their memorandum/constitution to the ECI. Must declare allegiance to the Constitution and uphold sovereignty, democracy, etc. Benefits of RUPP Status: Eligible for: Income tax exemptions (under Section 13A of IT Act). Common election symbol. Donations and campaign funding benefits. Why are parties being de-listed? 345 RUPPs haven’t contested elections since 2019 and can’t be physically traced. These are considered ‘inactive’ and ineligible for tax benefits and candidate nomination. The ECI directed State Chief Electoral Officers to issue show-cause notices before de-listing. What else needs attention? Over 1000 ‘active’ RUPPs may also not have contested elections recently. Law Commission (255th Report, 2015) and ECI (2016 reforms memo) had recommended: De-registration if a party fails to contest elections for 10 consecutive years. However, there is no explicit power under current laws for the ECI to de-register parties. Legal amendments to the RP Act may be needed for such powers. Learning Corner: Election Commission of India (ECI) The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for conducting free and fair elections in India. Constitutional Status: Established under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution. Came into force on January 25, 1950 (celebrated as National Voters’ Day). Functions of ECI: Conducts elections to: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha State Legislative Assemblies and Councils President and Vice President of India Prepares and updates electoral rolls Recognizes political parties and allots symbols Enforces the Model Code of Conduct Monitors election expenditures and ensures transparency Composition: Originally a single-member body (Chief Election Commissioner) Since 1993, it is a multi-member body: Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) Two Election Commissioners Tenure and Removal: Appointed by the President of India Tenure: 6 years or up to the age of 65, whichever is earlier CEC can be removed like a Supreme Court judge (through impeachment) Other Election Commissioners can be removed on the recommendation of the CEC Significance: Ensures democratic integrity through impartial election processes Acts as a watchdog of democracy and a protector of electoral rights Source: THE HINDU Kolhapuri chappals Category: ECONOMICS Context: In its Spring/Summer 2026 menswear collection, Prada featured sandals closely resembling Kolhapuri chappals, traditional handcrafted leather footwear from Maharashtra and Karnataka with a Geographical Indication (GI) tag Key Issues: Cultural Appropriation: The design was used without recognizing its Indian heritage or the artisans behind it. Economic Disparity: While authentic Kolhapuris are sold for around ₹500, Prada’s version was priced above ₹1 lakh, highlighting the imbalance in profits and credit. Weak Legal Enforcement: Despite GI protection, there is limited legal recourse against global misuse, exposing gaps in international IP law. Artisan Marginalization: The incident reflects ongoing neglect of traditional craftsmen in global markets. Learning Corner: Geographical Indication (GI) Tag A Geographical Indication (GI) is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, reputation, or characteristics inherent to that location. It is a form of intellectual property right (IPR) governed in India by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. Administered by: Geographical Indications Registry under the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks. Legal protection: Prevents unauthorized use by others not belonging to the geographical region. Validity: Initially for 10 years, can be renewed indefinitely. Benefits: Protects traditional knowledge and skills. Helps local artisans, farmers, and producers gain premium value in markets. Promotes rural economic development and preserves cultural heritage. Tagged Products in India Product State of Origin Kolhapuri Chappal Maharashtra & Karnataka Darjeeling Tea West Bengal Mysore Silk Karnataka Pochampally Ikat Telangana Banarasi Saree Uttar Pradesh Kanchipuram Silk Saree Tamil Nadu Aranmula Kannadi (mirror) Kerala Bhut Jolokia (Chili) Assam Alphonso Mango Maharashtra Basmati Rice Punjab, Haryana, UP, etc. Lakadong Turmeric Meghalaya Vasmat Haldi (Turmeric) Maharashtra Uttarakhand Lal Chawal (Red Rice) Uttarakhand Khamti Rice (Khaw Tai) Arunachal Pradesh Agassaim Brinjal Goa Borsuri Tur Dal Maharashtra Marcha Rice Bihar Manipuri Black Rice Manipur Kaji Nemu (Lemon) Assam Attappady Red Gram & Beans Kerala Miraj Sitar & Tanpura Maharashtra Hupari Silver Craft Maharashtra Sawantwadi Wooden Craft Maharashtra Goan Feni Goa Polavaram Cotton Sarees Andhra Pradesh Sohrai–Khovar Painting Jharkhand Telia Rumal Textile Telangana Sundarbans Honey West Bengal Murshidabad Garad & Korial Sarees West Bengal Tangail Sarees West Bengal Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS National Turmeric Board Category: POLITY Context : Union Home and Cooperation Minister Amit Shah recently inaugurated the headquarters of the National Turmeric Board in Nizamabad, Telangana, a key turmeric-producing region in India. Key Points: The board aims to promote the turmeric industry, focusing on: Market access for farmers Research and quality improvement Value addition and exports Sustainable farming practices This move is expected to boost farmer incomes, enhance India’s global turmeric presence, and provide a structured platform for industry development. Learning Corner: National Turmeric Board (NTB) The National Turmeric Board is designed to provide a comprehensive and inclusive framework that supports all aspects of the turmeric value chain—from cultivation and research to marketing and exports.  Key Components of the Board Structure Category Role/Representation Chairperson Appointed by the Government of India to lead the Board Secretary Nominated from the Department of Commerce, acts as the administrative head Central Government Members Representatives from: – Ministry of AYUSH – Department of Pharmaceuticals – Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare – Ministry of Commerce & Industry State Government Representatives Officials from three major turmeric-producing states (rotated periodically) Research & Institutional Members Representatives from national/state institutions engaged in turmeric-related research Farmer Representatives Selected turmeric farmers to represent ground-level cultivation challenges and needs Exporter Representatives Individuals or associations involved in turmeric

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) The Thali Index Category: ECONOMICS Context: Poverty estimates in India, sparked by household consumption data (2023–24) from the National Statistics Office. Reports from SBI and the World Bank suggest a significant drop in poverty. Decoding the context: Questioning Traditional Poverty Metrics: Critique poverty measurement based solely on calorie intake and physiological needs, calling it outdated and inadequate in capturing real-life deprivation. Introduction of the ‘Thali Index’: Propose the Thali Index as a more realistic, relatable, and region-specific indicator, measuring the cost of a basic home-cooked meal. It reflects actual food consumption patterns and regional variations in prices, offering a clearer picture of living costs. Relevance to Policy and Subsidies: The Thali Index serves as a practical tool for evaluating poverty and guiding food subsidy policies. It provides a grounded economic perspective by directly connecting food costs with livelihood realities. Critique of Premature Subsidy Removal: There should be caution against removing food subsidies based on optimistic or debatable poverty estimates. Instead, there should be rationalising subsidies, as many citizens still rely on them for basic sustenance. Policy Recommendation: Poverty assessment and welfare decisions should be anchored in real costs of living, like those captured by the Thali Index, rather than relying on abstract statistical estimates. Learning Corner: Poverty Measurement in India Poverty measurement in India has traditionally relied on household consumption expenditure surveys to estimate the proportion of people living below a defined poverty line. The focus has largely been on ensuring a minimum calorie intake necessary for survival and work. Traditional Approach (Calorie-based): Based on the Tendulkar Committee (2009) and Rangarajan Committee (2014). Defines poverty using a minimum daily caloric intake (e.g., 2400 kcal in rural, 2100 kcal in urban areas). The monetary poverty line is derived from the expenditure required to meet this intake. This is a physiological approach — focused on energy needs through food. Consumption Expenditure Surveys: Conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) and NSO. Data is used to estimate poverty headcount ratios, consumption patterns, and economic inequality. Issues with the Current Method: Does not reflect nutritional quality, non-food needs, or regional variations. Ignores changing lifestyles, health costs, education, housing, etc. Urban and rural cost differences often not adequately captured. Emerging Approaches: Use of “Thali Index”: Cost of a simple, home-cooked meal (thali) to reflect real food expenditure and living standards. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Used by NITI Aayog in line with UNDP — includes indicators like education, health, and living standards. Policy Implications: Recent claims of poverty decline (SBI & World Bank reports) raise questions on how poverty is defined. Critics argue for more realistic, consumption-linked, and multidimensional poverty assessment. Emphasis is shifting from calorie-based to livelihood and dignity-based measurements. Poverty estimation committees Tendulkar Committee (2009): Chairperson: Suresh D. Tendulkar Objective: To revise the methodology for poverty estimation in India. Key Features: Shifted from calorie-based poverty line to one based on actual private consumption expenditure, including health and education. Introduced a uniform poverty line basket for both rural and urban areas (earlier, calorie norms were different for each). Used 2004–05 NSS data and updated the poverty line accordingly. Recommended using Mixed Reference Period (MRP) for consumption data. Estimated poverty in 2004–05 as: Rural: 41.8% Urban: 25.7% Overall: 37.2% Significance: Marked a major methodological shift and was adopted by the Planning Commission until 2014. Faced criticism for setting a very low poverty line (₹33/day in urban areas in 2011–12). Rangarajan Committee (2014): Chairperson: C. Rangarajan Objective: To revisit the poverty estimation methodology due to criticisms of the Tendulkar Committee. Key Features: Restored calorie norms (2400 kcal rural, 2100 kcal urban) and added norms for protein and fat intake. Considered basic non-food expenses more comprehensively (education, housing, clothing, etc.). Based on 2011–12 NSS data, it set a higher poverty line: Rural: ₹32/day Urban: ₹47/day Estimated poverty in 2011–12 as: Rural: 30.9% Urban: 26.4% Overall: 29.5% Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS India’s Secular Constitution Category: POLITY Context: Inclusion of the terms “secular” and “socialist” in the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976) during the Emergency. Key Points: Background: These terms were added through the 42nd Amendment by Indira Gandhi’s government and retained after the Janata government reversed most changes via the 44th Amendment (1978). Preamble & Secularism: The Preamble is a vision statement, but the Supreme Court in Berubari Union (1960) held it is not a source of power. Secularism, although added formally later, was always inherent in the Constitution — evident through Articles 14, 15, 16, and Directive Principles. Judicial Stand: Even before the 42nd Amendment, in Kesavananda Bharati (1973), the SC ruled that secularism is part of the Constitution’s basic structure. In Minerva Mills (1980), SC held “socialism” to be constitutionally aligned with Part IV (DPSPs). The SC reaffirmed secularism as a basic feature in later rulings, including SR Bommai (1994) and 2024’s Khanna ruling, stating constitutional amendments can’t dilute core principles like secularism. Learning Corner: Salient Features of the Indian Constitution The Indian Constitution, adopted on 26th November 1949 and enforced from 26th January 1950, is the supreme law of the land. It is known for combining the best features of major constitutions of the world while reflecting India’s unique socio-political context. Salient Features: Lengthiest Written Constitution Contains 470+ Articles, 12 Schedules, and numerous amendments. Includes detailed provisions for Union, States, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, and more. Drawn from Multiple Sources Inspired by British, US, Irish, Canadian, Australian and other constitutions. Blends parliamentary democracy with federalism and judicial independence. Federal System with Unitary Bias Division of powers between Centre and States (3 Lists: Union, State, Concurrent). During emergencies, the Centre becomes more powerful. Parliamentary Form of Government Based on the Westminster model. Real power lies with the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Secular State No official state religion. Equal treatment of all religions (Articles 25–28). Fundamental Rights and Duties Guarantees civil liberties to individuals (Articles 12–35). Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) added by the 42nd Amendment. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) Guidelines for the government to promote social and economic

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Employment Linked Incentive (ELI) Scheme Category: POLITY Context: To generate over 3.5 crore jobs in the organised sector between August 1, 2025, and July 31, 2027, with a special focus on first-time workforce entrants and the manufacturing sector. Decoding the context: Incentive Structure Part A – Incentive to First-Time Employees Eligibility: First-time EPFO-registered employees earning up to ₹1 lakh/month. Benefit: One month’s wage (max ₹15,000), paid in two instalments: After 6 months of service. After 12 months + financial literacy completion. Savings Component: Portion of benefit held in a savings instrument with a lock-in. Target Beneficiaries: 1.92 crore individuals. Part B – Support to Employers Eligibility: EPFO-registered employers hiring additional employees earning up to ₹1 lakh/month. Benefit Duration: 2 years (extended to 4 years for manufacturing sector). Hiring Condition: Firms with <50 employees must hire at least 2 additional staff. Firms with ≥50 must hire at least 5. Benefit Amount: EPF Wage Range Employer Incentive Up to ₹10,000 ₹1,000/month ₹10,001 – ₹20,000 ₹2,000/month ₹20,001 – ₹1,00,000 ₹3,000/month Expected Job Creation via Employers: Nearly 2.6 crore jobs. Payment Mechanism: Employees: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) via Aadhaar. Employers: Credited to PAN-linked accounts. Learning Corner: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) Launch: 2005 Aim: Provide 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to rural households. Features: Demand-driven scheme for unskilled manual work. Focus on rural infrastructure and water conservation. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) Launch: 2015 Aim: Skill development and training for youth to enhance employability. Features: Free short-term skill training. Industry-relevant certifications. Target groups: school dropouts, unemployed youth. Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY) Launch: 2016 (ended in 2020) Aim: Encourage employers to generate new jobs. Features: Government paid EPF contributions for new employees. Benefitted over 1.2 crore workers. Atmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY) Launch: 2020 Aim: Promote formal job creation post-COVID-19. Features: EPF subsidy for employers hiring new employees. Applicable to workers earning less than ₹15,000/month. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) Launch: 2014 Aim: Skill development and placement for rural youth (15–35 years). Features: Focus on wage employment. Placement-linked skill training programs. National Career Service (NCS) Launch: 2015 Aim: Provide employment-related services online. Features: Job matching, career counselling, and vocational guidance. Over 1 crore active job seekers. Source: THE HINDU INS Udaygiri Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Navy inducts second indigenous stealth frigate in record time. INS Udaygiri  Inducted on: July 1, 2025 Built by: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd. (MDL), Mumbai Project: Second indigenous stealth frigate under Project 17A Build Time: Delivered in a record 37 months from launch Project 17A Features: Successor to Shivalik-class (Project 17) frigates Enhanced stealth, sensors, and weapons systems 4.54% larger hull than its predecessor Equipped with: Supersonic surface-to-surface missiles Medium-range surface-to-air missiles 76mm main gun Close-in weapon systems (30mm and 12.7mm) Technological and Industrial Aspects: Powered by Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) propulsion Features controllable pitch propellers and integrated platform management system 75% indigenous content, with support from over 200 MSMEs Employment generated: ~4,000 directly, ~10,000 indirectly INS Udaygiri is the 100th warship designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau Learning Corner: Project 17A (P-17A) Project 17A is an advanced warship construction initiative by the Indian Navy aimed at building a new class of indigenous stealth frigates, following the successful Shivalik-class (Project 17). Key Highlights: Total Ships: 7 stealth frigates Shipyards Involved: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL), Mumbai Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata Purpose: Enhance the Indian Navy’s blue-water capabilities Strengthen self-reliance in defence manufacturing Replace older frigates with advanced multi-role warships Design & Technology: Stealth Features: Low radar, infrared, acoustic, and magnetic signature Propulsion: Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) system Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS) for automation Weapons Systems: Supersonic cruise missiles Surface-to-air missiles 76mm main gun, CIWS Sensors & Radar: State-of-the-art surveillance and fire control systems Indigenous Content & Industry Support: Over 75% indigenous content Support from 200+ MSMEs and multiple Indian defence firms Significant employment generation in defence and ancillary sectors Current Status (as of July 2025): INS Nilgiri (lead ship) and INS Udaygiri delivered Remaining five ships under various stages of construction Entire project expected to be completed by end of 2026 Source: THE HINDU Climate-Friendly Air Conditioning Category: ENVIRONMENT Context : A UK laboratory has developed a revolutionary air-conditioning technology using a solid, waxy refrigerant, eliminating the need for greenhouse gas-emitting substances like HFCs and CFCs. Key Features: No Greenhouse Gases: The system avoids harmful refrigerants, significantly reducing emissions. Higher Energy Efficiency: Early studies suggest better performance than current AC systems, lowering electricity use. Advanced Cooling Materials: Utilizes thermoelectric and barocaloric materials that cool via pressure or electric currents instead of vapor compression. Lower Environmental Impact: Targets one of the fastest-growing sources of emissions—cooling systems—by offering a sustainable alternative. Scalable Design: Suitable for both residential and commercial use, and can integrate with existing infrastructure. Commercial Potential: Seen as a future game-changer for the HVAC industry, aiding global climate goals. Learning Corner: HFCs and CFCs Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are man-made chemical compounds primarily used as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, and in foam production. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Composition: Contain carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. Use: Widely used in refrigerators, air-conditioners, and aerosol sprays until the 1990s. Environmental Impact: Ozone-depleting substances (ODS): Major cause of ozone layer depletion. Banned under the Montreal Protocol (1987) due to their harmful impact on the stratospheric ozone layer. Example: CFC-11, CFC-12. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): Composition: Contain hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon, do not contain chlorine. Use: Introduced as CFC substitutes, commonly used in air conditioning and refrigeration. Environmental Impact: Do not harm ozone, but are potent greenhouse gases with high Global Warming Potential (GWP). Targeted for phasedown under the Kigali Amendment (2016) to the Montreal Protocol. Example: HFC-134a, HFC-23. Summary Table: Aspect CFCs HFCs Ozone Depletion Yes No Global Warming Yes Yes (high GWP) Regulation Phased out (Montreal Protocol) Phased down (Kigali Amendment) Current Use Banned or obsolete Still in use but being reduced Barocaloric Effect The barocaloric effect is a thermodynamic phenomenon where certain materials undergo a reversible change

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) First Complete Genome Sequenced from Ancient Egyptian Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: Researchers have successfully sequenced the complete genome of a man who lived 4,500–4,800 years ago during Egypt’s Old Kingdom, marking a major breakthrough in ancient DNA research Decoding the context: The DNA was extracted from a well-preserved tooth found in a sealed clay vessel at Nuwayrat, south of Cairo, enabling exceptional preservation. Key Highlights: Oldest and most complete genome from ancient Egypt, offering a rare genetic snapshot from the pyramid-building era. Ancestry analysis shows about 80% North African and 20% West Asian (Fertile Crescent) origins, confirming long-theorized population interactions. Skeletal evidence suggests the man led a labor-intensive life, possibly as a potter. This achievement overcomes decades of failed attempts due to DNA degradation in Egypt’s harsh climate. The discovery not only supports archaeological theories of ancient connections between Egypt and the Middle East but also opens doors to studying broader genetic and cultural histories of early civilizations. Learning Corner: Genome Sequencing  Definition: Genome sequencing is a laboratory method used to determine the entire DNA sequence of an organism’s genome. It reveals the order of nucleotides (adenine [A], thymine [T], cytosine [C], and guanine [G]), which form the genetic instructions that govern an organism’s structure and function. Types of Genome Sequencing: Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): Sequences the entire genome, including coding (exons) and non-coding regions (introns, regulatory sequences). Offers the most comprehensive genetic information. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES): Focuses only on the exome – the protein-coding regions (about 1–2% of the genome). More cost-effective, widely used in clinical diagnosis. Targeted Sequencing: Sequences specific genes or regions of interest. Steps Involved in Genome Sequencing: Sample Collection: Tissue, blood, saliva, or (in ancient DNA) bone/teeth. DNA Extraction: DNA is isolated from the sample. Library Preparation: DNA is fragmented and tagged for identification. Sequencing: DNA fragments are read by sequencers (e.g., Illumina, Oxford Nanopore). Data Assembly: Fragments are aligned using bioinformatics tools to reconstruct the genome. Annotation: Identifying genes, mutations, and regulatory elements. Applications: Field Application Medicine Diagnosis of genetic disorders, cancer genomics, pharmacogenomics Agriculture Genetically improved crops, disease resistance Forensics Crime investigation, paternity testing Evolutionary Biology Study of ancient DNA, population migration Microbiology Pathogen identification, antibiotic resistance tracking   Technologies Used: Sanger Sequencing: First-generation; accurate but slow and expensive. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): High-throughput, faster, cheaper (e.g., Illumina, Roche 454). Third-Generation Sequencing: Real-time, long-read technologies (e.g., PacBio, Oxford Nanopore). Challenges in Ancient DNA Sequencing: Degradation: DNA breaks down over time, especially in hot climates like Egypt. Contamination: Modern human DNA can contaminate ancient samples. Low yield: Often, only a small amount of DNA is recoverable. Source: THE HINDU Gig Workers in India Category: ECONOMICS Context: Gig workers in India are only partially represented in official labour data, with incomplete and inconsistent inclusion. Lack of Formal Recognition: Most gig workers are treated as independent contractors and are excluded from formal labour protections and regular employment statistics. Estimations, Not Enumeration: Projections from government bodies like NITI Aayog estimate up to 62 million gig workers by 2047, but these are based on surveys, not systematic inclusion. Limited Reach of e-Shram: While the e-Shram portal aims to register unorganized and gig workers, it has yet to achieve full coverage. Policy and Data Gaps: Existing frameworks are still evolving, and there’s a need for more robust mechanisms to include gig workers in labour statistics and social security systems. Learning Corner: Gig Workers in the India Definition: Gig workers are individuals who engage in flexible, temporary, or freelance jobs, often facilitated by digital platforms such as ride-sharing, food delivery, e-commerce logistics, and freelance services. Key Features: Work is task-based and often on-demand. Employment is usually contractual with no formal employer-employee relationship. Includes platform workers (working via digital apps) and non-platform gig workers (offline freelance/short-term work). Status in India: Growing Workforce: Estimated to reach 23.5 million by 2029–30 and 62 million by 2047. Driven by urbanization, youth population, and digital expansion. Lack of Formal Recognition: Gig workers are largely excluded from traditional labour laws, social security, and formal data sets. Considered “independent contractors,” they often lack protections like minimum wage, health insurance, or job security. Policy Measures: e-Shram Portal: Launched to register unorganized and gig workers, though coverage is still limited. Code on Social Security, 2020: Aims to extend social protection to platform and gig workers. Challenges: Data and regulatory gaps, inconsistent income, lack of job security. Absence of grievance redressal and collective bargaining mechanisms. Source: THE HINDU QS World University Rankings 2025 Category: INTERNATIONAL Context : Indian universities have shown notable progress in the QS World University Rankings 2025, both globally and within Asia. IIT Delhi is now India’s top-ranked institution, placed 44th in Asia, followed by IIT Bombay at 48th. A total of seven Indian institutions features in Asia’s top 100: IIT Delhi (44), IIT Bombay (48), IIT Madras (56), IIT Kharagpur (60), IISc (62), IIT Kanpur (67), University of Delhi (81). UPES Dehradun made the biggest leap, jumping 70 spots to 148th. In the QS Sustainability Rankings 2025, IIT Delhi ranks 171st globally, leading among Indian institutions, followed by IIT Kharagpur (202) and IIT Bombay (234). Learning Corner: QS World University Rankings QS World University Rankings are annual rankings published by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), a UK-based higher education analytics firm. They are among the most widely referenced global university rankings. Key Features: First Published: 2004 Coverage: Over 1,500 universities worldwide Categories: Global, regional (Asia, Europe, etc.), subject-specific, and sustainability rankings Main Indicators Used: Academic Reputation (40%) Employer Reputation (10%) Faculty-Student Ratio (20%) Citations per Faculty (20%) International Faculty Ratio (5%) International Student Ratio (5%) Note: Weightage may vary for subject or region-specific rankings. Significance: Helps students compare universities globally. Influences international collaborations, funding, and student mobility. Encourages institutions to improve academic and research performance. Recent Addition: QS Sustainability Rankings assess universities on environmental and social impact. Source :  THE HINDU Gaden Phodrang Trust Category: INTERNATIONAL Context: The 14th Dalai Lama announced on Wednesday (July 2) “that the institution of the Dalai Lama will

Archives (PRELIMS Focus) Rinderpest Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Context: ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases (NIHSAD), Bhopal, being designated as a Category A Rinderpest Holding Facility (RHF) by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and the FAO Decoding Context:  What Is Rinderpest? Rinderpest, or “cattle plague,” was a deadly livestock disease eradicated globally in 2011. However, Rinderpest Virus-Containing Material (RVCM) is still stored in select labs, posing potential biosecurity risks if mishandled. India’s Recognition NIHSAD, Bhopal, is now one of only six Category A RHFs worldwide, alongside facilities in the UK, USA, France, Japan, and Ethiopia. It is a high-containment BSL-3 lab and India’s national RVCM repository since 2012. India applied for this status in 2019, and after a thorough international inspection in March 2025, it was officially granted RHF status at the 92nd WOAH General Session in May 2025. Significance Strengthens India’s role in global biosecurity and disease prevention Validates India’s biosafety protocols and emergency preparedness Supports future research and vaccine material management Enhances India’s standing as a leader in animal health containment Learning Corner: List of important human and animal diseases along with their causative pathogens  Viral Diseases Disease Causative Virus Influenza (Flu) Influenza virus (Type A, B, C) COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Dengue Dengue virus (Flavivirus) Measles Measles virus (Paramyxovirus) Mumps Mumps virus (Paramyxovirus) Rubella (German Measles) Rubella virus Rabies Rabies virus (Lyssavirus) Poliomyelitis Poliovirus (Enterovirus) Hepatitis A & E HAV, HEV Hepatitis B & C HBV (DNA), HCV (RNA) HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus Smallpox (Eradicated) Variola virus Chickenpox Varicella-Zoster virus Rinderpest (Eradicated) Rinderpest virus (Morbillivirus) Foot-and-Mouth Disease FMD virus (Aphthovirus)   Bacterial Diseases Disease Causative Bacterium Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Typhoid Salmonella typhi Cholera Vibrio cholerae Plague Yersinia pestis Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Bordetella pertussis Tetanus Clostridium tetani Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) Mycobacterium leprae Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae, others Syphilis Treponema pallidum Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Brucellosis Brucella species   III. Protozoan Diseases Disease Causative Protozoan Malaria Plasmodium spp. (P. falciparum, etc.) Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma brucei Chagas Disease Trypanosoma cruzi Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar) Leishmania donovani Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii   Fungal Diseases Disease Causative Fungus Ringworm Trichophyton spp., others Athlete’s Foot Tinea pedis Candidiasis (Thrush) Candida albicans Aspergillosis Aspergillus spp. Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum   Prion Diseases (Rare, Degenerative) Disease Causative Agent Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (CJD) Prions (misfolded proteins) Mad Cow Disease (BSE) Prions Source: PIB Revision of GDP Base Year and Methodology Category: ECONOMICS Context: Revision of GDP Base Year and Methodology Purpose of Revising the Base Year: Reflect Current Economy: As economies evolve, sectoral contributions, consumption patterns, and new industries (like digital platforms and fintech) emerge. A revised base year ensures GDP reflects these changes. Use Better Data and Methods: Improved surveys and administrative records enhance the accuracy of GDP estimates. Methodological updates align with global statistical standards. Capture Post-Pandemic Shifts: Events like COVID-19 altered production and consumption patterns. A new base year captures these realities. Ensure International Comparability: Aligns India’s data with global norms, boosting credibility. How It Works: An expert committee recommends changes. A “normal” year is selected as the base year—free of economic shocks and recent enough to be relevant. Why the 2026 Revision Matters for India Key Implications: Improved Accuracy: Addresses concerns from the 2015 revision and provides more transparent, realistic estimates using 2022–23 as the new base year. Better Policy-Making: More precise data aids in targeting policies, especially in emerging sectors. Boosts Investor Confidence: Up-to-date economic indicators enhance India’s image and trustworthiness in global markets. Refined Growth Trends: Revised data may adjust past GDP growth rates, offering a clearer picture of the economy. Harmonized Indicators: Other indices like CPI and IIP will also be updated, ensuring consistency. Learning Corner: Important terms related to GDP Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition: GDP is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of a country during a specific time period (usually a year). Includes: Production by both domestic and foreign entities within the country Measured at market prices Types: Nominal GDP: At current market prices Real GDP: Adjusted for inflation (base year prices) Gross National Product (GNP) Definition: GNP is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced by the residents (nationals) of a country in a given period, irrespective of their location. Formula: GNP = GDP + Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA) NFIA = Income earned by Indians abroad – Income earned by foreigners in India Net National Product (NNP) Definition: NNP is the GNP after deducting depreciation (consumption of fixed capital). It shows the net output available for consumption or saving. Formula: NNP = GNP – Depreciation Two measures: NNP at Market Price NNP at Factor Cost (also called National Income) National Income (NI) Definition: National Income is the net monetary value of all goods and services produced by a country’s nationals during a year, measured at factor cost. Formula: National Income = NNP at Factor Cost Includes: Wages and salaries Rent Interest Profits Mixed income of self-employed Source: THE INDIAN EXPRESS Falcon 2000 Category: ECONOMICS Context :  French aerospace firm Dassault Aviation and Reliance Aerostructure Ltd have announced a joint venture to manufacture Falcon 2000 business jets in Nagpur, India. Key Highlights Location: MIHAN SEZ, Nagpur Aircraft: Falcon 2000; parts of Falcon 6X & 8X Scope: Fuselage and wing assembly to be shifted to India Estimated Capacity: Up to 24 aircraft annually Timeline: First made-in-India jet by 2028 Significance Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat: Major boost to domestic aerospace manufacturing Global Positioning: India joins elite countries (US, France, Canada, Brazil) producing business jets Exports: Aircraft will cater to both domestic and international markets Centre of Excellence: Nagpur facility to become Dassault’s first such hub outside France Market & Strategic Impact Cost Efficiency: Local assembly reduces labour and logistics costs Policy Support: Aligned with government aerospace incentives Challenges: Regulatory clearances, technology transfer, and maintaining global aviation standards Conclusion This joint venture places India on the global aerospace map, signalling its capability to manufacture high-end civilian aircraft. It